Document Name: 0202ms06

Section: TAPPI PRESS

Title: Volume 6: Stock Preparation Pulp and Paper Manufacture Series

TAPPI PRESS

Volume 6: Stock Preparation Pulp and Paper Manufacture Series Edited by Robert W. Hagemeyer, Michael J. Kocurek, and Dan W. Manson

Published by the Joint Textbook Committee of the Paper Industry.

1992. 316 pp., 7" x 10" hard cover Item Number: 0202MS06 ISBN: 1895288274

This text provides a comprehensive look at the fundamental principles of stock preparation. The book is divided into two sections: Nonfibrous Additives, and Papermaking Stock Systems.

Table of Contents

Preface F. Acknowledgements

Part One: Nonfibrous Additives III. Internal Sizing I. Surface Colloid Chemistry Interactions A. Introduction Important in Stock Preparation B. Physical parameters that promote A. Introduction sizing B. Furnish characteristics pertinent to C. Commercial sizing agents papermaking chemistry D. Rosin sizing mechanisms C. The "colloidal" state E. Mechanisms of sizing for cellulose- D. Properties of specific furnish reactive components agents E. Interfering substances ("cationic F. Mechanisms of sizing for other demand" or agents "anionic trash") G. Sizing tests F. Specific surface and colloid H. Commerical size usage trends interactions occurring in stock preparation IV. Wet-Strength Resins G. Association colloids A. Introduction H. Deposit control in papermaking B. Acid-curing wet-strength resins I. Concluding remarks C. Alkaline-curing resins References D. iscellaneous polymers E. Mechanisms of wet-strength resin II. Fillers for Paper action A. Introduction F. Applications B. Important characteristics of filler G. Markets pigments H. Economic outlook C. Types of fillers I. Acknowledgements D. Filler selection References E. Future outlook V. Dry Strength Additives H. White water closure optimization A. Introduction I. Conclusions B. Product types References C. Consumption of dry strength (wet end) X. Refining additives A. Introduction D. Natural gums B. History of refining E. Starch derivatives C. Effect of refining on fiber structure F. Effects and contribution to dry D. Refiner construction and operation strength E. Refining theory G. Examples by grades F. Refiner hydraulics H. Synthetic dry strength additives G. Residence time References H. Refiner control systems I. Variables affecting refining VI. Practical Considerations on the J. Effect of equipment parameters Dyeing of Paper K. Effect of process variables A. Introduction L. How refining affects product B. Dyestuffs properties C. Storage and handling equipment M. Grade specific conditions D. Safety and precautions N. Stock preparation refiner systems E. Application of color to paper References F. Factors that influence dyeing Bibliography Bibliography XI. Stock Proportioning and Blending VII. Wet-End Chemistry of Retention, A. Introduction Drainage and Formation Aids B. Stock approach systems A. Retention and retention aids C. Methodology B. Drainage and drainage aids D. Summary C. Formation aids and wet-end Bibliography chemistry References XII. Screening A. Introduction Part Two: Papermaking Stock Systems B. Debris VIII. Broke System Design C. Pressure screen principles A. Definition D. Mechanism of debris removal in B. Broke system's purpose pressure screens C. Broke system requirements E. Pressure screen cylinders D. Points of broke generation F. Measuring screen performance E. Methods of dry broke handling G. Pressure screen applications F. Broke pulping equipment H. Special considerations for paper G. Broke storage machine screens H. Broke reintroduction to the process I. Controlling pressure screens I. Energy considerations J. Other types of screens J. Problem areas in broke pulping K. Reject screens systems L. Screening system design K. Summary considerations Bibliography M. Summary References IX. White Water Reuse and Savealls A. Introduction XIII. Centrifugal Cleaning B. Historical background A. Description C. White water system B. Principle of operation D. Fresh water conservation in the C. Theoretical equations paper mill D. Effect of design and operating E. Paper machine savealls parameters F. Effects of closing the white water E. Types of cleaners systems F. Forward cleaners G. Seal water conservation in vacuum G. Reverse cleaners pumps H. Through flow cleaners I. Bank, modular and canister-enclosed fine cleaners J. Wear patterns K. Summary References

