DOCSLIB.ORG

Key Largo Cotton Mouse

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Key Largo Cotton Mouse Key Largo cotton mouse Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola (Photo courtesy of USFWS) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Rodentia Family: Cricetidae Genus/Species: Peromyscus gossypinus Subspecies: Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola Common Name: Key Largo cotton mouse Listing Status Federal Status: Endangered FL Status: Federally-designated Endangered FNAI Ranks: G5T1Q/S1 (Globally: Demonstrably Secure, Sub sp. Critically Imperiled [Classification as a subspecies question]/State: Critically Imperiled) IUCN Status: Not ranked Physical Description The Key Largo cotton mouse is the largest of all subspecies of cotton mouse found in peninsular Florida (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 1999). This cotton mouse subspecies can reach a body length of seven inches (17.9 centimeters) with a tail length of three inches (7.7 centimeters). Key Largo cotton mice have a dark hazel back with reddish brown sides, a white belly, white Key Largo Cotton Mouse 1 | Page feet, and a tail that is brown on top and white on the bottom (Florida Natural Areas Inventory 2001). Life History The diet of the Key Largo cotton mouse consists of berries, seeds, nuts, and insects (M. Tucker pers. comm. 2012). Berries from tropical hardwood hammock trees and shrubs may be an important food supply for the Key Largo cotton mouse (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1999). The Key Largo population of the cotton mouse constructs nests in hollow tree stumps, fallen logs, and crevices in limestone outcrops (Barbour and Humphrey 1982). Breeding occurs throughout the year with a peak breeding season in the fall and early spring (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 1999, Bigler and Jenkins 1975). The average litter size is 3 young per litter, with three to four litters per year (Bigler and Jenkins 1975). Habitat & Distribution The Key Largo cotton mouse inhabits tropical hardwood hammocks in Key Largo Florida. Threats Habitat loss and fragmentation have isolated populations of the Key Largo cotton mouse, which increases the severity of all other threats. Isolated populations have reduced gene flow which leads to lower genetic diversity, and potentially lower survival (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 2009). Fragmentation along its small range also makes the Key Largo cotton mouse vulnerable to tropical storms and hurricanes. Trash dumping (a result of increased urbanization) also threatens the Key Largo cotton mouse, leading to an increased population of black rats (Rattus rattus). Black rats may out-compete the Key Largo cotton mouse for food and other resources (U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, 1999). Sea level rise is an impending threat to the Key Largo cotton mouse population. Conservation & Management The Key Largo cotton mouse is protected as an Endangered species by the Federal Endangered Species Act and as a Federally-designated Endangered species by Florida’s Endangered and Threatened Species Rule. Key Largo Cotton Mouse 2 | Page -Federal Recovery Plan Other Informative Links Florida Natural Areas Inventory U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service 5-Year Cotton Mouse Review U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Conservation Guidelines U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Species Profile U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service Multi-Species Recovery Plan References Barbour, D.B. and S.R. Humphrey. 1982. Status and habitat of the Key Largo woodrat and cotton mouse (Neotoma floridana smalli and Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola). Journal of Mammalogy 63(1): 144-148. Bigler, W. J. and J.H. Jenkins. 1975. Population characteristics of Peromyscus gossypinus and Sigmodon hispidus in tropical hammocks of south Florida. Journal of Mammalogy 56(3): 633-644. Florida Natural Areas Inventory. 2001. Field guide to the rare animals of Florida. http://www.fnai.org/FieldGuide/pdf/Peromyscus_gossypinus_allapaticola.PDF U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. (1999, May 18). Key Largo Cotton Mouse Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola. Retrieved from Multi-Species Recovery Plan for South Florida: http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/KeyLargoCottonmouse.pdf U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service. (2006, June 8). Key Largo cotton mouse. Retrieved August 2, 2011, from Multi-Species Recovery Plan for South Florida : http://www.fws.gov/verobeach/MSRPPDFs/KeyLargoCottonmouse.pdf. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2009. Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola) 5-Year review: summary and evaluation. U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service, Vero Beach, FL. http://ecos.fws.gov/docs/five_year_review/doc2378.pdf. Key Largo Cotton Mouse 3 | Page .
