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Operación Canguro OPERACIÓN CANGURO THE SPANISH MIGRATION SCHEME, 1958-1963 Ignacio García Spanish Heritage Foundation Ignacio García OPERACIÓN CANGURO The Spanish Migration Scheme, 1958-1963 The Spanish Heritage Foundation Sydney 2002 Copyright © Ignacio García 2002 ISBN 0-9577990-1-2 The Spanish Heritage Foundation P. O. Box 333 Jamison Center ACT 2614 Australia Cover design by Joseph Coll Printed in Sydney by: Coll Creativity Pty Ltd [email protected] The publication of this book has been possible thanks to the financial assistance of: Dirección General de Ordenación de las Migraciones, Ministerio de Trabajo y Asuntos Sociales y Consejería Laboral y de Asuntos Sociales de la Embajada de España en Australia. CONTENTS Foreword ................................................................................... II List of abreviations ...................................................................... VI Acknowledgements ................................................................... VII Introduction................................................................................... 1 1. THE AGREEMENT ........................................................................ 5 1.1. The migration agents........................................................... 5 1.2. The role of the Australian Catholic Church .....................20 1.3. The role of the sugar cane industry..................................27 1.4. The migration agreement ...................................................36 2. THE SUSPENSION OF THE AGREEMENT ................................47 2.1. After “Canguro” ...................................................................48 2.2. The migration scheme at work .........................................54 2.3. The protests of the people ................................................61 2.4. The suspension and its consequences .............................72 2.4.1. The diplomatic issue ...............................................73 2.4.2. Arrangements after March 1963 .............................80 3. THE MIGRANT ODYSSEY ..........................................................91 3.1. Operación Canguro ............................................................94 3.2. Plan “Marta” ......................................................................104 3.3. Family migration ...............................................................114 3.4. Territorial and occupational distribution ........................122 4. THE MAKING OF A COMMUNITY. .........................................127 4.1. Social clubs. ......................................................................129 4.1.1. The Spanish Club of Sydney ................................129 4.1.2. Other clubs and associations ...............................142 4.2. The Spanish press in Australia ........................................150 4.3. Religion and politics .........................................................153 4.4. Coping with Australia.......................................................161 NOTES ............ ................................................................................171 Appendix 1. Spanish Club’s Committees, 1962-66......................191 Appendix 2. Statistics .....................................................................196 Bibliography ................................................................................201 FOREWORD Soon after I arrived to Sydney in the mid eighties, I could not help but feeling captivated by the stories of those Spaniards who had preceded me. They had been born around the time of the civil war, had grown up enduring the famine years of the forties, and come into adulthood in the still bleak fifties, ill prepared for what was going to be the most important trip of their lives: the month long journey (ship was then being supersided by plane transportation, but most came still by sea) that brought them to Australia in the early sixties. In those days of still assimilationist policies, they managed to carve a space here overcoming tough barriers, linguistic and cultural. In the broad history of migration they were at the edges. The Spanish-Australian flow took place at the time the big cicle of European transoceanic migration was fading, while the much shorter cicle of intra-European migration had not yet fully developed. Australia was still in his European only intake mood, but soon to move to allow inmigration from other continents. To some extent as a consequence of this, it was to be short lived. Spanish migration to America and to Western Europe had been massive. In contrast, what we will find in Aus- tralia is a small community -in the twenty thousand at its peak- transported to the antipodes with a paid one-way tickect and left here to fend for itself. The resiliance shown was apparent from my first conversations with some of these pioneeer migrants in our still vibrant Spanish Club. When I considered engaging in postgraduate research at The University of Sydney, I knew it had to be on their history, that until then had been completely ne- glected. III I finished my “The Spanish Migration Scheme, 1958-1963” the- sis, and with it my Master of Arts degree (by research only) in the bicentenial year of 1988, the year after the Spanish Club had cel- ebrated, with not as much display as it deserved, its 25 Anniver- sary. Since then, the work laid dormant, not much interest aroused, known only by a bounch of friends. It was not until a decade later that the community itself, the institutions Spanish and Australian that had shaped this migration flow, and some academic experts started paying attention to this remnant of Spanish-Australian his- tory. On the occasion of the Association of Iberian and latin Ameri- can Studies of Australiasia (AILASA) Conference in Aukland in 1997, the then Counsellor of Embassy of Spain, Agustín Maraver, introduced me to Carmen Castelo, Sergio Rodriguez and John Garcia with whom we were to form in 1999 the Spanish Heritage Foun- dation that now is editing this book. What followed were months, years, of frantic activity that saw an ambitious program of oral history recorded by Carmen Castelo, and the successful Memories of Migration Seminar celebrated on 4 and 5 September 1998 at the University of Western Sydney. The book with a selection of its Proceedings, coedited by Maraver and myself, was launched pre- cisely at the following AILASA Conference, in Melbourne, in 1999. This expansive wave of studies on the Spanish in Australia did not stop there: in 2000, Castelo´s The Spanish Experience saw the light, also edited by The Spanish Heritage Foundation. It is encouraging to know that even in Spain interest in these topics is also being shown: former embassador in Canberra Carlos Fernández Shaw published last year a book on 500 years of Spanish-Australian re- lations. This that now appears is another Spanish Australian con- tribution to the now just finished Centenary of a Nation, a Nation that was built also out of Spanish stock. IV Over a decade has passed from the time the writing of this book was finished in 1988 till the moment of its publication in 2002. When I was approached to prepare it for publication, I felt myself in the disyuntive of being faithful to the original or to update it on the light of the new evidence that could had since been uncovered, published. I first tried the updating path, soon to realise that it would not serve well the text. The language itself was enmeshed in the late eighties: I do not write English like that now -updating it would have needed a complete rewriting as well. The story was also enmeshed in the late eighties, with voices that were spoken then, some of them since silent: let us just mention those of Pilar Otaegui, José Luis Goñi, Fernando Largo, just to name a few. I was discouraged as well by the limitations of what was to be gained: whatever new aspects of the Spanish imprint in Australia have been uncovered since, whatever new approaches have been developed did but confirm what here was written. Thus, I felt the reader was best served by the voice of the original. The changes have been kept to a minimum. I should note that emerging in this text from piles of archival material are the voices of a generation that came to Australia in the prime of their life, at the pick of their employability, a genera- tion that is crossing now, forty years later, the line into retirement. Having faced so many challenges in their past, these migrants are now facing a new one: that of making their lives meaningful after having completed their reproductive and working cycles; that of avoiding the risks of social exclusion that, more so that to their peers in Australia or in Spain, stalk them. Uprooted from Spain in the early sixties, uprooted from the routine of their working lives in the late nineties, torn between their large families and old friends in the Peninsula, and the their sons and daughters and V their new friends in Australia, they do need to know that they have a history. Apart from filling an important gap in the aca- demic discipline of Migrations Studies, this book aims at showing to the migrants studied in it that they have reasons to feel proud of themselves; and at showing to the offspring of these migrants the social humus where they come from. This book owns a lot to the Spanish institutions in Australia. How far now seem the days in which the ennemity between the diplomatic personnel and relevant sections of the inmigrants were as explicit as shown in a section on the fourth chapter of this book.
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