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Harmonia: O Potencial Catártico Da Arquitectura

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Harmonia: O Potencial Catártico Da Arquitectura HARMONIA: O POTENCIAL CATÁRTICO DA ARQUITECTURA Ramo de Doutoramento: Arquitectura – Especialidade: Teoria e História Doutorando: Mestre José Carlos Lopes Morgado Orientador: Doutor Michel Toussaint Alves Pereira Co-Orientador: Ph Doctor Carlos Alberto de Assunção Alho Júri Presidente: Doutor João Gabriel Viana de Sousa Morais, Professor Catedrático, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa Vogal: Doutor Domingos Manuel Campelo Tavares, Professor Catedrático Jubilado Emérito, Faculdade de Arquitectura da Universidade do Porto Vogal: Doutor Mário Júlio Teixeira Krüger, Professor Catedrático, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologias da Universidade de Coimbra Vogal: Doutor João Rosa Vieira Caldas, Professor Auxiliar, Instituto Superior Técnico da Universidade de Lisboa Vogal: Doutor Michel Toussaint Alves Pereira, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa, Orientador Vogal: Doutor Carlos Alberto de Assunção Alho, Professor Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa, Co-Orientador Vogal: Doutora Maria Leonor Morgado Ferrão de Oliveira, Professora Auxiliar, Faculdade de Arquitetura da Universidade de Lisboa Tese especialmente elaborada para a obtenção do grau de doutor Documento definitivo Abril, 2015 abertura ABERTURA fa.ulisboa ∼ cda 2013 ∼ josé lopes morgado ∼ harmonia: o potencial catártico da arquitectura ∼ ii abertura RESUMO E PALAVRAS-CHAVE Ancorada na teoria de Alberti e no saber de Aristóteles, a tese investiga a harmonia em arquitectura, problematizando como uma possível consequência edificatória, o seu potencial efeito catártico no homem e na sociedade. Numa perspectiva teórica, antropológica e filosófica, e com base na pirâmide conceptual, com uma quadratura, criatura, natura, arquitectura e cultura, uma tríade, necessidade, comodidade e beleza, uma díade, harmonia e catarse, e uma unidade, totalidade, é estudado o atributo da qualidade da arquitectura. No quadro de referência, quadratura, tríade, díade e unidade, é investigada a questão edificatória, quer em teoria quer na prática, que se concretiza em pleno no projecto e na construção da obra, estabelecendo uma boa praxis operativa. A arquitectura é um bem, nas dimensões ética e estética, servindo o homem, nas componentes biológica, física e psicológica, e sociológica, com vista à sua sobrevivência, e pela transformação num melhor ambiente edificado. Incorporando certas características intemporais, a boa arquitectura propicia um aprazível equilíbrio, a complexa concinidade albertiana, reflectida na qualidade verificável em exemplos de espécies de edifícios; nos eventos da vida humana, na experiência vivencial do espaço edificado, é possibilitada uma real acção de prevenção, e também de terapia, com um potencial poder de efeito catártico. Título: “Harmonia: o Potencial Catártico da Arquitectura”. * * Subtítulo eventual: “O Efeito no Homem do Equilíbrio Estético e Ético”. Palavras-Chave: Harmonia; catarse; arquitectura; homem; estética-ética. fa.ulisboa ∼ cda 2013 ∼ josé lopes morgado ∼ harmonia: o potencial catártico da arquitectura ∼ iii abertura ABSTRACT AND KEY-WORDS Anchored in the theory of Alberti and in the knowledge of Aristotle, the thesis investigates the harmony in architecture, questioning as a possible edificatory consequence, its potential cathartic effect on man and society. In a theoretical perspective, anthropological, philosophical, and based on the conceptual pyramid, of a quadrature, creature, nature, architecture and culture, a triad, necessity, commodity and beauty, a dyad, harmony and catharsis, and a unity, totality, is studied the architectural quality attribute. In the frame of reference, quadrature, triad, dyad and unity, is investigated the edificatoria issue, both in theory and in practice, that is achieved in full in the design and construction of the work, establishing a good operative praxis. The architecture is a good, in the ethical and aesthetic dimensions, serving man, in the biological, physical, psychological, and sociological components, in order to his survival, and by the transformation into a better built environment. Incorporating certain timeless features, good architecture provide a pleasurable balance, the complex Albertian concinnity, as reflected in the verifiable quality of species of buildings examples; in events of human life, in living experience of built space, is made possible a real action of prevention, and also of therapy, with a potential power of cathartic effect. Title: “Harmony: the Cathartic Potential of Architecture”. * * Eventual subtitle: “The Effect in Man of Aesthetic and Ethical Balance”. Key-Words: Harmony; catharsis; architecture; man; aesthetics-ethics. fa.ulisboa ∼ cda 2013 ∼ josé lopes morgado ∼ harmonia: o potencial catártico da arquitectura ∼ iv abertura “Quando os cidadãos têm um mesmo parecer concordante acerca dos seus interesses, decidem-se pelos mesmos objectivos e põem em prática as resoluções tomadas em conjunto”. Aristóteles, c. 335 a.C., EN, IX, 6, 1167a27 e 28 fa.ulisboa ∼ cda 2013 ∼ josé lopes morgado ∼ harmonia: o potencial catártico da arquitectura ∼ v abertura A si, é claro ! fa.ulisboa ∼ cda 2013 ∼ josé lopes morgado ∼ harmonia: o potencial catártico da arquitectura ∼ vi abertura AGRADECIMENTOS Um dos prazeres de escrever é criar a oportunidade de agradecer, mesmo até quando “escrever é cortar palavras” (Andrade, 1972). O autor desta tese regista o seu devido reconhecimento e dívida aos autores que passaram o seu testemunho no campo da investigação, nomeadamente a Alberti, também pela legitimação do texto sem imagens, em arquitectura. Muitas foram as pessoas que de alguma maneira ajudaram à criação da tese, pelo que se torna impraticável nomear a todas; mas não estão esquecidas. O autor agradece à Faculdade de Arquitectura (ULisboa), no âmbito do Curso de Doutoramento em Arquitectura (CDA), pelo contexto académico favorável e facultação dos Seminários Temáticos e Laboratórios de Investigação. O autor agradece ao seu Orientador Científico, Doutor Michel Toussaint, pela sua orientação na teoria tratadística, sugestões bibliográficas, ajuda atenta e em sintonia, e pela generosidade dos seus comentários assertivos. Também agradece ao seu Co-Orientador Científico, Doutor Carlos Alho, pela sua orientação metodológica, apoio incondicional e activo encorajamento. Ambos, como “a única amostra de público” (Eco), apoiaram-no na abordagem da catarse, em arquitectura, e na tarefa de acrescentar aparência à substância. O autor agradece também ao Doutor Mário Krüger, pela oportunidade de uma outra leitura, e em língua portuguesa, do De re aedificatoria de Alberti. O autor agradece a outras personalidades, ligadas à questão da investigação, pela sua atitude de suporte e entreajuda, revelado ao longo do processo. Por último, agradece à sua família, o apoio inabalável e a compreensão pela sua menor presença na coisa quotidiana, a quem dedica a tese, especialmente aos já ausentes, mas também aos necessariamente presentes. A todos um bem-haja. Lisboa, 05 de Abril de 2015 Apenas o autor, e nenhuma outra entidade, é responsável pelo conteúdo da presente tese. fa.ulisboa ∼ cda 2013 ∼ josé lopes morgado ∼ harmonia: o potencial catártico da arquitectura ∼ vii abertura ÍNDICE Frontispício …………………………..…………………………………… i Abertura ……………………………………………………………………… ii Resumo e Palavras-Chave ………………………...…………………… iii Abstract and Key-Words ………………………………………………… iv Citação ………………………………..…………………………………… v Dedicatória ……………..….……………………………………………… vi Agradecimentos ……………………….………………………………… vii Índice ……………………………………………………………………… viii Questões Iniciais …………………………………………………………… 1 01 Questões Iniciais ……………...……………………………………… 2 1. Considerações Prévias …………………………………………… 2 2. Percurso de Investigação ………………………………………… 6 3. Processo de Investigação Científica ……………………………… 7 4. Questão de Partida ……………...…..…………………………… 11 5. Objectivos e Problemática …………..…………………………… 12 6. Perspectiva de Abordagem …………...…..……………………… 13 7. Modelo de Análise ……………...…..………….………………… 14 8. Contributo ……………...…..……………...…....………………… 15 02 Alberti e Aristóteles ……………….………………………………… 16 1. Alberti e Questão Edificatória ……………………………………… 16 2. Alberti e Vitrúvio …………………………………………………… 17 3. Afirmação do Tratado de Alberti …………………………………… 18 4. Ruptura Albertiana ………………………………………………… 19 5. Tríade na Antiguidade ……………………………………………… 20 6. Tríade Vitruviana …………………………………………………… 21 7. Tríade Albertiana …………………………………………………… 22 8. De Re Aedificatoria e Harmonia …………………………………… 23 9. Aristóteles e Platão ………………………………………………… 24 10. Poética Aristotélica e Catarse …………………………………… 25 11. Interpretações da Catarse ……………..………….……………… 26 12. Potência e Acto ……………...…..……………….……………… 27 fa.ulisboa ∼ cda 2013 ∼ josé lopes morgado ∼ harmonia: o potencial catártico da arquitectura ∼ viii abertura I – A Quadratura …………………………………………………………… 28 Intróito – A Quadratura …………………………………………………… 29 01 A Criatura e a Natura ………………………………………………… 30 1. Origem e Evolução do Homem …………….......………………… 30 2. Selecção Natural e Estética da Sobrevivência ………..….……… 31 3. Vulnerabilidade da Criatura Indefesa ……………..……………… 32 4. Construção como Adaptação ……………..…….………………… 33 5. Interacção Organismo e Ambiente ……………..………………… 34 6. Biologia e Aprendizagem ………………………………………… 35 7. Mecanismo da Consciência …………………………………… 36 8. Regularidade das Leis da Natureza ……………....……………… 37 02 A Arquitectura e a Cultura ……………………..…………………… 38 1. Variedade e Diversidade ……………..………...………………… 38 2. Natureza Humana e Cultura do Habitar ………..………………… 39 3. Domesticidade Favorável
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