XIV. Deaerator Design for Paper Machines A. Introduction B. Air and its effects on papermaking C. Method of mechanical deaeration D. Deaerator design E. Hydraulic and air loading F. Vacuum system design G. Piping design H. Pitfalls and problems References

XV. Agitation: Theory, Mechanics and Applications A. Introduction B. Impeller horsepower response C. Process horsepower D. Special types of agitators E. Mechanical design References

TAPPI TIS 0418-03 - Recommended nomenclature for agitators, mixers and pulpers

SI Conversion Units

Subject Index

Abrasion of filler press Anionic-cationic pigments pits, process polymers in Acid dyes horsepower, fiber bonding Acrylamide polymers white water chests Anionic trash, furnish and Agitators, impellers characteristics copolymers, dry AGMA Asphalt sizing agent strength/retention Air, effect on ASA additives papermaking Association colloids Additives, nonfibrous; AKD dry strength, formation Alkenyl succinic Base-reactivated resins aids, polyelectrolytes, anhydride Basic dyes retention aids, wet- sizing agent Bauer-McNett classifier strength Alkyl ketene dimer Beating resins sizing Bentonite/PAM retention Agitation; agent aid chest shape factor, Alum, papermakers' BHMT couch Alumina trihydrate Bis(hexamethylene) pit design, horsepower American Gear triamine response, level Manufacturers (BHMT) resins momentum Association Blending, stock concept, Maxflo Amine polymers Board, bleached; impeller, Anionic polymers in fiber effect of amphoteric momentum number, bonding starch on strength cleaners, forward hydrophobic particles, Board industry, use of cleaners, lyophilic systems, polyethyleneimine reverse cleaners, lyophobic systems, (PEI) through- protective colloid BOD and COD flow cleaners, wear action, Britt Jar (Dynamic patterns Stern Layer drainage/retention jar); Charge neutralization Colloids Dynamic Drainability (coagulation) Color; tester, measuring Chitosan, wet-strength dyeing of paper, retention additive dyestuffs, levels with Chlorine, effect on measurement of color Broke properties dyeing of Colorcurve color Broke pulping paper matching Broke recovery CIE system for system Broke systems; measurement Consistency control; automatic conveyor of color broke systems systems, broke CIELAB system for color Couch, broke generation, measurement generation at consistency control, Classifiers, screens couch pit dry Clay CSF end broke, flow of Cleaners; broke fine bank cleaners, DAS into main stock fine Deaerators; approach cannister-enclosed design of, flooding, system, handling dry cleaners, fine forward hydraulic instability, broke, pulping, cleaners, fine modular mechanical problem cleaners, forward deaerators, areas, rate of reuse of cleaners, piping design, vacuum stored broke, saveall high-density cleaners, leaks, vacuum system use medium-density design in, storage cleaners, Deckers reverse cleaners, Deposit control in Canadian Standard through- papermaking; Freeness flow cleaners, wear pitch problems in mills Calenders; patterns Detergents broke generated at Derjaguin, Landau, Calcium carbonate; Cleaning Verwey, precipitated calcium Closed mill system; Overbeek theory carbonate retention, effect of, Dewatering Carboxymethylcellulose white Dialdehyde starch (CMC) wet-strength water circulation (DAS) for additive CMC wet-strength; Cationic demand, Coagulation, cationic dialdehyde furnish flocculation, starch characteristics stabilization (CDAS) Cationic dialdehyde Coating, Cobb test Direct dyes starch (sizing) DLVO theory Cationic polymers in COD and BOD Drainage, wet end; fiber Colloid chemistry; aids and mechanisms, bonding association colloids, D'Arcy equation, CDAS coagulation, Dynamic Cellulose-reactive sizes; stabilization, Drainability Tester alkenyl succinic flocculation, deposit (Britt anhydride, control Jar), fiber/water alkyl ketene dimer, in papermaking, relationships, filtration mechanism of sizing electrical vs Centrifugal cleaning; double layer, Gouy- thickening fines, effect bank, modular, and Chapman region, on, cannister-enclosed hydrophilic particles, paper machine drainage pulping, Fractionation; Drop test (sizing) effect on fiber Baeur-McNett Drum filters; properties, fractionation broke generated at surface charge, water FSP Dry-strength additives; retention value (WRV) Furnish