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Habitat Use of the Key Largo Woodrat (Neotoma Floridana Smalli) Lauren J
    Florida International University FIU Digital Commons FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations University Graduate School 11-12-2014 Habitat Use of the Key Largo Woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli) Lauren J. Barth Florida International University, [email protected] DOI: 10.25148/etd.FI14110745 Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd Part of the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Commons, Natural Resources and Conservation Commons, and the Zoology Commons Recommended Citation Barth, Lauren J., "Habitat Use of the Key Largo Woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli)" (2014). FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 1644. https://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/1644 This work is brought to you for free and open access by the University Graduate School at FIU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in FIU Electronic Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of FIU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. FLORIDA INTERNATIONAL UNIVERSITY Miami, Florida HABITAT USE OF THE KEY LARGO WOODRAT (NEOTOMA FLORIDANA SMALLI) A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE in ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES by Lauren J. Barth 2014 To: Interim Dean Michael R. Heithaus College of Arts and Sciences This thesis, written by Lauren J. Barth, and entitled Habitat Use of the Key Largo Woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli), having been approved in respect to style and intellectual content, is referred to you for judgment. We have read this thesis and recommend that it be approved. _______________________________________ Michael Gaines _______________________________________ Phillip Hughes _______________________________________ Joel Heinen _______________________________________ Jennifer Rehage, Co-Major Professor _______________________________________ Michael Ross, Co-Major Professor Date of Defense: November 12, 2014 The thesis of Lauren J.
    [Show full text]
  • United States Ent of the Interior
    United States ent of the interior FiSH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE South Florida Ecological Services Office 1339 :30m Street Vero Beach, Florida 32960 February 9, 2010 Memorandum To: Roxa . 11: David Dell ieid Supervisor, South Florida Ecological Services Office Subject: Biological opinion addressing effects of issuing a recovery permit (TE206774-0) to Sean Beckmann for research on the Key Largo cotton mouse This document transmits the Fish and Wildlife Service’s (Service) biological opinion based on our review of the proposed issuance of a section 10(a)(l)(A) recovery permit to conduct surveys and collect genetic material of the endangered Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypians aflaparicole) (KLCM) Within the hammock habitat on northern Key Largo, Monroe County, Florida. This study will examine if anthropogenic habitat fragmentation has led to a decrease in genetic diversity among isolated southeastern cotton mouse populations. The survey protocol employed in these studies may also incidentally trap the endangered Key Largo woodrat (Neoz‘omafloridana smalli) (KLWR). This document is prepared in accordance with section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended (Act) (87 Stat. 884; 16 [ISO 1531 et seq.) This biological opinion is based on published literature, research reports, the permit application and subsequent correspondence, telephone conversations, field investigations, the captive propagation and reintroduction plan for the KLWR (Service 2003), and other sources of information. A complete administrative record of this consultation is on file at the South Florida Ecological Services Office (SFESO) in Vero Beach, Fiorida. Consultation History On May 16, 2008, Sean Beckmann of the University of Miami, Florida submitted a recovery permit application to the Service’s Southeast Regional Office.
    [Show full text]
  • Trapping Results of the Endangered Key Largo Cotton Mouse and Key Largo Woodrat
    Trapping results of the endangered Key Largo cotton mouse and Key Largo woodrat Daniel U. Greene and Jeffery A. Gore Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission Fish and Wildlife Research Institute Introduction • Sub-species • Endemic KLCM: Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola • Historically ranged throughout the island • Over two-thirds of historic habitat lost KLWR: Neotoma floridana smalli Population Decline • Concern for population declines in all rodent species in Key Largo since 1970’s • Habitat loss and proposed developments led to Federal listing under the ESA on August 31,1984 • Land purchase: – Majority of North Key Largo protected under State & Federal management Present Habitat • Managed by: – Dagny Johnson Key Largo Hammock Botanical SP – Crocodile Lake NWR • 790-945 ha of upland hardwood hammocks – 851 ha used Habitat Quality • Habitat - range of disturbances • Farming, hurricanes, fire • Fragmentation • 2 inactive military sites • Aquaculture • Residences • Waste transfer station • Large raccoon and feral cat populations • Exotic species • Pythons/boas, iguanas, fire ants, invasive plants Objectives • Develop a standardized methodology for reliably assessing population trends – Based on results from 2007 – Feasible given the personnel & budgetary constraints » Allow for long-term monitoring – 2008-Present – test method • Describe population structure – Fulfill needs in Multi-Species Recovery Plan Methods Stratified Random Design • Randomly selected 34 7 x 7 trapping grids with 10 m spacing (0.36 ha each, 12.24 ha total) Proportional allocation Young - 95 ha (Disturbed >1971) » 6 grids Medium - 325 ha (Disturbed 1940-71) » 12 grids Old - 430 ha (Disturbed <1940) » 16 grids Methods Trapping • 3 sessions in 2007 – 1 March - 11 May – 4 July - 7 Sept. – 29 Oct.
