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Memoire De Magister UNIVERSITE DE SAAD DAHLAB DE BLIDA Faculté des Sciences Agronomiques et Vétérinaires Département d‟Agronomie MEMOIRE DE MAGISTER Spécialité : Protection des plantes et environnement EFFET D‟UN LOMBRICOMPOST SUR LA QUALITÉ PHYTOCHIMIQUE ET LA FITNESS DU PUCERON NOIR DE LA FÉVE DANS LES CONDITIONS CONTROLÉES. Par Wissem CHAICHI Devant le jury composé de : A. GUENDOUZ - BENRIMA Professeur, U. S.D.B. Présidente L. ALLAL-BENFEKIH MCA., U. S.D.B. Examinatrice Z.E. DJAZOULI MCA., U. S.D.B. Promoteur Z. KRIMI Professeur, U.S.D.B Examinatrice F.BOUNACEUR MCB., U.I.K.Tiaret Examinateur Blida, Octobre 2011 1 RESUME La production intégrée en agriculture durable vise à améliorer l‟efficacité des intrants biologiques à travers des formulations prolongeant la rémanence au champ ou l‟incorporant des produits synergistes qui, étant eux-mêmes non toxiques aux doses utilisées, augmentent de beaucoup l‟action protectrice de la viabilité des cultures. La lombriculture représente une technologie appropriée afin de valoriser les résidus de cultures et gérer durablement la santé végétale. L‟étude a porté sur l‟effet de la production saisonnière et les dilutions d‟un lombricompost sur la fitness et la structuration populationnelle d‟Aphis fabae en relation avec la qualité phytochimique saisonnière du support nourricier. Des variations des teneurs des molécules biochimiques et des éléments minéraux majeurs durant la phase d‟expansion des feuilles ont été observées. Ces changements affectent la performance biologique ainsi que la densité des populations d‟A. fabae. Les résultats ont permis de déceler un effet répressif du lombricompost sur la densité du puceron noir de la fève. Ils dénotent aussi une certaine variabilité des teneurs en réserves lipidiques et glucidiques chez les formes aptères obéissant à une transmutation saisonnière de la qualité phytochimique de Vescia fabae. Enfin, les résultats liés aux dosages des principes actifs affichent une nette corrélation entre les molécules biochimique, la modulation des réserves énergétiques et la fécondité chez les formes biologiques d‟A. fabae. Mots Clés : Vescia fabae, Aphis fabae, structuration populationnelle, réserves énergétiques, molécules biochimiques, éléments minéraux, fécondité, densité. 2 ABSTRACT EFFECT OF VERMICOMPOST ON THE PHYTOCHIMICAL QUALITY AND THE FITNESS FOR THE BLACK APHID IN BROAD BEAN UNDER THE CONTROLLED CONDITIONS. The integrated production in sustainable agriculture aims to improve the effectiveness of the biological inputs, using formulations extending the persistence in the field or incorporating it of the products synergists which, being themselves non toxics with the amounts used, increase by much the protective action of the viability of the crops. The vermiculture represents a suitable technology in order to develop the residues of crops and to manage vegetable health durably. The study related to the effect of the seasonal production and dilutions of vermicompost on the fitness and the population structure of Aphis fabae in relation to the seasonal phytochemical quality of the feeder support. Variations of the contents of the biochemical molecules and major mineral elements during the phase of leaf expansion were observed. These changes affect the biological performance as well as the density of the populations of A. fabae. The results revealed a repressive effect of vermicompost on the density of the black bean aphid. They indicate also a variability of the contents of fats and glucidic reserves at the apterous forms obeying a seasonal transmutation of the phytochimical quality of Viscia fabae L. Lastly, the results related to proportioning of the active principles poster a clear correlation between the molecules biochemical, the modulation of the energetic reserves and fruitfulness at the biological forms of A. fabae. Key words: Viscia fabae L, Aphid fabae, population structure, energetic reserves, biochemical molecules, mineral elements, fruitfulness, density. 3 ملخص تأثير vermicompost على اختﻻف النباتية الفول والمعلماتpopulational من fabae Aphip)نصفيات : HEMIPTERA الجناح :Aphididae( في ظروف خاضعة للرقابة اﻻنتاجٌة المتكاملة فً الز راعة تهدف إلى تحسٌن و ترقٌة العناصر البٌولوجٌة و دلك باستخدا م التركٌبات البٌولوجٌة من خﻻل استمرار توسٌع فً مجال المنتوجات التً تشتمل على synergists التً هً فً حد ذاتها جرعات غٌر سامة ، و التً تودي الى رفعمن اجرائات الوقاٌة و دالك من اجل انتاج متكامل. Vermiculture هً التكنولوجٌا المﻻئمة لتعزٌز مخلفات المحاصٌل وإدارتها على نحو مستدام والصحة النباتٌة. وبحثت الدراسة تأثٌراﻹنتاج الموسمً والتخفٌفات من vermicompost على التركٌبة السكانٌة من Aphis fabae فٌما ٌتعلق بنوعٌة متوسطة المغذٌات النباتٌة . التغٌرات فً مستوٌات الجزٌئات الحٌوٌة أثناء مرحلة لوحظت زٌادة اﻹجازات بٌقٌة الفول هذه التغٌرات تؤثر على أداء البٌولوجٌة وكثافة السكان من .A. fabae أظهرت النتائج وجود تأثٌر القمعٌة vermicompost على كثافة المن الحبة السوداء.