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Numbered Many Gregorian Supporters, Sometimes Used His Abbey's Extensive Lands Near Tusculum to Keep Its Counts in Line with the Gregorian Papacy (Pp I978 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 381 numbered many Gregorian supporters, sometimes used his abbey's extensive lands near Tusculum to keep its counts in line with the Gregorian papacy (pp. 256-7). Gregory VII himself had significant connections with Roman aristocratic topography, notably with the slope of the Palatine near the monastery of S. Gregorio in Clivo Scauro (pp. 268-9). -Dr Hiils says of the latter years of the period under discussion that the papacy's day-to-day fortunes often depended on its relations with the Roman aristocracy while its long-term prospects were settled in the Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article/XCIII/CCCLXVII/381/499308 by guest on 01 October 2021 church at large (p. 272); but his comments upon Gregory VII's reign raise the further question of how the pope then managed to secure for so long a remarkable degree of support from the aristocracy. There are some clues which might be followed up. For example, Gregory himself recorded the bond established with some of its sons by their common education in the Lateran palace (Reg. iii. 21); and Countess Matilda of Tuscany's renewed commendation of her lands to the papacy in 1102 illustrates aristocratic presence at the Lateran when he was pope (M.G.H., Const, i. 654, no. 444). Dr Hiils does not, in fact, offer the comprehensive study of the Roman cardinals, clergy and churches that his title might seem to promise. But in the areas that he sets himself to cover he has done work of authority and usefulness, and of which all further inquiry must take account. St'EdmundHall, Oxford H. E. J. COWDREY Medieval Heresy: Popular Movements from Bogomil to Hus. By M. D. LAMBERT (London: Edward Arnold, 1977. £15). MEDIEVAL heresy is no longer a neglected subject, if it ever was. But minutely, and often repeatedly though its parts have been examined, the whole continues to defy general exposition and coherent analysis. Malcolm Lambert's 'working synthesis of research ... from the eighth to the fifteenth century' is as welcome as it is courageous. It offers a remarkably complete and careful summary of work achieved and in progress in the whole field, with its greatest strength where it is most needed, on German research. Clarity of exposition, a very full apparatus and excellent maps and illustrations provide a ready approach to problems which have been obdurately inaccessible to the non-specialist, and a most valuable hand- book for the specialist. This is the most substantial attempt since Lea's to tell the whole story in English. It will seem surprising that the contours have changed so little. We still have the eleventh and twelfth centuries dominated by dualism, the thirteenth by poverty and mysticism, the later Middle Ages by Wycliffe and Hus, and the connecting links between each of these phases too slight to detract from their substantial independence of one another. The reason lies in the natural but overwhelming preoccupation of specialists with the doctrinal content of the heresies. Even here large questions remain unanswered. Why, for instance, was the influence of intellectuals apparently so absent before 1250, and apparently so decisive afterwards ? More seriously, we still miss a continuous attempt to relate 382 REVIEWS OF BOOKS April the appearance of heresy to changing patterns of Catholic ideals and practice, and, as Lambert observes, to social change: generali2ation is easy enough, but precision in the placing of particular episodes and movements in their context and in comparison of the results is still difficult to achieve. The greatest collective failure has been to evolve a consistent approach to the sources whose fragmentariness and one-sidedness creates such obvious difficulties. Quite simply, without understanding the precon- Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article/XCIII/CCCLXVII/381/499308 by guest on 01 October 2021 ceptions of their authors we cannot evaluate what they say. The history of anxieties remains confused with that of realities. In his account of the Waldensians, the Cathars and the Spirituals in the thirteenth century Mr Lambert is well aware of how the methods and preconceptions of the authorities created their own impetus and stereotypes, though he maintains that the last were well started into heresy before the Inquisition made sure of it. He accepts R. E. Lerner's demonstration that, as a sect, the 'Heresy of the Free Spirit' was a myth, and the errors and misdemeanours attri- buted to its alleged votaries frequently invented. That he has not applied the same critical standards to earlier sources has left him too ready to accept the impressions of the authorities at face value or more. That Leutard of Vertus dismissed his