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Understanding Habitat Selection of the Vulnerable Wild Yak Bos Mutus on the Tibetan Plateau

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Understanding Habitat Selection of the Vulnerable Wild Yak Bos Mutus on the Tibetan Plateau Understanding habitat selection of the Vulnerable wild yak Bos mutus on the Tibetan Plateau X UCHANG L IANG,AILI K ANG and N ATHALIE P ETTORELLI Abstract We tested a series of hypotheses on drivers of change is also expected to affect the long-term availability habitat selection by the Vulnerable wild yak Bos mutus, of suitable habitats for the species (Schaller, ), although combining distribution-wide sighting data with species dis- there is little quantified and spatially explicit information tribution modelling approaches. The results indicate that available to inform discussions on potential management op- climatic conditions are of paramount importance in shaping tions. More broadly, quantitative information on the factors the wild yak’s distribution on the Tibetan Plateau. Habitat driving patterns in the seasonal distribution of wild yaks is selection patterns were seasonal, with yaks appearing to se- still rare. Studies on Tibetan herbivore species rarely include lect areas closer to villages during the vegetation-growing data from the species’ entire distribution range (Sharma season. Unexpectedly, our index of forage quantity had a et al., ;Singhetal.,; St-Louis & Côté, ), which limited effect in determining the distribution of the species. prevents the identification of environmental management Overall, our results suggest that expected changes in climate actions to alleviate further pressures on populations at the for this region could have a significant impact on habitat necessary scale for the conservation of large species. availability for wild yaks, and we call for more attention to We aim to fill this knowledge gap by combining advances be focused on the unique wildlife in this ecosystem. in species distribution modelling with sighting data col- lected across most of the known distribution range of the Keywords Climate change, generalized additive model, wild yak. We predicted that () the species would exhibit highland, large herbivore, MaxEnt, random forest, seasonal distinct habitat selection patterns between seasons, which habitats, species distribution model has been suggested previously but has not been assessed To view supplementary material for this article, please visit in a quantitative manner (Harris & Miller, ; Schaller, http://dx.doi.org/./S ); in particular, we expected preferred habitats of wild yaks during the vegetation growing season to be found at higher altitudes, in more rugged terrain, and closer to gla- ciers (Schaller, ); () the species would select for quan- Introduction tity over quality of forage at the distribution-range scale, he wild yak Bos mutus is a rare yet iconic large herbi- given that wild yaks are non-selective grazers (Jarman, Tvore inhabiting the Tibetan Plateau. One of the largest ); and ( ) predation risk, here captured by anthropogenic bovids, wild yaks are also the largest native species in their disturbances given the general lack of natural predators of range, which formerly included China (Gansu, Sichuan, wild yaks in the area (Schaller, ), would be a significant Xinjiang, Tibet, Qinghai), northern India (Ladakh), and factor shaping habitat selection patterns, and wild yaks Nepal (Schaller & Liu, ). The species declined in the would avoid areas near human communities (Leslie & th century, mainly as a result of excessive hunting; the Schaller, ). The knowledge derived from this study total number of mature individuals was last estimated to will be used to predict seasonal habitat availability in the be c. ,,in (Schaller, ). The species is categor- context of climate change, which will help to highlight fu- ized as Vulnerable on the IUCN Red List (Harris & Leslie, ture global conservation challenges on the Tibetan Plateau. ) and most of the remaining individuals are found in isolated and fragmented populations in the central and nor- thern parts of the Tibetan Plateau. Remnant populations Study area face escalating threats from anthropogenic activities, such as increasing competition with livestock for good grazing The study area (Fig. ) covers c. million km on the areas, and infrastructural development that causes degrad- Tibetan Plateau. It encompasses the entire Tibet Interior re- ation of their habitats (Leslie & Schaller, ). Climate gion, from Kunlun in the north to the Gangdise and Nyainqentanglha ranges in the south, with a slight eastward extension to incorporate part of the Sanjiangyuan region in XUCHANG LIANG and AILI KANG Wildlife Conservation Society, Beijing, China the Qinghai province of China. This region includes most of NATHALIE PETTORELLI (Corresponding author) Zoological Society