Physical Education Essential Issues
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Physical Education Essential Issues EDITED BY Ken Green & Ken Hardman Physical Education: Essential Issues . Physical Education: Essential Issues edited by Ken Green and Ken Hardman SAGE Publications London ( Thousand Oaks ( New Delhi Introduction and editorial arrangement Ken Green and Ken Hardman 2005 This edition first published 2005 Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act, 1988, this publication may be reproduced, stored or transmitted in any form, or by any means, only with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction, in accordance with the terms of licences issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside those terms should be sent to the publishers. A SAGE Publications Company 1 Oliver’s Yard 55 City Road London EC1Y 1SP SAGE Publications Inc 2455 Teller Road Thousand Oaks, California 91320 SAGE Publications India Pvt Ltd B-42, Panchsheel Enclave Post Box 4109 New Delhi 110 017 British Library Cataloguing in Publication data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library ISBN 0 7619 4497 4 ISBN 0 7619 4498 2 (pbk) Library of Congress Control Number: 2004093138 Production by Deer Park Productions, Tavistock, Devon Typeset by TW Typesetting, Plymouth, Devon Printed in Great Britain by Athenaeum Press Ltd, Gateshead Contents Acknowledgement vii List of contributors ix Introduction Ken Green and Ken Hardman xvii 1 The Nature and Values of Physical Education 1 Mike McNamee 2 Policy, Power and Politics in Physical Education 21 Dawn Penney and John Evans 3 Physical Education in Schools in European Context: Charter Principles, Promises and Implementation Realities 39 Ken Hardman and Joe Marshall 4 Physical Activity, Physical Fitness, Health and Young People 65 Richard Winsley and Neil Armstrong 5 Health-related Exercise and Physical Education 78 Jo Harris 6 Extra-curricular Physical Education in Secondary Schools in England and Wales: Reflections on the ‘State of Play’ 98 Ken Green 7 Teachers, Teaching and Pedagogy in Physical Education 111 Susan Capel 8 Model-based Teaching and Assessment in Physical Education: The Tactical Games Model 128 David Kirk 9 Examinations: A ‘New Orthodoxy’ in Physical Education? 143 Ken Green 10 Gender and Physical Education 161 Anne Flintoff and Sheila Scraton 11 Social Class, Young People, Sport and Physical Education 180 Ken Green, Andy Smith and Ken Roberts vi PHYSICAL EDUCATION: ESSENTIAL ISSUES 12 ‘Race’ and Physical Education, Sport and Dance 197 Tansin Benn 13 Inclusion, Special Educational Needs, Disability and Physical Education 220 Andy Smith and Nigel Thomas Index 239 For ‘AJ’ and PE teachers like him everywhere . Contributors Neil Armstrong is Professor of Paediatric Physiology, Director of the Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre and Head of the School of Sport and Health Sciences at the University of Exeter. Professor Neil Armstrong Children’s Health and Exercise Research Centre School of Sport and Health Sciences University of Exeter Heavitree Road Exeter EX1 2LU Tel: 01392 264812 Fax: 01392 264706 Email: n.armstrongVexeter.ac.uk Tansin Benn is Director of Learning and Teaching at the School of Education, University of Birmingham. Tansin trained and taught specialist physical education before moving into higher education to train teachers in 1981. Since then her career has expanded into teaching on PGCE, undergraduate and postgraduate programmes at the University of Birmingham, having a particular interest in gymnastics and dance in education. Since the mid-1990s her research interests have focused largely on the experiences of Muslim women both in teacher training and in their teaching careers. Dr Tansin Benn University of Birmingham School of Education Weoley Park Road Selly Oak Birmingham B29 6LL Tel: 0121 415 8391 Fax: 0121 414 5619 Email: t.c.bennVbham.ac.uk Susan Capel is Professor and Head of Department of Sport Sciences at Brunel University. She was previously Reader in Education and Director of the Academic Standards Unit at x PHYSICAL EDUCATION: ESSENTIAL ISSUES Canterbury Christ Church University College. Prior to that Susan was programme director for a Secondary PGCE course. Before entering higher education she taught physical education and geography in the UK and Hong Kong. Susan has a PhD in physical education from the USA and has published widely in a range of areas. She is a co-editor of Learning to Teach in the Secondary School: A Companion to School Experience and Starting to Teach in the Secondary School: A Companion for the Newly Qualified Teacher. She is also co-editor of Issues in Physical Education. From 2001–2003 Susan was President of the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom (PEA UK). Professor Susan Capel Department of Sport Sciences Brunel University Uxbridge Middlesex UB8 3PH Tel: 01895 816336 Fax: 01895 816340 Email: susan.capelVbrunel.ac.uk John Evans is Professor of Sociology of Education and Physical Education at Loughborough University, England. He teaches and writes on issues of equity, education policy, identity and processes of schooling. He is currently researching the relationships between formal education and eating disorders, with Dr Emma Rich. He has authored and edited a number of books and papers in the sociology of education and physical education and co-authored with Dawn Penney, Politics and Policy in Physical Education (E&FN Spon, 1999) and, with Brian Davies and Jan Wright Body Knowledge and Control. Studies in the Sociology of Physical Education and Health (Routledge, 2004). Professor John Evans School of Sport and Exercise Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU Tel: 01509 222971 Fax: 01509 226301 Email: john.evansVlboro.ac.uk Anne Flintoff is Reader in Physical Education and Education Development at Leeds Metropolitan University. She is part of the Gender, Race and Equity Research Group and teaches on undergraduate and postgraduate pathways in the sociology of PE and sport. Her major research interests include gender and physical education; contemporary youth sport policy; young people and active lifestyles; PE teacher education; gender and education; CONTRIBUTORS xi feminist theory and sport. She has published widely in PE and sport studies, and is a member of the editorial board of Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy. Dr Anne Flintoff Reader in PE and Educational Development School of Education and Professional Development Leeds Metropolitan University Carnegie Hall Beckett Park Leeds LS6 3QS Tel: 0113 2832600 Email: a.flintoffVlmu.ac.uk Ken Green lectures in the sociology of physical education, sport and leisure in the Chester Centre for Research into Sport and Society in the Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University College Chester. He is Editor of the European Physical Education Review. Professor Ken Green Chester Centre for Research into Sport and Society Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences University College Chester Parkgate Road Chester CH1 4BJ Tel: 01244 375444 Fax: 01244 380920 Email: kengreenVchester.ac.uk Ken Hardman, formerly Reader in Education at the University of Manchester, currently holds Visiting Professorships at Akita University, Japan and University College Worcester. Immediate Past-President of the International Society for Comparative Physical Education and Sport and member of the Executive Board of the International Committee for Sport Science and Physical Education and the International Committee of Sport Pedagogy, Ken is a Fellow of the Physical Education Association UK, European Academy of Kinanthropology and Physical Education and Royal Society of Arts. Dr Ken Hardman Department of PE and Sport Studies University College Worcester Henwick Grove Worcester WR2 6AJ Email: ken.hardmanVtiscali.com xii PHYSICAL EDUCATION: ESSENTIAL ISSUES Jo Harris has 12 years’ teaching experience of physical education in secondary schools and 15 years’ lecturing experience in higher education. She is currently a Senior Lecturer in Physical Education and Director of the Teacher Education Unit at Loughborough University. She also lectures on masters degree courses and supervises research students. Her research focuses on the expression of health within the National Curriculum for Physical Education. Jo has produced numerous teaching resources and has delivered many in-service courses for physical education teachers. She contributed significantly to the work of the HEA Health and Physical Education Project based at Loughborough University for many years. She has presented at national and international conferences and has published articles in professional and academic journals. Jo is currently President of the Physical Education Association of the United Kingdom (PEA UK). Dr Jo Harris School of Sport and Exercise Sciences Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU Tel: 01509 222971 Fax: 01509 226301 Email: j.p.harrisVlboro.ac.uk David Kirk joined Loughborough University in November 1998. He is currently Professor of Physical Education and Youth Sport. He also holds an Honorary Chair in Human Movement Studies at the University of Queensland, Australia and an Adjunct Chair in Physical Education at the University of Limerick, Ireland. David is Editor of the journal Physical Education and Sport Pedagogy (Carfax) and is a member of the advisory and editorial boards of several other leading journals. He received the IOC President’s Prize in 2001