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MEDITERRANEAN MONK SEAL (Monachus Monachus)

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MEDITERRANEAN MONK SEAL (Monachus monachus) GREEK POPULATION POPULATION AND HABITAT VIABILITY ASSESSMENT Athens, Greece 4-7 April 1994 WORKSHOP REPORT A Collaborative Workshop Elliniki Etairia The Hellenic Society for the Protection of the Environment and the Cultural Heritage --P ~. ~ ~~ IUCN/SSC Seal Specialist Group '-----'" ~ IUCN/SSC Captive Breeding Specialist Group SEAL SPECIAUST GROUP Hosted by Elliniki Etairia The Hellenic Society for the Protect~on of the Environment and the Cultural Heritage Sponsored by Elliniki Etairia through the Greek National Programme for the Protection of the Mediterranean Monk Seal and Sea World, Inc. SPECIES SuRVIVAL CowMtsstON A contribution of the IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, Elliniki Etaria, The Hellenic Society for the Protection of the Environment and the Cultural Heritage, and the IUCN/SSC Seal Specialist Group. Cover Photo: Panos Dendrino, courtesy of the Hellenic Society for the Study & Protection of the Monk Seal. Section Photos: Provided by M. Scoullos. Scoullos, M., U.S. Seal, S. Ellis, J. Harwood. 1994. Mediterranean Monk Seal (Monachus monachus) Population and Habitat Viability Assessment. IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group: Apple Valley, MN. Additional copies of this publication can be ordered through the IUCN/SSC Conservation Breeding Specialist Group, 12101 Johnny Cake Ridge Road, Apple Valley, MN 55124. Send checks for US $35.00 (for printing and shipping costs) payable to CBSG; checks must be drawn on a US Bank. Funds may be wired to First Bank NA ABA No. 091000022, for credit to CBSG Account No. 1100 1210 1736. The work of the Conservation Breeding Specialist Group is made possible by generous contributions from the following members of the CBSG Institutional Conservation Council Conservators ($10,000 and above) Fort Wayne Zoological Society Banham Zoo Belize Zoo Australasian Species Management Program Gladys Porter Zoo Copenhagen Zoo Claws 'n Paws Chicago Zoological Society Indianapolis Zoological Society Cotswold Wildlife Park Darmstadt Zoo Columbus Zoological Gardens International Aviculturists Society Dutch Federation of Zoological Gardens Dreher Park Zoo Denver Zoological Gardens Japanese Association of Zoological Parks Erie Zoological Park Fota Wildlife Park Fossil Rim Wildlife Center and Aquariums Fota Wildlife Park Great Plains Zoo Friends of Zoo Atlanta Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust Givskud Zoo Hancock House Publisher Greater Los Angeles Zoo Association Lincoln Park Zoo Granby Zoological Society Kew Royal Botanic Gardens International Union of Directors of The Uving Desert International Zoo Veterinary Group Miller Park Zoo Zoological Gardens Marwell Zoological Park Knoxville Zoo Nagoya Aquarium Metropolitan Toronto Zoo Milwaukee County Zoo National Geographic Magazine National Audubon Society-Research Minnesota Zoological Garden NOAHS Center National Zoological Gardens Ranch Sanctuary New York Zoological Society North of England Zoological Society, of South Africa National Aviary in Pittsburgh Omaha's Henry Doody Zoo Chester Zoo Odense Zoo Parco Faunistico "La Torbiera" Saint Louis Zoo Oklahoma City Zoo Orana Park Wildlife Trust Potter Park Zoo Sea World, Inc. Paignton Zoological and Paradise Park Racine Zoological Society White Oak Plantation Botanical Gardens Perth Zoological Gardens Tenerife Zoo Zoological Society of Cincinnati Penscynor Wildlife Park Porter Charitable Trust Tokyo Zoological Park Zoological Society of San Diego Philadelphia Zoological Garden Rolling Hills Ranch (5 year commitment) Touro Pare-France Phoenix Zoo Rostock Zoo Guardians ($5,000-$9,999) Pittsburgh Zoo Royal Zoological Society Supporters ($25-$49) Cleveland Zoological Society Riverbanks Zoological Park of Southern Australia Alameda Park Zoo John G. Shedd Aquarium Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp Rotterdam Zoo American Loriinae Conservancy Loro Parque Royal Zoological Society of Scotland Tierpark Rheine Danish College of Animal Keepers Lubee Foundation San Francisco Zoo Twycross Zoo DGHT Arbeitsgruppe Anuren North Carolina Zoological Park Schoenbrunn Zoo Union of German Zoo Directors Folsom Children's Zoo & Botanical Toledo Zoological Society Sedgwick County Zoo Wellington Zoo Garden Wild Animal Habitat Sunset Zoo (IO year commitment) World Parrot Trust International Crane Foundation Zoological Parks Board of Taipei Zoo Zoo de la Casa de Campo-Madrid Jardin aux Oiseaux New South Wales The WILDS Welsh Mt. Zoo(Zoological Society of King Khalid Wildlife Research Center The Zoo, Gulf Breeze, FL Wales Lee Richardson Zoo Protectors ($1,000-$4,999) Urban Council of Hong Kong Natal Parks Board Audubon Institute Washington Park Zoo Curators ($250-$499) Oglebay's Good Children's Zoo Bristol Zoo Wassenaar Wildlife