The City Multan
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In Yohanan Friedmann (Ed.), Islam in Asia, Vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984), P
Notes INTRODUCTION: AFGHANISTAN’S ISLAM 1. Cited in C. Edmund Bosworth, “The Coming of Islam to Afghanistan,” in Yohanan Friedmann (ed.), Islam in Asia, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: Magnes Press, 1984), p. 13. 2. Erica C. D. Hunter, “The Church of the East in Central Asia,” Bulletin of the John Rylands University Library of Manchester 78 (1996), pp. 129–42. On Herat, see pp. 131–34. 3. On Afghanistan’s Jews, see the discussion and sources later in this chapter and notes 163 to 169. 4. Bosworth (1984; above, note 1), pp. 1–22; idem, “The Appearance and Establishment of Islam in Afghanistan,” in Étienne de la Vaissière (ed.), Islamisation de l’Asie Centrale: Processus locaux d’acculturation du VIIe au XIe siècle, Cahiers de Studia Iranica 39 (Paris: Association pour l’Avancement des Études Iraniennes, 2008); and Gianroberto Scarcia, “Sull’ultima ‘islamizzazione’ di Bāmiyān,” Annali dell’Istituto Universitario Orientale di Napoli, new series, 16 (1966), pp. 279–81. On the early Arabic sources on Balkh, see Paul Schwarz, “Bemerkungen zu den arabischen Nachrichten über Balkh,” in Jal Dastur Cursetji Pavry (ed.), Oriental Studies in Honour of Cursetji Erachji Pavry (London: Oxford Univer- sity Press, 1933). 5. Hugh Kennedy and Arezou Azad, “The Coming of Islam to Balkh,” in Marie Legen- dre, Alain Delattre, and Petra Sijpesteijn (eds.), Authority and Control in the Countryside: Late Antiquity and Early Islam (London: Darwin Press, forthcoming). 6. For example, Geoffrey Khan (ed.), Arabic Documents from Early Islamic Khurasan (London: Nour Foundation/Azimuth Editions, 2007). 7. Richard W. Bulliet, Conversion to Islam in the Medieval Period: An Essay in Quan- titative History (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1979); Derryl Maclean, Re- ligion and Society in Arab Sind (Leiden: Brill, 1989); idem, “Ismailism, Conversion, and Syncretism in Arab Sind,” Bulletin of the Henry Martyn Institute of Islamic Studies 11 (1992), pp. -
HUMAN RIGHTS in JAMMU and KASHMIR March 1995
Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/HUMAN R... Français Home Contact Us Help Search canada.gc.ca Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets Home Issue Paper INDIA HUMAN RIGHTS IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR March 1995 Disclaimer This document was prepared by the Research Directorate of the Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada on the basis of publicly available information, analysis and comment. All sources are cited. This document is not, and does not purport to be, either exhaustive with regard to conditions in the country surveyed or conclusive as to the merit of any particular claim to refugee status or asylum. For further information on current developments, please contact the Research Directorate. Table of Contents GLOSSARY 1. INTRODUCTION 2. BACKGROUND 2.1 Geographical and Historical Overview 2.2 International Relations 2.3 Media Access 2.4 Main Militant Groups 2.5 Indian Security Forces 3. HUMAN RIGHTS IN JAMMU AND KASHMIR 3.1 Human Rights Abuses by Security Forces 3.2 National Security Legislation 3.3 Government Measures to Improve Human Rights Protection 1 of 26 9/17/2013 7:48 AM Issue Papers, Extended Responses and Country Fact Sheets file:///C:/Documents and Settings/brendelt/Desktop/temp rir/HUMAN R... 3.4 The Judicial System 3.5 Human Rights Abuses by Militant Groups 3.6 Displaced Populations 4. FUTURE PROSPECTS 5. ADDENDUM APPENDIX: NOTES ON SELECTED SOURCES REFERENCES GLOSSARY BSF Border Security Force CRPF Central Reserve Police Force JKLF Jammu and Kashmir Liberation Front KLA Kashmir Liberation Army ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ISI Inter-Services Intelligence (Pakistan) MUF Muslim United Front PSA Jammu and Kashmir Public Safety Act TADA Terrorist and Disruptive Activities (Prevention) Act 1. -
Language-Teaching and Power in Pakistan DR. TARIQ RAHMAN
