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The Pedagogy of Momus Technologies: © the Author(S) 2010 Reprints and Permission Qual Health Res OnlineFirst, published on March 24, 2010 as doi:10.1177/1049732310364990 Lead Article Qualitative Health Research XX(X) 1 –10 The Pedagogy of Momus Technologies: © The Author(s) 2010 Reprints and permission: http://www. sagepub.com/journalsPermissions.nav Facebook, Privacy, and Online Intimacy DOI: 10.1177/1049732310364990 http://qhr.sagepub.com Max van Manen1 Abstract Through cable and wireless connections at home and at work, through Wi-Fi networks and wireless spots in hotels, coffee shops, and town squares, we are indeed connected to each other. But what is the phenomenology of this connection? Technologies of expression such as Facebook, MySpace, Twitter, and other social networking technologies increasingly become like Momus windows of Greek mythology, revealing one’s innermost thoughts for all to see. They give access to what used to be personal, secret, and hidden in the lives of its users, especially the young. In this article I explore the pedagogy of Momus effects of social networking technologies in the way they may alter young people’s experience of privacy, secrecy, solitude, and intimacy. In addition, I examine the forms of contact afforded by instant messaging and texting on wireless mobile technologies such as the cell phone (and its wireless hybrids) for the way young people are and stay in touch with each other, and how intimacies and inner lives are attended to. Keywords confidentiality/privacy; Internet; phenomenology; relationships; social relations; technology; young adults; youth/ adolescents Privacy, secrecy, and innerness in young people’s lives was male. And so Hephaestus formed the first woman play a critical role in the development of self-identity, from clay. Her name was Pandora. autonomy, intimacy, and the ability of learning to negoti- The legend tells that one day Hephaestus became ate closeness and distance in social relations. The involved in a dispute with Athena, who had conceived a experience of privacy and personal secrets is the inevita- house, and Poseidon, who had made a bull. They were ble collateral of the emergence of inwardness or inner arguing about which was the superior creation. So space. To keep a secret is to hide. What is hidden in per- Momus, son of Nyx (goddess of the night or dark), was sonal secrecy is the evanescence of interiority that harbors requested to arbitrate and appraise the creations. Now, the singularity or alterity of the person. In learning when Momus was known for his critical skills and he immedi- and how to keep things inside and when to share, young ately started to mock the house because it had not been people learn to confer their sense of identity, indepen- made moveable so as to travel, or to be able to avoid dence, uniqueness, and autonomy. Are Momus techno- living next to bad neighbors; he ridiculed the bull for not logies profoundly altering the quality and nature of social having eyes positioned above his horns to let the bull take relations, and especially the possibility of and need for better aim when he gored something; and he criticized self-identity, solitude, intimacy, and closeness among Hephaestus’ creation of the woman for not having placed young people? a window or door into her breast so that one could see her The idea that secrets inhabit some kind of inner space secret thoughts and feelings. or inner self has a curious history in Western cultures, As the god of poets and authors, Momus became the dating back at least to the Greek mythology of Momus, first to express the desire to access what was hidden in the the lesser-known god of mockery and sarcasm, and his human heart by means of a technology of surveillance. conflict with Hephaestus, the divinity of technology, fire, Momus’ mockery caused him to be expelled by Zeus and the crafts. Hephaestus designed, among other things, the thunderbolts for Zeus; he fashioned the invincible 1University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada armor for Achilles, and he made arrows for Eros, the god Corresponding author: of love. As well, Hephaestus created the first woman after Max van Manen, Faculty of Education, 341 Education South, University Zeus had ordered that there be a new kind of human being of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2G5 because Prometheus had only included one gender, which Email: [email protected] 2 Qualitative Health Research XX(X) The Privatization of the Public and Publicization of the Private On first sight this may seem like a counterintuitive claim. How can the intimate and the private be threatened by the presence of the public? In 1974, Richard Sennett wrote (in The Fall of the Public Man) persuasively about two tyrannies of intimacy: the dulling oppressions of domes- tic life and the dangers of oppressive political