The Holy Spirit's Work According to Peter the Lombard's Four Books of Sentences 2 Thomas P
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1 Fall 2019 • Volume 16, Number 2 Fall 2019 • Vol. 16, No. 2 The Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary NOBTS President 2019 EDITORIAL ADVISORY BOARD James K. Dew, PhD Bart Barber, PhD NOBTS Provost First Baptist Church of Farmersville, Texas Norris Grubbs, PhD Rex Butler, PhD Editor & BCTM Director New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary Adam Harwood, PhD Research Assistant Nathan Finn, PhD Hoyt Denton North Greenville University Book Review Editors Eric Hankins, PhD Archie England, PhD First Baptist Fairhope, Fairhope, Alabama Dennis Phelps, PhD Malcolm Yarnell, PhD Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary The Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry is a research institute of New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. The seminary is located at 3939 Gentilly Blvd., New Orleans, LA 70126. BCTM exists to provide theological and ministerial resources to enrich and energize ministry in Baptist churches. Our goal is to bring together professor and practitioner to produce and apply these resources to Baptist life, polity, and ministry. The mission of the BCTM is to develop, preserve, and communicate the distinctive theological identity of Baptists. The Journal for Baptist Theology and Ministry is published semiannually by the Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry. Copyright ©2019 The Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry, New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. All Rights Reserved. This peridiocal is indexed in the ATLA Religion Database® (ATLA RDB®), http://www.atla.com. CONTACT BCTM (800) 662-8701, ext. 8074 [email protected] www.baptistcenter.com SUBMISSIONS Visit the Baptist Center website for submission guidelines. TABLE OF CONTENTS Editorial Introduction 1 Adam Harwood The Holy Spirit's Work According to Peter the Lombard's Four Books of Sentences 2 Thomas P. Johnston Did the Incarnation Introduce Change among the Persons of the Trinity? 37 Adam Harwood Unconditional Election and the Condemnation of Sinners: An Analysis of Eric Hankin's View of Reprobation 47 Daniel Kirkpatrick "Worse than Idle" or "Mysteries of the Gospel": John Albert Broadus and Benjamin Keach on Interpreting and Preaching the Parables of Jesus 57 H. Jared Bumpers Book Reviews 74 JBTM 16.2 (Fall 2019) 1 Editorial Introduction Adam Harwood, PhD Adam Harwood is professor of theology, occupying the McFarland Chair of Theology; director of the Baptist Center for Theology and Ministry; and editor, Journal for Baptist Theology and Ministry at New Orleans Baptist Theological Seminary. his issue offers four articles from the fields of biblical, historical, and theological Tstudies. Thomas P. Johnston, professor of evangelism at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, examines Peter Lombard’s view of the Holy Spirit based on his writings, which have been locked in the Latin language for 850 years. In the next article, I argue from the New Testament—while observing historical and theological boundaries—that the incarnation of the Word introduced change among the persons of the Trinity. Daniel Kirkpatrick, dean of the College of Arts and Sciences at the University of the Southwest, assesses Eric Hankins’s view of the doctrine of reprobation then argues one can affirm unconditional election without affirming reprobation. H. Jared Bumpers, assistant professor of preaching and ministry at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary, compares the approaches of John Broadus and Benjamin Keach on interpreting and preaching Jesus’s parables then concludes with lessons for contemporary preachers. These articles are followed by a selection of book reviews in the fields of biblical, historical, and theological studies. May these articles and book reviews stimulate readers to give careful attention to their life and doctrine (1 Tim 4:16). JBTM 16.2 (Fall 2019): 2–36 2 The Holy Spirit's Work According to Peter the Lombard's Four Books of Sentences Thomas P. Johnston, PhD Thomas P. Johnston is professor of evangelism at Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Kansas City, Missouri. [email protected] Note: A version of this paper was presented at the annual meeting of the Evangelical Theological Society in Denver, Colorado, on November 13, 2018. eginning with Anselm of Laon (c. 1050–1117), European schoolmasters began to glean Bthrough and gather the sayings of earlier theologians into Sentences. These Sentences included glosses on Scripture often from the context of rhetorical prose against one heresy or another. The Sentences became class notes in the new field of “theology,” as schoolmasters taught their students the sacred arts, leveraging the doctrine of God to frame their views. The era of the Sentences lasted approximately one hundred years. Of all the gatherings of the sentences, the Four Books of Sentences of Peter Lombard (1096–1160) achieved the pinnacle of success. His Four Books framed western church theology, leaving an imprint that formalized elements of Roman Catholic doctrine to