of London, ’ the known current distribution range of the wild yak (Leslie Institute of Zoology, Regent s Park, London NW1 4RY, UK E-mail [email protected] & Schaller, ). Mean annual precipitation follows a de- Received July . Revision requested August . creasing gradient from east to west and from south to north, Accepted September . First published online March . ranging from c. mm in the south-east to , mm in the Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 361–369 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001155 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.19, on 25 Sep 2021 at 14:53:02, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001155 362 X. Liang et al. FIG. 1 Distribution of the wild yak Bos mutus on the Tibetan Plateau, China. The study area covers c. million km , encompassing the entire Tibet Interior region defined by the Kunlun mountains in the north and the Gangdise and Nyainqentanglha ranges in the south, with slight eastward extension to incorporate part of the Sanjiangyuan region in Qinghai Province. north-west. Mean annual temperatures vary from to ). The spatial resolution of the environmental variables −°C, with winter extremes of , −°C. The Tibetan considered was set to km . All the candidate variable layers Steppe is the main ecoregion in the study area. Vegetation were cropped to the extent of the study area and, if necessary, is sparsely distributed in alpine meadows, alpine steppes, resampled to a km spatial resolution using the nearest semi-arid steppes and cold deserts (Schaller, ). neighbour method in the raster library (Hijmans & van Etten, )inRv... (R Development Core Team, ). Methods Presence data Presence data were collected by the Wildlife Climate The Bioclim variables (representative of the – Conservation Society (WCS) and partners in , , years ) from the WorldClim dataset (version , , and . Most of the surveys were . ; Hijmans et al., ) were used to capture current conducted within areas known to hold wild yaks; however, climatic conditions in the study area. To predict future the surveys were not primarily designed to collect trends in habitat availability we downloaded the Bioclim information on wild yaks, and sightings were layers for under two representative concentration opportunistic. Sightings were georeferenced by trained pathways, RCP and RCP , which describe possible staff, following the field protocol established by WCS climate futures, depending on various trajectories of China. Ancillary data (e.g. whether sighting data were greenhouse gas concentration. The climate projections collected while in vehicle or on foot, number of observers, used in this study were derived from the HadGEM -ES survey effort) were not systematically collected and climate model, an updated version of the HADGEM therefore could not be taken into account in subsequent model, which has been reported to adequately predict the analyses. Vehicle surveys were not based on existing road Tibetan climate (Hao et al., ). systems but survey effort was shaped by the local topography as well as the distribution of seasonal rivers. Topography Topography is known to cause variation in the While conducting surveys the speed of the vehicle was quantity and quality of forage available for large herbivores, required to be , km per hour to avoid disturbing and to shape local predation risk (Brown, ;Illius& wildlife. The total number of independent records of wild O’Connor, ). The topographic ruggedness index, a yaks was ; of these sightings were recorded during measurement developed by Riley et al. () to quantify the non-growing season (October–March; Yu et al., ) the total altitudinal change across a given area, was and the remainder (n = ) were during the vegetation calculated based on the downloaded digital elevation model growing season (April–September). layer GTOPO from the U.S. Geological Survey’sLong Term Archive (USGS, ). Calculations were performed Environmental variables We adopted a methodological in QGIS v. .. (Quantum GIS Development Team, ). framework that categorized relevant environmental variables according to limiting factors (i.e. climatic and topographical factors), disturbance (i.e. anthropogenic Anthropogenic influence Although natural predators of influence) and resource distribution (i.e. availability of wild yaks exist on the Tibetan Plateau (e.g. Schaller, ; forage and fresh water) (Guisan & Thuiller, ; Austin, Xu et al., ; Leslie & Schaller, ), predation risk for Oryx, 2017, 51(2), 361–369 © 2016 Fauna & Flora International doi:10.1017/S0030605315001155 Downloaded from https://www.cambridge.org/core. IP address: 170.106.33.19, on 25 Sep 2021 at 14:53:02, subject to the Cambridge Core terms of use, available at https://www.cambridge.org/core/terms. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605315001155 Habitat
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