Language-Teaching and Power in Pakistan DR. TARIQ RAHMAN Professor of Linguistics and South Asian Studies National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad Pakistan 1. Introduction Pakistan is a multilingual state the national language of which, Urdu, is the mother tongue of only a minority (7.6 per cent). Moreover, this minority (the Mohajirs) emigrated from India after the country was carved out of British India in 1947. The official language of the state is English, the language of South Asia’s erstwhile rulers – the British. Pakistan has seen a number of language- based ethnic movements in its short history (Rahman 1996). One of them, the Bengali Language Movement, of 1948-52, eventually led to the emergence of Bengali ethno-nationalism which led to the breakup of Pakistan into Bangladesh and Pakistan in 1971. After that, in January 1971 and July 1972, there were riots between the Urdu-speaking Mohajirs and the Sindhi-speakers after which antagonism between the two communities increased and the Mohajirs emerged as yet another nationality in Pakistan at the behest of the Mohajir Qaumi Movement (MQM). The province of Sindh, home to both Mohajirs and Sindhis, has seen much ethnic tension since the middle 1980s when the MQM became a militant force to be reckoned with. Other ethnic groups in Pakistan also see language as a marker of identity. In short, ethnic groups seek empowerment in Pakistan by using language as a marker of group identity. Apart from the ethnic aspect of language, there is also the problem of administration, education, higher commerce, media – in short, the domains of power in the state and the civil society. -
Signature Redacted Signature of Author Department of Political Science Si Gnature Red Acted October, 1987
RISE AND DECLINE OF ETHNO-NATIONAL MOVEMENTS OF PAKISTAN: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL FACTORS by TAHIR AMIN M.SC., International Relations, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, 1976 M.A., International Relations, Carleton University, Ottawa, 1978 Submitted to the Department of Political Science in Partial Fullfillment of the Requirements of the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY IN POLITICAL SCIENCE February 1988 c Tahir Amin 1987 Signature redacted Signature of Author Department of Political Science Si gnature red acted October, 1987 Certified by - Professor Myron Weiner Thesis Supervisor Signature redacted Accepted by I Harvey $. Sapolsky, Chairman Graddate Program Committee MASSACHUSETTS IN$TI1E OF TEHNOLOGY MAR 14 1988 UWI ARCHIVES TO IEESHA, SIDRA AND FURQAN Acknowledgements In completing this study, I am most grateful to my thesis committee: Professor Myron Weiner (Chairman), Professor Hayward R. Alker Jr. and Professor Nazli Choucri. They provided me with invaluable comments on every stage of this study. I am also thankful to Dr. Anwar Syed who went through the first four chapters of the study and gave thorough comments. I am also indebted to the Institute of Policy Studies, Islamabad for allowing me to freely use the facilities at the Institute during my field trips to Pakistan. I also thank Tobie Weiner for typing this manuscript with great care. Finally, I wish to thank King Faisal Foundation of Saudi Ministry of Higher Education for funding my study at Massachusetts Institute of Technology. RISE AND DECLINE OF ETHNO-NATIONAL MOVEMENTS OF PAKISTAN: DOMESTIC AND INTERNATIONAL FACTORS by TAHIR AMIN ABSTRACT The rise of ethno-national movement as a global phenomenon has attracted significant attention from social scientists but not the decline. -
The Concept of Ethnicity: a Theoretical Analysis
International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714 www.ijhssi.org Volume 3 Issue 9 ǁ September. 