    [Show full text]
  • The Key Largo Woodrat Resides in Tropical Hardwood
    Key Largo Woodrat Neotoma floridana smalli he Key Largo woodrat resides in tropical hardwood Federal Status: Endangered (August 31, 1984) hammocks on Key Largo. This small endemic rodent Tonce ranged throughout all of Key Largo, but today Critical Habitat: None Designated is limited to the northernmost portions. Known for its habit Florida Status: Endangered of building large stick houses, Key Largo woodrats depend Recovery Plan Status: Original (May 18, 1999) heavily on the natural vegetation of the tropical hardwood Geographic Coverage: Rangewide hammocks to obtain material for constructing these houses. Although large portions of the remaining habitat are now in Figure 1. Distribution of the Key Largo woodrat; protection, there has been such a reduction in its total range this species is endemic only to Key Largo in the and habitat that the future of this species remains in an Florida Keys. endangered condition. This account represents the range-wide recovery plan for the Key Largo woodrat. Description The color of the Key Largo woodrat is described as sepia or grey-brown above shading into cinnamon on the sides, with cream or white ventral coloration. The forefeet are white to the wrist and the hindfeet are primarily white to the ankles. The Key Largo woodrat has large ears, protuberant eyes, and a hairy tail. The head-and-body-length of the Key Largo woodrat ranges from 120 to 230 mm, their tail length ranges from 130 to 190 mm, and their hindfoot length ranges from 32 to 39 mm. Males, on average, weigh 258 g, while the females tend to be much smaller, weighing only 210 g (Hersh 1981).
    [Show full text]
  • Burmese Pythons in South Florida: Scientific Support for Invasive Species Management1 Rebecca G
    WEC242 Burmese Pythons in South Florida: Scientific Support for Invasive Species Management1 Rebecca G. Harvey, Matthew L. Brien, Michael S. Cherkiss, Michael Dorcas, Mike Rochford, Ray W. Snow, and Frank J. Mazzotti2 A Rapidly Growing Problem Burmese pythons (Python molurus bivittatus) are popular pets in the United States because of their attractive color pattern, reputed docility, and the allure (for some) of owning a giant snake. According to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, approximately 99,000 Burmese pythons were imported to the United States between 1996 and 2006 (compared to only 17,000 between 1970 and 1995). The species is classified by the World Conservation Union as “near threatened” in its native range in Southeast Asia due to exportation for the pet trade and hunting for skins. Thousands of pythons are also captive bred each year in the U.S. for sale as pets. Burmese pythons sell at reptile trade shows for as little as $20, and at pet stores for $65-80. An inexperienced snake keeper who takes home a 50-centime- ter (20-inch) hatchling is, within a year, responsible for a brawny 2.4-meter (eight-foot) predator. Unable to handle their giant snakes, and unable to find new homes for them, some owners illegally release them into the wild. Released and escaped Burmese pythons are now breeding in the wild, Figure 19. and their growing numbers may result in dire consequences Credits: Mike Rochford, University of Florida for native wildlife and ecosystems in South Florida. Native to Southeast Asia, Burmese pythons are an exotic (nonnative) species in South Florida.
    [Show full text]
  • Pub List 111210
    Jim Boone’s Publications Ph. D. Dissertation Boone, J. L. 1995. Patterns of temporal and geographic variation in the genetics and morphology of cotton mice (Peromyscus gossypinus). Ph. D. Dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens, 239 pp. M.S. Thesis Boone, J. L. 1990. Reassessment of the taxonomic status of the Cotton Mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus anastasae) on Cumberland Island, Georgia, and the implications of this information for conservation. MS Thesis, Univ. of Georgia. 70 pp. B.S. Thesis Boone, J. L. 1986. Morphological differences between populations of deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus rubidus) in sand dune and upland habitats. B.S. Thesis, Humboldt State University, Arcata, California. Books Hiatt, H., and J. Boone. 2003. Clark County, Nevada: Species Account Manual. Department of Comprehensive Planning, Clark County, Nevada. 218 pp. Refereed Literature Rautenstrauch, K. R., D. L. Rakestraw, G. A. Brown, J. L. Boone, and P. E. Lederle. 2002. Patterns of Burrow Use by Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) in Southcentral Nevada. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 4(2):398-405. Boone, J. L., and E. A. Holt. 2001. Field Sexing Young Free-ranging Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) Using External Morphology. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, 4(1):28-33. Boone, J. L., P. E. Lederle, and S. L. Petersen. 1999. More Additions to the Birds of Nevada Test Site. Western Birds, 30:211-213. Laerm, J., W. M. Ford, T. S. McKay, M. A. Menzel, L. T. Lepardo, and J. L. Boone. 1999. Soricid Communities in the Southern Appalachians. Pp. 177-193 in Proceedings of the Appalachian Biodiversity Symposium: Virginia Museum of Natural History, Special Publication Number 7, Blackburg.