wife to become a preacher does not necessarily 'sound like a rejection of marriage' any more c. 1000 than when Valdes did the same c. 1174; nor is that a legitimate inference, although it was the bishop's, from the wish of those accused at Arras in 1025 'to restrain the appetites of the flesh'. That the latter confessed to a handful of errors, notably on baptism (and there is no evidence that the confession was extracted by force) does not permit the attribution to them of all the exotic convictions against which the bishop thought it prudent to warn in the long sermon which he preached on the occasion; Guibert of Nogent derived his belief that Clement of Bucy rejected matrimony not from Clement but from Augustine; Henry of Lausanne did not 'reject the eucharist' but the ability of corrupt priests to perform it; even though he said that all modern priests were corrupt it was not the same thing, except from the Church's point of view. It is a pity that Mr Lambert's ready understanding of the dilemmas of those in authority has not led him to explore their anxieties more closely on points like these. It has left him at the mercy of the uneven quality of his predecessors' work, and undermined what is perhaps his most striking contention. His attempt to revive the old belief in significant Bogomil influence on the earliest western heresies, ingeniously argued though it is from the regular reporting of 'clusters of ideas' rather than individual points of error, must fail in the absence of any consideration whether they clustered in the minds of the heretics or of the bishops: it was St Paul who warned that forbidding to marry and the eating of meat would go together. That in turn leads to an insufficiently exacting treatment of the middle decades of the twelfth century, when most will, continue to think that the Bogomils did begin to infiltrate, with their fussy problems of chronology. It is misleadingly precise to describe as 'mid-century' the formula of abjuration from Moissac which is dated simply on the appearance of its handwriting, and though R. Manselli says that Cathars appeared in Orvieto 'a little after mid-century' the source does not. Once past these I978 REVIEWS OF BOOKS 383 murky waters, however, Mr Lambert's comments, always modestly stated, are generally persuasive. On Waldensian priority of preaching over poverty (against K. V. Selge) and the uncertainties of their contribution to the Hussite movement, on the dangers of underrating the importance of persecution and over-simplifying that of towns he is eminently sensible, and his discussion of the new translation (by Yvonne Burns) of the fascinating Testament of Gost Radin which he gives in an Appendix, seems to an outsider to make a strong case against the heretical nature of Downloaded from https://academic.oup.com/ehr/article/XCIII/CCCLXVII/381/499308 by guest on 01 October 2021 the Bosnian church, and attests the thoroughness which Mr Lambert has brought to his survey of this intimidatingly extensive and rock-strewn field. His book faithfully reflects the state of research, as it set out to do, and will command its place on our shelves for a long time to come. University of Sheffield R. I. MOO RE Pope Innocent III and England. By C. R. CHENEY (Stuttgart: Anton Hiersemann, 1976. DM 100). A MAJOR work from the pen of Professor Cheney on Innocent Ill's relations with England is an event for which all medievalists will be grateful. The book is intended to be one of a series, planned by Mgr Maccarrone, in which different authors will cover Innocent's dealings with the various parts of Christendom. This explains the somewhat dis- concerting fact that such an important contribution to English History should have been published under a German imprint, and at a German price. Companion volumes are promised on Italy and France by Mgr Maccarrone and Mile Foreville respectively; an author to deal with Germany has yet to be announced. This division of labour was a prudent plan obviously dictated not only by the scale of the task involved in writing a history of Innocent's eighteen-year pontificate - so great was the range of his legal and political activity, and so varied the response to papal action among the different churches of Europe - but also by the laborious effort required to reconstruct his correspondence, only a portion of which was enregistered. Professor Cheney has evidently beaten his continental colleagues to the post; and no wonder. I suspect that when he was invited to write the book, he had all, or the greater part of it, already in his filing cabinet. For he has himself provided a substantial part of the primary materials' upon which this study rests: he has given us two indispensable volumes of English synodal legislation and, in collaboration with Mrs Cheney, he has provided us with a corpus of Innocent's English correspondence (already regrettably out of print).
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