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Reading Essentials an Interactive Student Textbook Fl7.Msscience.Com Glencoe Science to the Student Reading Essentials An Interactive Student Textbook fl7.msscience.com Glencoe Science To the Student In today’s world, knowing science is important for thinking critically, solving problems, and making decisions. But understanding science sometimes can be a challenge. Reading Essentials takes the stress out of reading, learning, and understanding science. This book covers important concepts in science, offers ideas for how to learn the information, and helps you review what you have learned. In each chapter: • Before You Read sparks your interest in what you’ll learn and relates it to your world. • Read to Learn describes important science concepts with words and graphics. Next to the text you can find a variety of study tips and ideas for organizing and learning information: • The Study Coach offers tips for getting the main ideas out of the text. • Foldables™ Study Organizers help you divide the information into smaller, easier- to-remember concepts. • Reading Checks ask questions about key concepts. The questions are placed so you know whether you understand the material. • Think It Over elements help you consider the material in-depth, giving you an opportunity to use your critical-thinking skills. • Picture This questions specifically relate to the art and graphics used with the text. You’ll find questions to get you actively involved in illustrating the concepts you read about. • Applying Math reinforces the connection between math and science. • Use After You Read to review key terms and answer questions about what you have learned. The Mini Glossary can assist you with science vocabulary. Review questions focus on the key concepts to help you evaluate your learning. See for yourself. Reading Essentials makes science easy to understand and enjoyable. Copyright © by the McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Send all inquiries to: Glencoe/McGraw-Hill 8787 Orion Place Columbus, OH 43240 ISBN 0-07-872595-x Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 047 09 08 07 06 05 Table of Contents To the Student . ii Chapter 1 The Nature of Science and Technology . .1 Chapter 2 Properties and Changes of Matter . .19 Chapter 3 Inside the Atom . .29 Chapter 4 Forces and Changes in Motion . .43 Chapter 5 Work and Simple Machines . .59 Chapter 6 Energy and Energy Resources . .73 Chapter 7 Waves, Sound, and Light . .93 Chapter 8 Rocks and Minerals . .113 Chapter 9 Clues to Earth’s Past . .131 Chapter 10 Earth’s Place in Space . .153 Chapter 11 Cells . .175 Chapter 12 Classifying Plants . .189 Chapter 13 Plant Processes . .203 Chapter 14 Classifying Animals . .213 Chapter 15 Animal Behavior . .231 Chapter 16 The Nonliving Environment . .241 Chapter 17 Conserving Life . .255 Chapter 18 Our Impact on Land . .267 Chapter 19 Our Impact on Water and Air . .281 Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. iii chapter The Nature of Science 31 and Technology section ●1 What is science? Benchmarks—SC.H.1.3.1 Annually Assessed: The student knows that scientific knowledge is subject to modification . .; SC.H.1.3.4 Annually Assessed: The student knows that accurate record keeping, openness, and replication are essential to maintaining credibility . .; Also covers: SC.H.1.3.2; SC.H.1.3.3; SC.H.1.3.4 SC.H.1.3.5; SC.H.1.3.6; SC.H.1.3.7; SC.H.3.3.5; SC.H.3.3.7 Before You Read What You’ll Learn ■ how science is part of How do you find answers to questions about what is everyday life happening around you? ■ skills and tools used in science Read to Learn Study Coach Ask Questions Read each Scientific Inquiry subhead. Then work with a partner to write questions What do you think of when you hear the word science? about the information in each Do you think only about your science class or your science subhead. Take turns asking and book? Is there any connection between what you learn in answering the questions. Use science class and the rest of your life? When you have the questions as a study guide. problems to solve or questions to answer, you can use science. Science is a systematic process that helps you ask questions about the world around you. A scientist is a person who works to learn more about the natural world. When did people first use science? People have always tried to find answers to questions about what was happening around them. Early scientists tried to explain things based on what they observed using ●A Describe Make a two-tab their senses—sight, touch, smell, taste, and hearing. But, book, as shown below. Use the using only your senses can be misleading. How heavy is Foldable to describe tools scientists use and skills they heavy? What is cold or hot? develop. Copyright © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright Today, scientists use numbers to describe observations. Tools such as thermometers add numbers to descriptions. Science Science Like scientists, you can observe, investigate, and experiment Tools Skills to find answers. Reading Essentials 1 What causes changes in scientific ideas? New tools are being invented every year. Some of these 1. Predict What recently tools help scientists make new observations. Scientific invented tool could help ideas change as scientists use new tools and make new scientists in the future? observations. Existing theories may be challenged and new theories developed. For example, Antonie van Leeuwenhoek built one of the first microscopes in the 1670s. He used the microscope to observe bacteria. His observation created a new field of scientific study called microbiology. Over time, the study of microbiology led to new ways to study and cure human illnesses. What do all scientists have in common? Science has many different fields of study. Each field of study uses different tools and methods to find answers to scientific questions. However, all scientists share similar ways of thinking. All scientists ask questions about the natural world. They look for patterns to help explain the world around us. Science as a Tool Suppose two students, Luis and Midori, are working on a history project. Their task is to compare and contrast a past event with something that is happening today. Luis and Midori decide to compare and contrast a cholera outbreak in 1871 with an E. coli outbreak happening now. Luis and Midori first list what they know about cholera and E. coli. They learned in their science classes that cholera is a disease caused by a bacterium. The bacteria live in contaminated water. When people drink this water, they get sick. Cholera causes bad cases of diarrhea. People quickly become dehydrated and some may die. E. coli is another type of bacterium. Some types of E. coli do not harm people, but some types cause intestinal 2. Analyze What is one problems. E. coli that makes humans ill is found in similarity between cholera contaminated food or water. and E. coli? Luis and Midori know they need to learn more. They decide to find out how people discovered the source of the cholera in 1871. They also want to know how scientists today are tracking down the source of the E. coli.They Inc. Companies, a division of The McGraw-Hill © Glencoe/McGraw-Hill, Copyright plan to compare the results as part of their history project. They realize that this will help them complete a history assignment and learn more about science. 2 The Nature of Science and Technology Using Science Every Day You use science in different ways. When you are doing research for your history class, for example, you are using science. In fact, you can use scientific thinking every day to make decisions. What clues do scientists use? When you have a project to do for history class, you have a problem to solve. Luis and Midori look for clues that show how two events are similar and different. They will use several skills and tools to find the clues. In many ways, scientists do the same thing. People in 1871 followed clues to track the sources of the cholera outbreak. Today, scientists do the same thing by following clues to find the source of E. coli. Using Prior Knowledge Luis knows that the project must meet certain requirements. The report must be three pages long and must include maps, pictures, or charts and graphs. Information must come from different sources such as written articles, letters, videotapes, or the Internet. Luis and Midori discuss the project. Midori reminds Luis that correct grammar and punctuation also are important elements. The teacher did not state this rule on the assignment sheet. However, Luis remembers his last history project on which he lost points for incorrect spelling and grammar. Luis and Midori have learned from experience. Based on their past experiences, they can predict that they will lose points if they use incorrect grammar or punctuation. How do scientists use prior experience? Scientists do the same thing. They use prior experience to predict what will occur in investigations. They test their predictions. Scientists then form theories when their predictions have been well tested. A theory is an explanation that is supported by facts. Scientists also form laws. These are rules that describe a pattern in nature, like gravity.
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