Breeding Centre Camperdown Wildlife Center Royal Zoological Society of Ireland Caldwell Zoo Wilhelma Zoological Garden Emporia Zoo Safari Park Calgary Zoo Woodland Park Zoo Roger Williams Zoo Speedwell Bird Sanctuary Cologne Zoo Y ong-In Farmland Thrigby Hall Wildlife Gardens Sylvan Heights Waterfowl Detroit Zoological Park Zoological Society of London Topeka Zoological Park Ueno Zoological Gardens El Paso Zoo Zurich Zoological Garden Tropical Bird Garden Wildlife Biometrics, Inc. Federation of Zoological Gardens of Wildwood Park Zoo Great Britain and Ireland Stewards ($500-$999) Sponsors ($50-$249) Aalborg Zoo African Safari 1 September 1994 Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum Apenheul Zoo Mediterranean monk seal PHVA Report 4 CONTENTS Executive Summary and Recommendations 7 PHVA WORKSHOP REPORTS 13 Wild Population Biology and Modelling 15 Direct Threats 37 Indirect Threats 45 Current Conservation Programs in Greece 49 PRESENTATIONS 61 Elliniki Etairia - Hellenic Society for the Protection of the Environment and Cultural Heritage 63 Hellenic Society for the Study and Protection of the Mediterranean Monk Seal 75 WWF - Greece 89 North Eastern Aegean Monk Seal Research Team 95 European Nature Heritage Fund 109 Environmental Research Bureau 115 Ecological Society of Hydra 125 Captive Phocid Populations in North America 131 Reproductive Research Needs 145 APPENDICES The Monk Seal register 153 Vortex Modelling Input and Output Data Tables 157 Animal Sampling Protocols 169 List of Participants 175 Bibliography 185 Mediterranean monk seal PHVA Report 5 Mediterranean monk seal PHVA Report 6 MEDITERRANEAN MONK SEAL (Monachus monachus) GREEK POPULATION POPULATION AND HABITAT VIABILITY ASSESSMENT Athens, Greece 4-7 April 1994 Report SECTION 1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Mediterranean monk seal PHVA Report 7 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Mediterranean monk seal is the world's most endangered phocid seal. No reliable estimates of total population size exist, but this is probably less than 500. There are two widely separated but potentially viable populations: one on the Atlantic coast of North Africa and the other in Greece (Aegean and Ionian Seas). There have been no major changes in the size and distribution of the North African population, nor in the broad distribution of the eastern Mediterranean population over the past 20 years. However, populations in other parts of the Mediterranean have declined or disappeared altogether. Greek scientists, conservation organizations and wildlife authorities have developed a collaborative Greek National Program for the Protection of the Monk Seal under the coordination of Elliniki Etairia. The goal is to eliminate human-caused mortality of seals in the Greek population and to restore and maintain a genetically-viable, self-sustaining, free-living monk seal population. To achieve the recovery goal, it is necessary to understand the risk factors affecting survival of the monk seal and to reduce the risk of extinction to an acceptable level. Software tools to assist simulation and quantitative evaluation of risk of extinction are available and were used as part of Population and Habitat Viability Assessment Workshop. This technique identifies and ranks risks and assists in assessment of management options. Forty-five biologists, managers and decision-makers attended a Population and Habitat Viability Assessment (PHVA) Workshop in Athens, Greece at the Elliniki Etairia premises on April 4-7, 1994 to apply these recently developed procedures to the Greek population of Mediterranean monk seals. The Captive Breeding Specialist Group and the Seal Specialist Group of the IUCN/Species Survival Commission were invited by Elliniki Etairia to collaborate and facilitate the discussion and decision-making process. The purpose was to review data on the wild population as a basis for developing stochastic population simulation models. These models estimate risk of extinction and rates of genetic loss from the interactions of demographic, genetic, and environmental factors. Other goals included determining habitat requirements, the role of direct threats (including killing by fishermen) as factors in species decline, the potential role of indirect threats (such as disease) and prioritized research needs. The first morning and afternoon consisted of a series of presentations by the Greek organizations summarizing data known about the wild population. A brief presentation on population biology, the PHV A process and the use of VORTEX (the computer simulation model used) was made. The participants formed four working groups (wild population, direct threats, health issues and current programs) to: 1) review in detail' current information; 2) develop values for use in the simulation models; and 3) formulate management scenarios and recommendations. Stochastic
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