surveillance. He sought to privilege the impersonal relations of the public over the personal relations of the private (commu- nity). Now, some 30 years later, in Western as well as oriental cultures, all aspects of the common, commu- nity, and public spaces are increasingly being privatized and infused with corporate and market values. The forces Figure 1. Maerten Jacobsz can Heenskerck, “Momus Crticizes of capitalist privatization have been widely theorized and the Gods’ Creations,” 1561 (detail) are easily observed in the various capitalist theaters of global economies. from Mount Olympus. It may be noted, in passing, that But what we seem much less aware of is that the priva- Momus had also made the mistake of ridiculing Zeus for his tization of the public is accompanied by the publicization infamous insatiable lust for the womanly creatures. But two of the private. However, the publicization of the private more incisive observations need to be made with respect to has consequences that Sennett would not have intended. Momus’ interest in the hidden nature of the inner life. On the one hand, the private is invaded by creeping tech- First, the popular psychology of everyday life is still very nologies of surveillance that affect virtually all aspects of much caught up with Momus’ conceptualization of the inner social and cultural life. And, on the other hand, equally life as a space located inside the human breast or heart that subtle and perhaps ultimately more destroying of the can be opened up, if only there were the technology to do so. inner values of the private are the technologies that To keep a secret is to guard the inner space of the soul from seduce the young into surrendering the privacy that nor- the piercing glance of Momus. Second, it should not be mally creates and supports the space for intimacy and overlooked that Momus was known as the patron of authors secrets to be treasured and shared. Indeed, in the life- and poets, for whom the hidden interiority or the secrecy of worlds of the digital generation, the very meaning and innerness constitutes the very focus of their writerly gaze. significance of the private may be changing if not disap- The genre of fiction may indeed be regarded as the narrative pearing altogether for habituated users of social networks. explorations of secret interiorities. There is no other form of On the one hand, mobile technologies allow for secret narrativity or inquiry so well suited to give access to the messaging and texting. And, on the other hand, social inner life of the head and the heart: the uniqueness or singu- networks such as Facebook and MySpace may exterior- larity of the person. ize, reveal, and wear away what was secret and what was In Childhood’s Secrets: Intimacy, Privacy, and the Self personal, what was depthful and what was innermost— Reconsidered, van Manen & Levering (1996) showed now for all to see. Blogs are somewhat different in that how the play of ordinary secrets in children’s and in they are usually constructed as personal Web pages, pre- young people’s lives is a requisite part of the normal and senting one’s work and opinions. But when these Web healthful development of the person. Young people crave pages are frequently updated through microblogging then intimacy and closeness, and desire to belong. And intima- they, too, tend to become means for broadcasting what is cies are cultivated through a fascination with the going on from moment to moment in one’s personal life. hidden—the interiorities of self and other. But the hidden Social networks such as Facebook (launched by Mark can only reveal itself when the exteriorizing of the interi- Zuckerberg for use by students at Harvard in 2004, orities of inner life are safeguarded by the private. The opened to the public in 2006, and in 2008 claiming 70 point is that it is the private that is at stake in the new million active users worldwide) and synchronous mes- social networking technologies such as Facebook, saging systems such as MSN invite young people to MySpace, and Bebo. The Momus effect of these tech- “spend time with their friends,” which translates into nologies is that they provide direct access to what is most pressing thumbs or fingers on a mobile handset or com- innermost, and, simultaneously, they may also have the puter keyboard. For many of these young people (and effect of trivializing and broadly casting the private onto older people as well), Facebook, Twitter, and other ever- scattered planes of the public. changing social networking sites have become the new van Manen 3 commons: the place where you hang out, commiserate, and publicize their work. Graduate seminars use Face- and gossip with your friends. In the digital environment book as a convenient Web board to post and discuss of the first decades of the twenty-first century, young readings and writings.
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