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African Agency in the Cameroon's Mining Sector

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African Agency in the Cameroon's Mining Sector African Agency and Geological Resources in Africa: Advancing Local Interests in China’s Mining Investments in Cameroon Dissertation Zur Erlangung des Akademischen Grades eines Doktors der Naturwissenschaften Vorgelegt beim Fachbereich Geowissenschaften/Geographie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe – Universität in Frankfurt am Main von Diderot S. NGUEPJOUO M. aus Kamerun Frankfurt 2017 (D30) vom Fachbereich Geowissenschaften/Geographie der Johann Wolfgang Goethe – Universität in Frankfurt am Main als Dissertation angenommen. Dekan: Prof. Dr. Peter Lindner 1. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Runge 2. Gutachter: Prof. Dr. Jürgen Wunderlich Datum der Disputation: 05. Dezember 2017 Acknowledgments i Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my adviser Prof. Dr Jürgen Runge for his relentless support of my Ph.D studies and related research, his patience and immense knowledge. His insightful comments and constructive criticism at different stages of my research work added considerably to my knowledge of the field. A special gratitude goes out to Prof. Dr Jürgen Wunderlich for agreeing to be the second accessor of this thesis. Thanks are also due to all my AFRASO colleagues and especially to Dr John Karugia, Dr Jan Beek and Mathias Gruber for their insights and inspiring discussions. I would like to acknowledge the friendship, reading efforts and inspiring comments of Dr Philippe Kersting, despite his busy schedule. Thanks are also due to my working group colleagues from AG Runge, namely to Dr Joachim Eisenberg, Adam Bachir, Emana George Nsukan, Nadia Anoumou at the Institute for Physical Geography for their precious feedback and comments. My gratitude also goes to those who kindly read parts of the manuscript. You provided me with important insights and made corrections that have made the research a better piece than it was at first. Any remaining errors, of course, are attributable to me. I owe an enormous debt of gratitude to my wonderful spouse Grace, a blessing beyond words, for her understanding, taking upon herself to care singlehandedly for the family; and equally to our beloved kids Penouelle, Amielle, Forel, Israel who were a great source of moral and emotional support. I would like express boundless thanks and love to my caring and supportive parents, who always asked for updates and encouraged me a lot over the course of this work. Similarly I owe a debt of recognition to Dr. Kenmogne and family, who have also played a similar role, even beyond the frame of this research. l express my deepest gratitude to my brothers and sisters for supporting me throughout field trips and the writing of this thesis. I am convinced that without you, life would not have been the same. This work would not have been possible without the support of many people, such as Dr Dany Sisco Pokem, Aurelie Azambou, Larry Djoukam, and Durrel Halleson Nzene. Their commitment in polishing the language definitely helped improve the quality of the end product. I would also like to express sincere apologies to those I may have failed to mention due to time constraints and memory lapses. And last but not least; I am grateful to God who granted me and all my supporters grace and strength to make this work deliverable in the form of a thesis. Ironically, perhaps words fail to capture the depths of my gratitude. Frankfurt, September 2017 Diderot Nguepjouo Table of contents ii Table of contents Acknowledgments ............................................................................................................................. i Table of contents .............................................................................................................................. ii List of tables ....................................................................................................................................... vi List of figures ................................................................................................................................... vii List of abbreviations .................................................................................................................... viii 1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Thesis plan ................................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 State of the art ............................................................................................................................ 3 1.2.1 African-Asian interactions ................................................................................................... 4 1.2.2 Cameroon-China relations and interactions ........................................................................ 6 1.2.3 African Agency within the Africa’s mineral sector ............................................................... 8 1.3 A historical perspective to the topic ......................................................................................... 12 1.3.1 Mining in pre-colonial Africa ............................................................................................. 13 1.3.2 Mining in colonial times (1884-1960) ................................................................................ 18 1.3.3 Post-colonial mining: mining under the independent state’s period (Since 1960) ............ 21 1.3.4 Mining under the new 2001 mining law ............................................................................ 23 1.4 Problem statement and purpose of study ................................................................................ 25 1.4.1 Research objective ............................................................................................................. 27 1.4.2 Research question.............................................................................................................. 28 1.4.3 Research assumptions ....................................................................................................... 29 1.5 Theory ........................................................................................................................................ 29 1.5.1 Political Ecology approach ................................................................................................. 29 1.5.2 African Agency ................................................................................................................... 33 2 Methodology ............................................................................................................................ 42 2.1 Quantitative research ................................................................................................................ 42 2.1.1 Surveys ............................................................................................................................... 43 2.1.2 Observational data ............................................................................................................ 43 2.2 Qualitative research methods ................................................................................................... 44 2.2.1 Focus groups ...................................................................................................................... 44 2.2.2 Individual Interviews .......................................................................................................... 44 2.2.3 Observations ...................................................................................................................... 44 Table of contents iii 2.3 Grounded Theory ...................................................................................................................... 45 2.4 Data analysis .............................................................................................................................. 48 2.4.1 Qualitative classic data analysis ........................................................................................ 48 2.4.2 Quantitative data analysis ................................................................................................ 48 2.5 Spatial analysis .......................................................................................................................... 50 2.5.1 Data source and Image pre-processing ............................................................................. 51 2.5.2 Land use classification ....................................................................................................... 53 2.5.3 Land use/cover change detection analysis ........................................................................ 53 3 The mining sector in Cameroon ....................................................................................... 55 3.1 Artisanal and Small-scale Mining (ASM) .................................................................................... 55 3.1.1 Shareholders in the ASM subsector ................................................................................... 56 3.2 Professional mining in Cameroon ............................................................................................. 63 3.2.1 Foreign engagement in industrial solid mining ................................................................. 63 3.2.2 Main investments in Cameroon’s hydrocarbons sector .................................................... 64 3.3 The Gold Value Chain in Cameroon ..........................................................................................
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