وأخٌرا، فإن النتائج ذات الصلة لقٌاس المكونات النشطة تظهر وجود عﻻقة واضحة بٌن جزٌئات البٌوكٌمٌائٌة، والكثافة والخصوبة فً اﻷشكال العضوٌة من الفول . الكلمات اﻷساسية : التركٌبة السكانٌة،الفول. Aphis fabae.الجزٌئات الحٌوٌة .الخصوبة، الكثافة. : 4 REMERCIEMENTS Avant tout, je remercie Dieu de m‟avoir donné la force et le courage nécessaire pour réaliser ce travail. Je tiens à témoigner toute ma gratitude et mon respect au Professeur GUENDOUZ ATIKA qui m‟a fait l‟honneur de présider le jury de ma soutenance. J‟adresse mes plus sincères remerciements au Dr. ALLAL-BENFEKIH LAILA et Professeur KRIMI ZOULIKA, ainsi Mr BOUNACEUR FARID ; qui ont bien voulues faire partie de mon jury de thèse. Je les remercie pour leur intérêt pour mon travail et pour m‟avoir fait bénéficier de leurs conseils et de leur avis éclairé. Un grand merci à mon promoteur Dr DJAZOULI Z. E. pour son aide et ses conseils, sans lui ce travail n‟aurait pas été possible, et avec qui j‟ai pu avoir de passionnantes discussions scientifiques. Je tiens à remercier tout mes professeurs qui mon enseigné durant mes années universitaires car j‟ai beaucoup appris avec eux. Qu‟ils trouvent ici l‟expression de ma reconnaissance. Mes remerciements à tous les étudiants qui ont contribué de près à la réussite de ce travail en particulier Mlle ABDELKADER SOUMIA et Mlle DJAMAI IMEN. Je tiens à témoigner tout particulièrement ma sympathie à Melle DJAMAI Amina et à Melle FADIL Djamila pour leurs aides et pour leur disponibilité pendant 5 l‟expérimentation ainsi que tout le personnel du laboratoire de zoophytiatrie qui était toujours disponible et tous les chercheurs y compris les étudiants. Je remercie également tout le personnel administratif du département d‟agronomie pour son service précieux. J‟adresse ma plus profonde gratitude et tout mon amour à ma mère, mon père et mes frères, qui ont su me faire confiance et me soutenir en toutes circonstances au cours de mon cursus universitaire. Je tiens à remercier tout particulièrement mon mari, je lui exprime ici un „immense merci‟ pour son amour, sa générosité, son soutien inconditionnel et sa confiance en moi. Je remercie aussi très chaleureusement ma belle famille pour leur foi en mon travail et leurs encouragements qui m‟ont été si précieux au cours de ces deux dernières années. Je remercie, enfin et surtout, tous mes amis et tous mes proches qui, chacun à sa manière, de prés ou de loin, m‟ont soutenue durant mes années scolaires et universitaires. 6 DEDICACES Cette thèse est dédiée à mes parents, à mon frère Rafik et sa femme Hanna et à mon frère Nabil ainsi que sa femme Samira et ses petites filles ; A mon mari et ma belle famille. A mes amies et collègues. Cette thèse représente l‟aboutissement du soutien et des encouragements qu‟ils m‟ont prodigués tout au long de ma scolarité. Qu‟ils en soient remerciés par cette sincère dédicace. CHAICHI Wissem. 7 TABLE DE MATIERES RESUME ABSTRACT ملخص REMERCIEMENTS DEDICACES SOMMAIRE LISTE DES ILLUSTRATIONS ET GRAPHIQUES LISTE DES TABLEAUX INTRODUCTION ………………………………………………………………..………… 18 CHAPITRE 1 : Nutrition minérale de la plante...…………………………… 22 1.1. Qu‟est ce que la nutrition d‟une plante?…..…………..…………………... 22 1.2. Physiologie de la nutrition minérale ……….………………………………. 24 1.3. Interaction nutritionnelle des éléments minéraux……………………… 26 1.3.1. Eléments indispensables …….……………………………………. 27 1.3.2. Phosphore …….…………………………………........................ 28 1.3.2.1. Comportement dans les plantes ………………….. 29 1.3.3. Potassium…………………………………………………………… 29 1.3.3.1. Economie de l‟eau et échanges gazeux…………….. 30 1.3.3.2. Divisions cellulaires……………………………………. 30 1.3.3.3. Comportement dans le végétal………………………. 30 1.3.4. Calcium ………………….……………………………………… 31 1.3.4.1. Rôles dans les parois cellulaires……………………. 31 1.3.5. Magnésium ……………………………………………………….. 31 8 1.3.5.1. Magnésium de la chlorophylle………………………… 31 1.3.5.2. Relations de Mg avec K et Ca. Comportement dans la plante………………………………………………… 32 1.4. Physiologie de la nutrition biochimique…………………………………… 33 1.4.1. Les métabolismes primaires…………………………………….. 36 1.4.2. Les métabolismes secondaires…………………………………. 37 1.5. Les variations des réserves énergétiques des aphides…………...... 42 1.6. Effet de la nutrition sur le développement et la productivité de la partie verte………………………………………………………………………….. 43 1.6.1. Effet des facteurs sur le développement végétal………………. 43 1.6.1.1. Facteur externe ………..……………………………… 43 1.6.1.2. Facteur chimique ……….……………………. ……… 44 1.6.1.3. Facteur de productivité ………………………………... 44 1.7. Effet de la fluctuation des éléments minéraux et des molécules biochimique sur l‟attaque des ravageurs……………………………….. 45 CHAPITRE 2 : Biofertilisant………………………………….. 47
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