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Papers of the American Society of Church History Recent Researches Papers of the American Society of Church History http://journals.cambridge.org/PCH Additional services for Papers of the American Society of Church History: Email alerts: Click here Subscriptions: Click here Commercial reprints: Click here Terms of use : Click here Recent Researches Concerning Mediæval Sects Albert Henry Newman Papers of the American Society of Church History / Volume 4 / January 1892, pp 167 - 221 DOI: 10.1017/S1079902800000498, Published online: 21 September 2009 Link to this article: http://journals.cambridge.org/ abstract_S1079902800000498 How to cite this article: Albert Henry Newman (1892). Recent Researches Concerning Mediæval Sects. Papers of the American Society of Church History, 4, pp 167-221 doi:10.1017/S1079902800000498 Request Permissions : Click here Downloaded from http://journals.cambridge.org/PCH, IP address: 138.251.14.35 on 12 May 2015 RECENT RESEARCHES CONCERNING MEDIEVAL SECTS 165 RECENT RESEARCHES CONCERNING MEDIE- VAL SECTS. BY ALBERT HENRY NEWMAN, D.D., LL.D., Professor of Church History in McMaster University, Toronto, Canada. CHAPTER I. LITERATURE. {With Annotations). Preger, W.: Beitrage zur Geschichte der Waldesier im Mittel- alter. Miinchen, 1875. Der Tractat des David von Augsburg tiber die Waldesier. Miinchen, 1878. Ueber das Verhaltniss der Taboriten zu den Waldesiern des 14. Jahrhunderts. Miinchen, 1887. Ueber die Verfassung der franzosischen Waldesier in den alteren Zeit. Miinchen, 1890. No writer since Dieckhoff and Herzog has contributed so much to the right understanding of Waldensian history as Wilhelm Preger, and no sounder critic has ever busied himself with the literature of mediasval sects. The writings whose titles are here given were all originally published in the papers of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences, and have had a somewhat limited circula- tion in separate brochures from the types of the Academy. The first contains the text of the now famous Rescriptum Heresiar- chum Lombardie ad Pauperes de Lugduno, qui sunt in Aiamania, a mediaeval list of forty Waldensian communities in the diocese of Passau (about 1250), and a treatise, De Occasionibus Errorum Hereticorum, whose unknown author Preger has dubbed the " Passau Anonymous," preceded by a somewhat comprehensive treatise on the origin, character, divisions, and relations of the Waldenses, in the light of the materials at that time accessible. 167 168 Recent Researches Concerning Medieval Sects. The positions taken by Preger in this work he has in general steadfastly maintained, although he has shown himself ever ready to be corrected in matters of detail. If Preger can be said to have a " tendency," it is in the direction of minifying the unevan- gelical and in magnifying the evangelical elements in the Wal- denses as exhibited in the sources. Yet when the limitations under which the mediaeval evangelical Christians labored and the meagreness of the unprejudiced information available are taken into consideration, it is perhaps more scientific to interpret the less favorable notices by the more favorable than to reverse the process. The treatise on The Relation of the Taborites to the Waldenses of the Fourteenth Century was occasioned by the publication of Wattenbach's work, to be mentioned hereafter, and by the criti- cisms of Karl Muller and Herman Haupt. It contains in quarto pages, and reviews comprehensively, in the light of newly dis- covered sources and of recent discussions, the various questions that have arisen since the publication of his earlier works on the Waldenses. It is by far the most valuable work that has appeared on the Taborites and their relation to the older evangelical party. Preger's last treatise (a quarto of 73 pages), on The Polity of the French Waldenses of the Older Time, is based largely upon materials published by Dollinger in his great collection of docu- ments, to be referred to hereafter, and on the Practice/, Inquisi- tionis of Bernard Gui, published a few years ago by Canon Douais. He gives an amended text from a Vatican Codex of a document published by Dollinger, entitled De Vita et Actibus, de Fide et Erroribus Hcereticorum qui se dicunt Pauperes Christi seu Pauperes de Lugduno. An interesting feature of Preger's treatise is a crit- ical comparison of closely related accounts of the Waldenses found in the recently published Ada Inquisitionis Carcassonen- sis, and in the treatises of David of Augsburg and Bernard Gui. He makes it appear that Bernard Gui did not, as Muller supposed, draw from David of Augsburg, but that both these writers derived their notices from the Acta Carcassonensis. So, also, Preger shows that the notices which Bernard was supposed to have drawn from Stephanus de Borbone were derived rather from the Acta Carcassonensis. These four brochures of Preger may well be regarded as indis- pensable to the student of Waldensian history. Literature. 