2014 ǁ PP.16-18 The Concept of Ethnicity: A Theoretical Analysis Anshu Sharma Research Scholar Political Science Jammu and Kashmir ABSTRACT : My research is on the ethnicity which consists of Cultural characteristics such as (Language, history, values and customs) that are shared of a distinctive of a group of people. Ethnicity contrast with the concept of race, which concerned shared physical characteristics. Like as the Sindh which was forms an integral part of Pakistan, received its name from Sindh i.e. Indus which flows through it. KEY WORDS: Ethnicity, Sindh, Pakistan, Boundaries, Community, India, Pakistan, Nationhood, Country, Culture, Groups, languages, Politics. I. INTRODUCTION The province of Sindh which was forms an integral part of Pakistan, received its name from Sindh i.e. Indus which flows through it. Sindhu literally means an ocean or a vast collection of water. The name was given to it by the Aryans due to the great sheet of water which the Indus carries after meeting with Kabul river. In medieval times the whole valley of Indus up to the confines of Kashmir was known as Sind or Sindh as against Hindu or India which was separated from it by the desert barrier of Thar region. Sindh proper now lies between 23rd and 28th parallel of the north latitude and between 66th and 71st meridian of east longitude. It is about 360 miles from north to south, with an average breadth of 170 miles from east to west covering an area of 59166 square miles. -
Historical Developments of the Kashmir Problem and Pakistan's
Historical Developments of the Kashmir Problem and Pakistan’s PolicyAfter September 11 (2001) A.Z.Hilali * Introduction The Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan remains a complex, volatile and intractable issue which has plagued both countries since independence in 1947 and it is still a matter of international interest. In many ways, Kashmir is an ethnic, religious and territorial issue with the potential for strategic and economic gains to India and Pakistan. Both nations have strong legal and moral claims to Kashmir, which has virtually reconciled itself to accepting the status quo and has even practically abandoned its insistence on the right of the Kashmiris to self-determination. Since 1989, a major uprising against Indian rule by the Kashmiri Muslims has changed the face of Kashmir and a gun culture has converted the paradise into a martyrs' graveyard. However, the September 11 (2001) incident has changed the shape of world politics and in the new scenario, Pakistan launched a new political initiative on Kashmir to reaffirm its long-standing policy of supporting the right of self-determination for the people of Kashmir. India accused Pakistan of involvement in terrorism, extremism and militancy, but General Pervez Musharraf's proactive policy put India’s hawks on the back foot and projected the Kashmir cause as a popular struggle. Moreover, Kashmir is a major flashpoint in South Asia and it is widely believed that the nuclear dimension in the region has already created a dooms day scenario and that tension needs to be defused through the active role of external forces. Nevertheless, both countries have an opportunity to extricate themselves from the dispute by means of an acceptable solution without any further human and material loss. -
Vali Nasr.3C
International Relations of an Islamist Movement: The Case of the Jama’at-i Islami of Pakistan Vali Nasr council on foreign relations new york The Council on Foreign Relations, Inc., a nonprofit, nonpartisan national organization and think tank founded in 1921, is dedicated to promoting understanding of international affairs through the free and civil exchange of ideas.The Council’s members are dedicated to the belief that America’s peace and prosperity are firmly linked to that of the world. From this flows the Council’s mission: to foster America’s understanding of other nations—their peoples, cultures, histories, hopes, quarrels, and ambitions—and thus to serve our nation through study and debate, private and public. From time to time books, reports, and papers are written by members of the Council’s research staff or others are published as a “Council on Foreign Relations Publication.” THE COUNCIL TAKES NO INSTITUTIONAL POSITION ON POLICY ISSUES AND HAS NO AFFILIATION WITH THE U.S. GOVERNMENT. ALL STATEMENTS OF FACT AND EXPRESSIONS OF OPINION CON- TAINED IN ALL ITS PUBLICATIONS ARE THE SOLE RESPONSIBILITY OF THE AUTHOR OR AUTHORS. For further information on Council publications, please write the Council on Foreign Relations, 58 East 68th Street, New York, NY 10021, or call the Director of Communications at (212) 434-9400. Or visit our website at www.cfr.org. Copyright © 2000 by the Council on Foreign Relations , Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. This book may not be reproduced , in whole or in part, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. -