    [Show full text]
  • Evaluating Nest Supplementation As a Recovery Strategy for the Endangered Rodents of the Florida Keys Michael V
    RESEARCH ARTICLE Evaluating nest supplementation as a recovery strategy for the endangered rodents of the Florida Keys Michael V. Cove1,2, Theodore R. Simons3, Beth Gardner4, Andrew S. Maurer5, Allan F. O’Connell6 The Key Largo woodrat (Neotoma floridana smalli) and Key Largo cotton mouse (Peromyscus gossypinus allapaticola)are federally endangered subspecies endemic to the tropical hardwood hammocks of Key Largo, Florida. Woodrats are considered generalists in habitat and diet, yet a steady decline in natural stick nests and capture rates over the past several decades suggests that they are limited by the availability of nesting habitat due to habitat loss and fragmentation. The more specialized Key Largo cotton mouse appears to rely on old growth hammock, a habitat type that is rare following past land clearing. In 2004, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service started building supplemental nest structures to restore habitat quality and connectivity for these endangered rodents, but nest use requires evaluation. We used camera traps and occupancy models to evaluate the factors influencing woodrat and cotton mouse use of the supplemental nests. We detected woodrats at 65 and cotton miceat 175 of 284 sampled nest structures, with co-occurrence at 38 nests. Woodrat nest use followed a gradient from low nest use in the north to high nest use in the south, which might relate to the proximity of free-ranging domestic cat (Felis catus) colonies in residential developments. Cotton mouse nest use, however, was related positively to mature hammock and related negatively to disturbed areas (e.g. scarified lands). The two species occurred independently of each other.
    [Show full text]
  • SERDP Project ER18-1653
    FINAL REPORT Approach for Assessing PFAS Risk to Threatened and Endangered Species SERDP Project ER18-1653 MARCH 2020 Craig Divine, Ph.D. Jean Zodrow, Ph.D. Meredith Frenchmeyer Katie Dally Erin Osborn, Ph.D. Paul Anderson, Ph.D. Arcadis US Inc. Distribution Statement A Page Intentionally Left Blank This report was prepared under contract to the Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). The publication of this report does not indicate endorsement by the Department of Defense, nor should the contents be construed as reflecting the official policy or position of the Department of Defense. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the Department of Defense. Page Intentionally Left Blank Form Approved REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE OMB No. 0704-0188 The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing the burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number.
    [Show full text]
  • Reading Essentials an Interactive Student Textbook Fl7.Msscience.Com Glencoe Science to the Student
    Reading Essentials An Interactive Student Textbook fl7.msscience.com Glencoe Science To the Student In today’s world, knowing science is important for thinking critically, solving problems, and making decisions. But understanding science sometimes can be a challenge. Reading Essentials takes the stress out of reading, learning, and understanding science. This book covers important concepts in science, offers ideas for how to learn the information, and helps you review what you have learned. In each chapter: • Before You Read sparks your interest in what you’ll learn and relates it to your world. • Read to Learn describes important science concepts with words and graphics. Next to the text you can find a variety of study tips and ideas for organizing and learning information: • The Study Coach offers tips for getting the main ideas out of the text. • Foldables™ Study Organizers help you divide the information into smaller, easier- to-remember concepts. • Reading Checks ask questions about key concepts. The questions are placed so you know whether you understand the material. • Think It Over elements help you consider the material in-depth, giving you an opportunity to use your critical-thinking skills. • Picture This questions specifically relate to the art and graphics used with the text. You’ll find questions to get you actively involved in illustrating the concepts you read about. • Applying Math reinforces the connection between math and science. • Use After You Read to review key terms and answer questions about what you have learned. The Mini Glossary can assist you with science vocabulary. Review questions focus on the key concepts to help you evaluate your learning.