characteristics; consumption, Fibrillation fiber and fines contribution Filler pigments classification, to strength, gums, Fillers for paper; influence of mechanical strength dispersing to fiber furnish on dye improvement, mill furnish, behavior, applications, product effect on paper starch derivative types, strength, addition to starch derivatives, function of, particle furnish synthetic, use in shape Japan and size, pigment Gouy-Chapman region, Dual polymer systems characteristics, papermaking retention aids pigment Graniting, dyeing Dyeing of paper; chemical composition, Gums, dry batch coloring, pigment surface continuous charge, strength/retention/draina coloring, graniting, selection of, surface ge influence of furnish on area, additives; dye types of fillers mill use behavior, residual Filters; Gurley porosity testing chlorine disk filters, drum filters effect on, size press Filtration vs thickening, Headbox stock; coloring, surface drainage pulsations at the slice, coloring, Fines; stringing and slime two-sidedness filler fines, growth Dyestuffs; microflocculation, pulp Hercules size test fluorescent whitening fines, surface charge Hexamethylenediamine agents, safety and Flocculation, (HMDA) resins precautions in coagulation, Hexamethylolmalamine handling, stabilization; wet- storage and handling influence of strength resin Dynamic Drainability flocculation on HMDA Tester drainage, isoelectric HMM Dynamic point Hollander beater Drainage/Retention Flotation test (sizing) Hydrocyclones; Jar Florinated hydrocarbon design and operating sizes parameters, operating Edgewick size test Foams; principles, theoretical Electrical double layer, defoamers equations papermaking Formaldehyde resins Hydrogen bonding Electrokinetics role in Formation; drainage definition, Impellers; Emulsions improvement in attrition pulper, formation, bearings, Fatty acid soap sizes macroflocculation, belt drive speed Fiber fines measurement of, reducers, Fiber properties; microflocculation, bending moment, chemistry of fibers, microformation, chest fiber Quebec shape factor, saturation point (FSP), North Shore Mead combined fiber-water tester stress, critical speed, relationships, (QNSM) cross-shaft propeller, morphology, Formation aids design, drive end, fluid papermaking Forming zone, paper force, horsepower fibers and fines, machine response, level omentum water conservation in liquid ring vacuum concept, Maxflo Paper whites, pumps, impeller, fluorescent rotary lobe blowers, momentum number, whites seal nomenclature, process PCC water conservation in horsepower, special PEI vacuum, steam jet types PFI mill refining ejectors of agitators, thrust, Phosphomolybdic and torsional stress phosphotungstic acid QNSM Isoelectric point, zeta lake Quaternary ammonium potential dyes epoxide resins Pigments; Quaternary ammonium Linerboard; abrasion of, colored salts, effect of amphoteric pigments, filler cationic starch pigments polyelectrolytes on strength (white), optical Quebec North Shore properties, Mead Material safety data particle charge, formation tester sheets particle Maxflo impeller shape and size, RBA Melamine-formaldehyde refractive Reels; (M- index, specific surface broke generated at F) wet-strength resins area, surface charge, Refiners; Metering, stock synthetic organic, conical refiners, Micro particle flocculant white construction and retention aids pigments operation, Mie theory of light Piping design for control systems, scattering deaerators adaptive by pigments Pitch problems in mills constant refining Mixers Polyacrylamide (PAM), intensity Munsell system for retention aid control, variable speed measurement of color Polyacrylamide-glyoxal drive, disk refiners, (PAMG) wet-strength hydraulics of refining, NCS color measurement resins secondary and tertiary system Polyamide/amines flows dewatering aids (PAA) Refining; Optical brighteners Polyamide- equipment parameters epichlorohydrin influence on, PAA (PAE) wet-strength Frotopulper, PAE resins grade-specific PAM Polyamine- conditions, PAMG epichlorohydrin hardwood fibers, Paper machine; wet-strength resins nonwood broke generation Polyelectrolytes, fibers, PFI-mill Paper machine water retention refining, removal; aids product properties drainage of the paper Polyethyleneimine variations with machine, mechanism resins refining, of (PEI) residence time, dewatering, zones of Polyvinyl alcohol, dry softwood dewatering strength additive fibers, specific edge Papermaking, deposit Precipitated calcium load control carbonate theory (SEL), stock Papermaking chemistry Pressing preparation systems, Papermaking fibers and Press pits, agitation of theory of, Valley fines; Product labels, safety beater properties of furnish precautions refining, variables components Proportioning, stock affecting Paper mills; Pumps; refining Reject screens; screens, pressure partial batch reject pressure Screens, classifiers replacement for alum screens, vibrating Screens, Starch; screens nonpressurized; addition to furnish, Relative bonded area trash screens amphoteric starch, Retention aids; Screens, pressure; amylose and dual polymer system, applications, paper amylopectin, formation, effect of, machines, pulp mills, anionic starch, cationic headbox application secondary fiber starch, dry of, systems, micro particle systems, stock preparation and strength/retention/draina polyelectrolytes, salts, broke systems, batch ge silica, anionic, starch reject additive, gums, Retention and retention pressure screens, retention aids, controlling pressure aid papermaking; screens, performance Starch derivatives Britt Jar (dynamic of, Stock preparation; drainage/retention jar), pressure screen air in stock, classifying fiber and cylinders, deaerators, fines holes, slots furnish characteristics, fractions, closed Seal water conservation pressure screen systems, Secondary fiber applications, refiner effect on retention, systems; systems for, properties colloidal retention debris in, pressure of (flocs), screen furnish components, mechanism of applications anionic trash, cationic retention, SEL, specific edge load demand retention aids theory Stock proportioning and Rolls; Sheet structure blending; broke generation at, Silica and silicates, batch blending rejected rolls amorphous proportioning, Rosin-based sizes; Size press coloring flowmetering fortified rosin sizes Sizing, internal; proportioning, Rosin sizing alum, behavior in metering mechanism; water, Stock systems drying effect soap size amphipathic Surface chemistry development molecules, Synthetic latex wet- amphipathic strength Safety, in handling molecules, resins dyestuffs, capillary action, Synthetic polymer sizes material safety data commercial sizing sheets, product labels agents, Talc Savealls; contact angle and Tensile energy use in broke systems, surface absorption flotation savealls wetting, practical (TEA) testing Schopper-Riegler requirements for Terpene resin sizes Freeness sizing, Testing; Screening; rosin sizing analysis for resins in backflushing, debris, mechanism, paper, effect of debris at the paper rosin sizing refining on machine, debris mechanism product properties, content Sizing agents; wet- determination, debris usage trends strength testing in Sizing mechanisms TETA pulp, debris removal Sizing tests Thickening vs filtration, mechanisms, design of Skandinaviska drainage screening system, Farginstitute Tissue, sanitary; discharge paths, Aktiebolag effect of amphoteric plates, Sodium aluminate, starch on properties of testing wet strength, Titanium dioxide wet- TMM end addition of Triethlylenetetramine White water; (TETA) chests, agitation of, resins closing Trimethylolmelamine the system, reuse wet- Winders; strength resin broke generation of Two-sidedness Wires; broke generation at U-F wet-strength resins wire Urea-formaldehyde (U- edge deckle F) Wood fibers, wet-strength resins papermaking morphology Vacuum systems for deaerators Zeta potential; Vacuum zone, paper electrokinetics, role in machine drainage, isoelectric Valley beater refining point Van der Waals forces Vibrating screens Viscose process

Washburn equation for sizing paper Water conservation; in the paper mill, in vacuum pumps Water-fiber relationships Water removal; on the paper machine, on the press section Water retention value of fibers Waxed-based sizes Wet-end chemistry of retention, drainage and formation aids Wet pressing; broke generation at press pit, dewatering aids Wet-strength resins; acid-curing, alkaline- curing agents, analysis for resins in paper, application in mills, base-reactivated resins, markets, mechanism of wet- strength action, synthetic latexes,