this day. In response to the issues of his day, Lombard created a non-Evangelical theological basis, much to the detriment of the person and work of the Holy Spirit. Lombard’s Four Books of Sentences inaugurated a new age in academia. First, after his death in 1160, Lombard’s Sentences framed topics for the new science of systematic theology. Second, his Sentences replaced the direct study of Scripture for doctrinal formation. Third, the Four Books of Sentences formalized Catholicism’s sacramental soteriology. Fourth, use of Lombard’s Sentences spread concurrently to the formation of universities in western Europe.1 In the thirteenth century, Lombard’s Sentences became the doctrinal gathering place for minds in every western university. Not only were his sentences pondered, but schoolmen had to write a commentary on Lombard’s Sentences in order to receive a teaching position. Hence, Martin Luther (1483–1546) wrote his commentary in 1508—350 years after Lombard authored them.2 Thomas Aquinas (1225–1274) wrote his commentary on Lombard’s ¹Prior to the twelfth century, formal education in western Europe was vested mainly in the church, either in Cathedral schools or in monasteries. ²“As for Luther, he regretted that he had received a scholastic education as a young person: ‘I was compelled to read the devil’s rubbish, the scholastic philosophers and sophists with such cost, labor, and detriment, from which I have had trouble enough to rid myself’” (John D. Woodbridge and Frank A. James III, Church History, vol 2, “From the Reformation to the Present Day” [Grand Rapids, MI: Zondervan, 2013], 100). François Lambert of Avignon wrote of his errors as a Strict Franciscan The Holy Spirit's Work According to Peter the Lombard's Four Books of Sentences 3 Sentences in 1252–1254. Bonaventura (1221–1274), perhaps the most famous commentators on Lombard, wrote his commentary in 1250–1252. Virtually every schoolmaster had to write a commentary on the Four Books of Sentences in order to achieve the degree of master; their master’s degree was specifically tied to the mastery of Master Peter’s Four Books of Sentences! Pope Benedict XVI explained, “Lombard’s text was the book in use at all schools of theology until the 16th century.”3 The novelty of Lombard’s Sentences did not wane with the arrival of the Summas. Soon after the century of the Sentences, Summas made their appearance. The Franciscans had their Summa Halensis (1245), and the Dominican Thomas Aquinas wrote his Summa Theologica (1266).4 So, while the Sentences continued to shape the academic discipline of theology, the Summas marked a growing differentiation into other fields of theological inquiry. In the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, theological chairs were established in universities to teach the particular doctrinal categories of various theologians, such as Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, or Duns Scotus.5 Therefore, during the eleventh to fourteenth centuries, ministerial formation made massive shifts: 1. From the study of Scripture to the study of glosses on Scripture (in their context); 2. From the study of glosses on Scripture (in their context) to Sentences gathered topically from those glosses; 3. From the topical gatherings of Sentences to more pragmatic Summas on various topics; 4. From the pragmatic Summas to doctrinal schools based on those Summas. Even with all these changes, there was one fixed point. All of these schoolmen were constrained to adhere to Lombard’s view of the Trinity and his seven sacraments. Further, prior to his conversion to Lutheranism, “J’ai confiance en Celui qui m’a retiré d’une captivité plus dure que celle d’Egypte, que je réparerai avec son divin secours par mes paroles et par mes livres mes nombreuses erreurs.” [“I have confidence in Him who removed me from a captivity more difficult than that of Egypt, that I will repair with His divine help by my words and by my books my numerous errors” ](François Lambert d’Avignon, “Histoire du moine racontée par lui-même, traduite du latin” [Story of a monk told by he himself, translated from Latin], in Franck Puaux, Histoire de la Réformation Française [1523; Paris: Michel Lévy Frères, 1859], 1:417; taken from Gerdesius, Historia christianismi renovati, vol IV; translation mine). ³Benedict XVI, General Audience: “Peter Lombard” (Rome, 30 Dec 2009), available at https:// w2.vatican.va/content/benedict-xvi/en/audiences/2009/documents/hf_ben-xvi_aud_20091230.html, accessed 10 Nov 2018. ⁴Marc Ozilou, “Introduction générale”; in Pierre Lombard, Les Quatre Livres des Sentences: Premier Livre; trans. by Marc Ozilou (Paris: Cerf, 2012), 42. ⁵Ibid. JBTM 16.2 (Fall 2019) 4 Lombard’s Sentences became co-equal to Scripture, becoming the inerrant “Traditions” of the church.6 In reality, as they stood as an approved interpreter of Scripture, the hermeneutical approach of Lombard, in reality, superseded Scripture.7 Figure 1.8 One sad result of Lombard’s distinction between the laity and the clergy was the removal of Scripture from the laity’s grasp. Paulette L’Hermit-Leclercq explained, It is time to turn to the other side of the barrier that separated the masters of the Word and simple laypersons.