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Investigations on Agonistic Behaviour in Pigs Kept Under Commercial Farm Conditions

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Investigations on Agonistic Behaviour in Pigs Kept Under Commercial Farm Conditions Aus dem Institut für Tierzucht und Tierhaltung der Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel ___________________________________________________________________________ Investigations on agonistic behaviour in pigs kept under commercial farm conditions Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Agrar- und Ernährungswissenschaftlichen Fakultät der Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel vorgelegt von M.Sc. Andreas Stukenborg aus Vechta Dekanin: Prof. Dr. K. Schwarz 1. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. J. Krieter 2. Berichterstatter: Prof. Dr. G. Thaller Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 7. Februar 2011 ___________________________________________________________________________ Die Dissertation wurde mit dankenswerter finanzieller Unterstützung der H. Wilhelm Schaumann Stiftung angefertigt TABLE OF CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................................. 1 CHAPTER ONE Agonistic behaviour after mixing in pigs under commercial farm conditions .................................................................................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER TWO Heritabilities of agonistic behavioural traits in pigs and their relationships within and between different age groups ................................................................................................................................................ 25 CHAPTER THREE Relationship between agonistic behaviour, growth and reproductive performance in pigs ................................................................................................................................................ 45 CHAPTER FOUR The use of a lesion score as an indicator for agonistic behaviour in pigs ................................................................................................................................................ 61 GENERAL DISCUSSION ................................................................................................................................................ 73 GENERAL SUMMARY ................................................................................................................................................ 81 ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ................................................................................................................................................ 83 GENERAL INTRODUCTION Agonistic behaviour is a common component of social interactions in pigs. In general, agonistic behaviour describes both aggressive and submissive manners (Langbein and Puppe, 2004). Aggression among pigs occurs during regrouping of pigs unacquainted with one another or when competition for food is provoked by food shortage or restricted feeding space (Løvendahl et al., 2005). In common pig husbandry, agonistic behaviour can especially be observed directly after mixing when the pigs fight in order to establish a clear dominance hierarchy (Ewbank, 1976). Generally, the mixing of pigs is performed in three different age classes. The first mixing time takes place directly after weaning. The second regrouping occurs after pigs are taken from rearing to the fattening unit. The third mixing time concerns breeding sows when they are kept in a group-housing pregnancy area. Aggressive encounters often result in skin injuries and can additionally cause immunosuppressive effects (Tuchscherer and Manteuffel, 2000). Arey and Edwards (1998) reported that social stress can affect the sows’ productivity by influencing their reproductive physiology. Therefore, involvement in agonistic interactions is associated with negative effects on animal welfare as well as on the economy of pig production. An analysis of agonistic behaviour has already been made in numerous studies. However, most of these investigations have been carried out under experimental conditions and only observed pigs of one age group. The aim of the present study was to examine the agonistic behaviour of pigs over time with the aid of several behavioural traits under commercial farm conditions. Agonistic interactions were observed by video equipment at the three common mixing times in pig husbandry. The behavioural data of the three times were analysed in order to provide hints concerning the ontogenesis of agonistic behaviour. With regard to the persistence of agonistic interactions after regrouping, Puppe et al. (1997) showed that agonistic behaviour rose continuously over several days after weaning, while other authors have observed severe fights only in the first three (Friend et al., 1983) or first 24 hours (Meese