Political Situation in Kashmir and Role of United Nations
Studies of Changing Societies: Comparative and Interdisciplinary Focus Vol. 1'(2)2012 SCS Journal POLITICAL SITUATION IN KASHMIR AND ROLE OF UNITED NATIONS © Muhammad Tahir Tabassum, the Founder President / Chief Executive Officer of the EU based think tank Institute of Peace and Development-INSPAD, had Masters of International Politics (Belgium),received reputed award “Ambassador for Peace” from UPF-USA (2007), Human rights Excellence Award from Prime Minister of Pakistan (2009) and Sitara-e-Simaj (Social Star) from PSA-Pakistan (2002), also former Advisor to Prime Minister of Govt. of the Azad Jammu and Kashmir for Human rights. He has been working as peace, human rights & political activist, freelance journalist and columnist since 25 years. Can be reached at:- [email protected] Keywords: political situation, Kashmir, United Nation Kashmir has been under Indian military occupation since October 1947. The people of Jammu and Kashmir have been granted the right of self-determination under the UN Charter, and under several UN Security Council resolutions, more specifically under UN (UNCIP) resolution of August 13, 1948, and January 5, 1949. These and subsequent UN resolutions have affirmed that, the question of accession of the State of Jammu and Kashmir to India or Pakistan will be decided through the political democratic method of free and impartial plebiscite. The status of Kashmir has been hotly debated since the partition of British India and has prompted four wars between India and Pakistan, the most recent, the Kargil War, occurring in 1999. Kashmir's people have suffered immensely from the ongoing conflict between South Asia's two nuclear powers. -
3Rd IRC 2018-PAK Chapter “Sustainable Economy Business and Society in Emerging and Developing Economies in the Age of Industrial Revolution 4.0”
ISSN (E): 2523-1537 ISSN: 2708-3624 ISBN: 978-969-7944-02-6 ISSN (E): 2523-1537 ISSN: 2708-3624 ISBN: 978-969-7944-02-6 Conference E-Proceedings 3rd International Research Conference on Economics, Business and Social Sciences – 3rd IRC 2018-PAK Chapter “Sustainable Economy Business and Society in Emerging and Developing Economies in the Age of Industrial Revolution 4.0” December 12,13, 2018 School of Economics, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Vol 3, issue 2 Published by: CSRC Publishing, Center for Sustainability Research and Consultancy Pakistan Available at: https://publishing.globalcsrc.org/proceedings/ Editorial: Prof. Dr. Imran Sharif Chaudhry, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Prof. Dr. Rehana Kousar, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Prof. Dr. Muhammad Nauman Abbasi, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Prof. Dr. Che Ruhana Binti Isa, University of Malaya Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Abdul Halim Abdul Majid, Universiti Utara Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Noor Ismawati Binti Jaafar, University of Malaya Malaysia Prof. Dr. Kuperan Viswanathan, Universiti Utara Malaysia Prof. Dr. Wan Nordin Wan Hussin, Universiti Utara Malaysia Prof. Dr. Sallahuddin Hassan, Universiti Utara Malaysia Prof. Dr. Ghulam Shabir, Beaconhouse National University Lahore Pakistan Assoc. Prof. Dr. Yusniza Kamarulzaman, University of Malaya Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Dr. Ruzita Jusoh, University of Malaya Malaysia Assoc. Prof. Datin Dr. Rusnah Muhamad, University of Malaya Malaysia Dr. Khwaja Khalid, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Dr. Zeeshan Mehmood, Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Dr. Sulaman Hafeez Siddiqui, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur Pakistan Dr. Rabia Rasheed, Center for Sustainability Research and Consultancy Pakistan Welcome Message by the Vice Chancellor, 01 Bahauddin Zakariya University Multan Pakistan Message by the President, Center for Sustainability 03 Research and Consultancy Pakistan Welcome Address by the Director, School of Economics, 04 Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan, Pakistan.