    [Show full text]
  • Sea Level Rise Adaptation in the Florida Keys: Conserving Terrestrial and Intertidal Natural Areas and Native Species
    Sea Level Rise Adaptation in the Florida Keys: Conserving Terrestrial and Intertidal Natural Areas and Native Species A Workshop Synthesis August 2012 Sea Level Rise Adaptation in the Florida Keys: A Workshop Synthesis The Nature Conservancy’s Florida Chapter and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service’s Florida Keys National Wildlife Refuges Complex co-sponsored a workshop to engage stakeholders in information sharing and facilitated discussions of research and monitoring needs and adaptive management strategies for minimizing the consequences of sea level rise on terrestrial and intertidal natural areas and native species in the Florida Keys. On May 10-12, 2011, 90 land managers, biologists, regulators, scientists and conservationists gathered at Hawks Cay Resort near Marathon, Florida, to share information about past, current and future research, monitoring and management efforts focused on sea level rise in the Florida Keys, to lay a foundation for an integrated research agenda and long-term monitoring network, and to begin identifying best management practices for adapting to sea level rise. Day one of the event included introductory presentations about climate change in general, impacts on peninsular Florida and impacts on the Florida Keys, followed by a “Managers’ Panel” comprised of public natural resource managers explaining their organization’s management approaches and issues. It also included field trips to middle and lower Keys natural areas where participants saw firsthand and discussed issues associated with sea level rise in this low-lying archipelago of limestone islands that support rich assemblages of plants and animals, some of which are endemic to the Keys and/or extremely rare, in addition to more than 70,000 permanent residents and millions of visitors each year.
    [Show full text]
  • American Alligator
    American alligator Alligator mississippiensis (Photo by FWC) Taxonomic Classification Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Reptilia Order: Crocodila Family: Alligatoridae Genus/Species: Alligator mississippiensis Common Name: American alligator Listing Status Federal Status: Threatened (Similarity of Appearance to the American Crocodile) FL Status: Federally-designated Threatened (Similarity of Appearance) FNAI Ranks: G5/S4 (Globally: Demonstrably Secure/State: Apparently Secure). IUCN Status: LC (Least Concern) Physical Description The American alligator is a black reptile that can reach lengths of 13-14.7 feet (4-4.5 meters) and a weight in excess of 1,000 lbs (454 kilograms) (Florida Museum of Natural History, n.d.). A special feature of the alligator is its nostrils. The nostrils are upward facing on the long snout, which allows the alligator to breathe when its body is submerged (Smithsonian National Zoological Park, n.d.). Also, armored plates (scutes) cover the body. Alligators have a vertically flattened tail, and a light yellow throat and belly. Alligators are ectothermic (body temperature is externally regulated) and are generally active when external temperatures are 82-92°F (28-33°C). American Alligator 1 | Page They stop feeding when the external temperature drops to 70°F (21°C), and they will go dormant (inactive) at (55°F) 13°C. While in a dormant stage, they can be found in burrows. Life History Adult alligators are opportunistic feeders (they feed on what is available). Adults feed on small mammals, birds, fish, turtles, and snakes; juveniles feed on small fish, insects, and amphibians. In the Everglades, alligators primarily feed on apple snails (P. Moler pers.
    [Show full text]
  • Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves Management Plan
    Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves Management Plan Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves 1277 NE 79th Street Causeway • Miami, FL 33138 305.795.3486 • www.dep.state.fl.us/coastal/sites/biscayne/ Florida Department of Environmental Protection Coastal and Aquatic Managed Areas 3900 Commonwealth Blvd., MS #235, Tallahassee, FL 32399 www.aquaticpreserves.org This publication funded in part through a grant agreement from the Florida Department of Environmental Protection, Florida Coastal Management Program by a grant provided by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Award No. NA07NOS4190071- CZ823 NA11NOS4190077-CM227. The views, statements, finding, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the State of Florida, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, or any of its sub-agencies. February 2013 This tiny dwarf seahorse, no bigger than the size of the tip of a finger, is seen here effectively blending into his environment, along a bed of Laurencia sp., a macroalgae, and holding onto a blade of manatee grass. Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves Management Plan Includes: • Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserve • Biscayne Bay - Cape Florida to Monroe County Line Aquatic Preserve Biscayne Bay Aquatic Preserves 1277 NE 79th Street Causeway • Miami, FL 33138 305.795.3486 • www.dep.state.fl.us/coastal/sites/biscayne/ Florida Department of Environmental Protection Coastal and Aquatic Managed Areas 3900 Commonwealth Blvd., MS #235, Tallahassee, FL 32399 www.aquaticpreserves.org The backdrop of the pristine and protected Bill Sadowski Critical Wildlife Area is the downtown Miami skyline.
    [Show full text]