and Ewbank, 1973). Due to these inconsistent findings, the aim of Chapter One was to describe fighting behaviour over a 48-hour observation time and to expose essential observation periods in which most of the fights occur. In addition, different behavioural traits and a dominance index were presented in order to illustrate the fighting level of the pigs. 1 According to D’Eath et al. (2009), aggressive behaviour is moderately heritable and could be reduced by genetic selection. However, only a few studies have even estimated the heritabilities of agonistic behaviour after mixing pigs. For weaned piglets no heritabilities have been estimated until now. Furthermore, with relation to possible behavioural observation times for breeding it is still unexplained as to whether an aggressive female piglet becomes an aggressive growing pig and sow. Therefore, the objective of Chapter Two was to calculate correlations between the behavioural traits of different age groups. Additionally, the heritability of different agonistic behavioural traits was estimated for all three age groups. There is also a lack of investigations in the literature which deal with the relationships between agonistic behaviour and current performance traits in pig breeding. Thus, it is still uncertain as to whether an increased consideration of agonistic behaviour in pig breeding would have negative effects on common performance traits. For this reason, Chapter Three presents correlations estimated between agonistic behavioural traits, and growth rate and backfat depth, respectively. Also relationships were analysed between reproductive performance and the agonistic behavioural traits of gilts. A lesion score has frequently been used as a proxy indicator of post-mixing aggression (Turner et al., 2006). However, the scores mostly include an exact count of the scratches and are therefore not feasible for application under common breeding farm conditions. An easy and rapid lesion score approach is presented in Chapter Four . For this, correlations were estimated between the applied lesion score and agonistic behavioural traits in order to examine whether the lesion score could be an indicator for agonistic behaviour in pigs. References Arey, D.S., Edwards, S.A., 1998. Factors influencing aggression between sows after mixing and the consequences for welfare and production. Livestock Production Science 56, 61-70. D'Eath, R.B., Roehe, R., Turner, S.P., Ison, S.H., Farish, M., Jack, M.C., Lawrence, A.B., 2009. Genetics of animal temperament: aggressive behaviour at mixing is genetically associated with the response to handling in pigs. Animal 3, 1544-1554. 2 Ewbank, R., 1976. Social hierarchy in suckling and fattening pigs: A review. Livestock Production Science 3, 363-372. Friend, T.H., Knabe, D.A., Tanksley, T.D., Jr., 1983. Behavior and performance of pigs grouped by three different methods at weaning. Journal of Animal Science 57, 1406- 1411. Langbein, J., Puppe, B., 2004. Analysing dominance relationships by sociometric methods - a plea for a more standardised and precise approach in farm animals. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 87, 293-315. Løvendahl, P., Damgaard, L.H., Nielsen, B.L., Thodberg, K., Su, G., Rydhmer, L., 2005. Aggressive behaviour of sows at mixing and maternal behaviour are heritable and genetically correlated traits. Livestock Production Science 93, 73-85. Meese, G.B., Ewbank, R., 1973. The establishment and nature of the dominance hierarchy in the domesticated pig. Animal Behaviour 21, 326-334. Puppe, B., Tuchscherer, M., Tuchscherer, A., 1997. The effect of housing conditions and social environment immediately after weaning on the agonistic behaviour, neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio, and plasma glucose level in pigs. Livestock Production Science 48, 157-164. Tuchscherer, M., Manteuffel, G., 2000. The effect of psycho stress on the immune system. Another reason for pursuing animal welfare (Review). Archiv für Tierzucht - Archives of Animal Breeding 43, 547-560. Turner, S.P., Farnworth, M.J., White, I.M.S., Brotherstone, S., Mendl, M., Knap, P., Penny, P., Lawrence, A.B., 2006. The accumulation of skin lesions and their use as a predictor of individual aggressiveness in pigs. Applied Animal Behaviour Science 96, 245-259. 3 4 CHAPTER ONE Agonistic behaviour after mixing in pigs under commercial farm conditions Andreas Stukenborg 1, Imke Traulsen 1, Birger Puppe 2, Ulrich Presuhn 3, Joachim Krieter 1 1Institute of Animal Breeding and Husbandry, Christian-Albrechts-University, D-24098 Kiel, Germany 2Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), D-18196 Dummerstorf, Germany 3farm concepts GmbH & Co. KG, D-23812 Wahlstedt, Germany Published in Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 2011, 129: 28-35 5 Abstract The aim of the study was to investigate agonistic behaviour of pigs after regrouping
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