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FAO the Right to Water for Food and Agriculture ISSN 1014-6679 The right to water for food and agriculture LEGISLATIVE FAO STUDY 113 The right to water for food and agriculture by Elisa Morgera, Elaine Webster, Graham Hamley, Francesco Sindico, Jill Robbie, Stephanie Switzer, Thierry Berger, Pedro Pablo Silva Sànchez, Mitchell Lennan, Renee Martin-Nagle, Elsa Tsioumani, Ruby Moynihan and Antonia Zydek for the Development Law Service Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, 2020 LEGISLATIVE FAO STUDY 113 4 The right to water for food and agriculture Required citation: Morgera, E., Webster, E., Hamley, G., Sindico, F., Robbie, J., Switzer, S., Berger, T., Silva Sànchez, P.P., Lennan, M., Martin-Nagle, R., Tsioumani, E., Moynihan, R. & Zydek, A. 2020. The right to water for food and agriculture. Rome, FAO. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca8248en The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. ISSN 1014-6679 (Print) ISSN 2664-5106 (Online) ISBN 978-92-5-132301-4 © FAO, 2020 Some rights reserved. This work is made available under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial- ShareAlike 3.0 IGO licence (CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO; https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/3.0/igo/ legalcode). Under the terms of this licence, this work may be copied, redistributed and adapted for non-commercial purposes, provided that the work is appropriately cited. In any use of this work, there should be no suggestion that FAO endorses any specific organization, products or services. The use of the FAO logo is not permitted. If the work is adapted, then it must be licensed under the same or equivalent Creative Commons licence. If a translation of this work is created, it must include the following disclaimer along with the required citation: “This translation was not created by the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). FAO is not responsible for the content or accuracy of this translation. The original [Language] edition shall be the authoritative edition.” Disputes arising under the licence that cannot be settled amicably will be resolved by mediation and arbitration as described in Article 8 of the licence except as otherwise provided herein. The applicable mediation rules will be the mediation rules of the World Intellectual Property Organization http://www.wipo.int/amc/en/ mediation/rules and any arbitration will be conducted in accordance with the Arbitration Rules of the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL). Third-party materials. Users wishing to reuse material from this work that is attributed to a third party, such as tables, figures or images, are responsible for determining whether permission is needed for that reuse and for obtaining permission from the copyright holder. The risk of claims resulting from infringement of any third- party-owned component in the work rests solely with the user. Sales, rights and licensing. FAO information products are available on the FAO website (www.fao.org/ publications) and can be purchased through [email protected]. Requests for commercial use should be submitted via: www.fao.org/contact-us/licence-request. Queries regarding rights and licensing should be submitted to: [email protected]. Cover Photo: © Jialiang Gao iii Contents Preface � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � �vii Acknowledgements � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � ix Acronyms and abbreviations � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � xi Introduction ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 1 1. The human right to water . 5 1.1. Water rights and water tenure ���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 5 1.2. The emergence of a human right to water . 7 1.3. General Comment No. 15 on the normative content of the right to water �����11 1.4. International obligations arising from the right to water . 14 1.5. General obligations �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������14 1.5.1. Specific obligations ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 1.5.2. Procedural obligations ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������16 1.5.3. International cooperation ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������18 1.5.4. Responsibility of non-state actors ���������������������������������������������������������������19 1.6. Preliminary conclusions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������21 2.1. Insights and challenges from the perspective of the right to food ��������������������25 2. The human right to water for food and agriculture �������������������������������������25 2.1.1. Insights from the High Level Panel of Experts on water for food security and nutrition ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������29 2.2. Groups requiring special consideration . 31 2.2.1. Women ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������32 2.2.2. Indigenous peoples ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������33 2.3. Preliminary conclusions . 36 iv 3. Insights from other relevant areas of international law . .39 3.1. International investment law . 40 3.2. International trade law . 42 3.2.1. Water efficient agriculture – the role of subsidies ���������������������������������43 3.2.2. Process and production methods �����������������������������������������������������������������44 3.2.3. Bulk water transfers �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������46 3.2.4. Trade and virtual water �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������48 3.3. International climate change law . 50 3.4. International biodiversity law . 53 3.4.1. General guidance ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������57 3.4.2. Specific guidance concerning indigenous peoples and local communities �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������59 3.5. International law on transboundary watercourses . 62 3.5.1. United Nations Convention on International Watercourses . 63 3.5.2. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Water Convention �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������66 3.5.3. United Nations Economic Commission for Europe Protocol on Water and Health ������������������������������������������������������������������������68 3.5.4. Draft Articles on Transboundary Aquifers ������������������������������������������������69 3.6. Preliminary conclusions ��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������71 4. Implications of the right to water for food and agriculture ����������������������77 4.1. Human rights-based approach . 77 4.2. Integrated water resources management . 80 4.3. A human rights-based approach to integrated water resource management �����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������81 4.3.1. The interaction between the human right to water, water rights and land tenure ��������������������������������������������������������������������������82 4.3.2. Considerations related to customary land and water rights . 85 4.4. Relevant examples in national law . 87 4.5. Implications for reviewing (and reforming) national law �����������������������������������94 v Conclusion . 101 References � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 104 Literature �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104 Legally-binding international instruments ����������������������������������������������������������� 119 Non-legally-binding international instruments �������������������������������������������������� 123 National legislation ������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 128 International case law �������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129 National case law ����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 130 vii Preface The right to water is a self-standing right inextricably connected to the right to an adequate standard of living, and is
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