169 Miilier, K. Die Waldenser und ihre einzelnen Gruppen bis zum Anfang des 14. Jahrhunderts (first published in the Theol. Studien und Kritiken, 1886, Heft iv., and 1887, Heft i.). Review of writings of Keller, Haupt, and Jostes on the Codex Teplensis, in the Theol. Studien und Kritiken, Heft ii., 1886 and Heft iii., 1887. Next to Preger, Miiller is probably the most important con- temporary writer on Waldensian subjects. In comprehensive grasp of the facts he is quite equal to Preger. In the articles on The Waldenses and their Individual Groups to the Beginning of the Fourteenth Century he has passed in review almost the whole literature of the subject. For destructive criticism he has a rare faculty. As regards soundness of historical judgment he seems to me far inferior to Preger. If Preger shows a disposition occa- sionally to strain a point in order to exhibit the old-evangelical Christians in a favorable light, Miiller shows a disposition to put the most unfavorable construction on all the notices and to make the old-evangelical Christians appear as little evangelical as pos- sible. The same tendency appears in his criticism of the bro- chures of Keller, Haupt, and Jostes on the Codex Teplensis. Yet no student can afford to pass by his writings. Haupt, H. : Die religiosen Sekten in Franken vor der Reforma- tion. Wiirzburg, 1882. Die deutsche Bibelubersetzung der mittelalterlichen Wal- denser. Wurzburg, 1885. Der Waldensische Ursprung des Codex Teplensis und der vorlutherischen deutschen Bibeldrucke. Wiirzburg, 1886. Waldensia (in Zeitschrift fiir Kirchengeschichte. x., 2, 1888). Waldenserthum und Inquisition im sudostlichen Deutsch- land. Freiburg, 1890. Herman Haupt is worthy to be placed side by side with Preger and M tiller as one of the three foremost specialists in the history of mediaeval evangelical sects. He may be said to occupy an intermediate position between Preger and Miiller as regards his point of view and his judgments on controverted matters. In the first work whose title is given above he deals with a limited territory, and treats not only the evangelical sectaries but also the dualistic and the pantheistic. Incidentally, however, he goes beyond the territory that specially engages his attention and touches upon other important questions. This writing gave him 170 Recent Researches Concerning Medieval Sects. at once a recognized place among the students of mediaeval sects. In 1885 he adopted the view, first propounded by Keller, that the Codex Teplensis is of Waldensian origin, and that the earlier printed German Bibles were based upon this Waldensian version, and developed and justified this view as Keller was not in a posi- tion at the time to do. Along with Keller he has been the chief defender of this view, and by elaborate processes of comparison, to be hereafter described more particularly, he has been able to make good the claim first set forth. In Waldensia he treats a number of interesting points of Waldensian history. Perhaps the most noteworthy contribution contained in the article is his refutation of Milller's argument for the practical identification of the Ortlibarian sect with the Waldenses. His discussion of Waldensian articles of faith is likewise of considerable interest. Most important of all Haupt's writings on the Waldenses is the last one mentioned. It is a well-nigh exhaustive account of Wal- densianism in Southern Germany and in the Austro-Hungarian territory, so far as it is mentioned in extant or available records of the Inquisition. He covers much of the ground occupied by Preger in his treatise on The Relation of the Taborites to the Wai- denses. His conclusion on this point is, that both Preger and his opponents are in error—Preger in almost ignoring, and his oppo- nents in unduly magnifying, the Wiclifite influence. He agrees with Preger in finding the Waldenses strongly rooted in Bohemia and Moravia long before the outbreak of the Hussite revolution, and Waldensianism of a type that would naturally lead to the peculiar phenomena of Taboritism. That the influence of the Waldenses on the Taborites was very great he thinks unques- tionable. Yet he attaches more importance than Preger is disposed to do to the influence of the English evangelical movement. Keller, L.: Die Reformation und die alteren Reformparteien. Leipzig, 1885. Die Waldenser und die Deutschen Bibelubersetzungen. Nebst Beitragen zur Geschichte der Reformation. Leip- zig, 1886. Zur Geschichte der Altevangelischen Gemeinden. Vor- trag, gehalten zu Berlin am 20. April, 1887. Berlin, 1887. Liter attire. 171 Johann von Staupitz und die Anfange der Reformation. Leipzig, 1888. Ludwig Keller, Archivar at Miinster, had, before the publica- tion of his treatise on The Reformation and the Older Reforming Parties, attracted the attention of scholars by his remarkable volumes on The Anabaptists of Miinster and An Apostle of the Anabaptists. In the first he had successfully vindicated the evan- gelical Anabaptists of the Biblical and Mystical types from all complicity in the abominations of Miinster and had placed the responsibility where it rightly belonged. In the second he gave a highly appreciative account of Hans Denck, based upon a thorough study of his writings.
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