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CIVILIZATION Past and Present Eleventh Edition INSTRUCTOR’S MANUAL to accompany Brummett, et al CIVILIZATION Past and Present Eleventh Edition Richard D. Whisonant York Technical College New York Boston San Francisco London Toronto Sydney Tokyo Singapore Madrid Mexico City Munich Paris Cape Town Hong Kong Montreal This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning. Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web) will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials. Instructor's Manual to accompany Brummett, et al, Civilization: Past and Present, Eleventh Edition Copyright ©2006 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Instructors may reproduce portions of this book for classroom use only. All other reproductions are strictly prohibited without prior permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical articles and reviews. ISBN: 0-321-33319-5 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10–OPM–08 07 06 05 CONTENTS CHAPTER 1 Stone Age Societies and the Earliest Civilizations of the Near East 1 CHAPTER 2 Ancient China: Origins to Empire Prehistory to 220 C.E. 20 CHAPTER 3 Ancient India: From Origins to 300 C.E. 33 CHAPTER 4 Greece: Minoan, Mycenaean, Hellenic, and Hellenistic Civilizations, 2000-30 B.C.E. 46 CHAPTER 5 Roman Civilization: The Roman World, C. 900 B.C.E. - 476 B.C.E. 61 CHAPTER 6 Byzantium and the Orthodox World: Byzantium, Eastern Europe, and Russia, 325-1500 83 CHAPTER 7 Islam From its Origins to 1300 97 CHAPTER 8 The African Beginnings: African Civilizations To 1500 111 CHAPTER 9 The European Middle Ages: 476-1348 C.E 125 CHAPTER 10 Culture, Power, and Trade in the Era of Asian Hegemony, 220-1350 142 CHAPTER 11 The Americas to 1492 159 CHAPTER 12 The Islamic Gunpowder Empires, 1300-1650 170 CHAPTER 13 East Asian Cultural and Political Systems, 1300-1650 181 CHAPTER 14 European Cultural and Religious Transformations: The Renaissance and the Reformation 1300-1600 192 CHAPTER 15 The Development of the European State System: 1300-1650 214 CHAPTER 16 Global Encounters: Europe and the New World Economy, 1400-1650 229 CHAPTER 17 Politics in the First Age of Capitalism: 1648-1774 Absolutism and Limited Central Power 243 CHAPTER 18 New Ideas and Their Political Consequences: The Scientific Revolution, the Enlightenment and the French Revolutions 268 CHAPTER 19 Africa 1650-1850 294 CHAPTER 20 Asian and Middle Eastern Empires and Nations, 1650-1815 305 CHAPTER 21 The Americas, 1650-1825: From European Dominance to Independence 316 CHAPTER 22 Industrialization: Social, Political, and Cultural Transformations 332 CHAPTER 23 Africa and the Middle East, 1800-1914 348 CHAPTER 24 Asia, 1815-1914: India, Southeast Asia, China, and Japan 361 CHAPTER 25 Latin America: Independence and Dependence, 1825-1945 374 CHAPTER 26 Politics And Diplomacy In The West: 1815-1914 380 CHAPTER 27 World War I and Its Economic and Political Consequence 408 CHAPTER 28 The USSR, Italy, Germany, and Japan: The Failure of Democracy in the Interwar Period 426 CHAPTER 29 Forging New Nations in Asia, 1910 to 1950 441 CHAPTER 30 Emerging National Movements in the Middle East and Africa, 1920s-1950s 451 CHAPTER 31 World War II: Origins and Consequences, 1919-1946 462 CHAPTER 32 The Bi-Polar World: Cold War and Decolonization, 1945-1991 476 CHAPTER 33 The United States and Europe Since 1945: Politics in an Age of Conflict and Change 494 CHAPTER 34 Middle East, Africa, Latin America Since 1945 516 CHAPTER 35 Asia Since 1945: Political, Economic, and Social Revolutions 537 CHAPTER 1 Stone Age Societies and the Earliest Civilizations of the Near East CHAPTER OUTLINE I. THE DEVELOPMENT OF HUMANKIND A. Evolution: A Major Theory 1. Classifies humans as primates 2. Explains that a crucial development occurred when the ape family differentiated into tree-dwelling types and ground-dwelling types (hominids) B. Development of the Genus “Homo” 1. Australopithecus earliest ground-dwelling ape; discovered in South Africa in 1924 2. Homo habilis a. Louis S.B. Leakey found 1.75 million-year-old fossil in 1964 at Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania b. Creature walked erect, had well-developed thumb, probably used tools c. “Lucy” found in Ethiopia 3.8 to 3 million years ago in 1973 d. In 1998 in South Africa discovered a hominid some 3.5 million years ago 3. Homo ergaster, which emerged perhaps as long as 2.3 million years ago in Africa 4. Homo erectus a. Used fire, standardized tools b. Emerged 1.8 million years ago in Africa, migrated to Near East, Asia, Europe 5. Neanderthal Man a. Discovered in Neander Valley in Germany in 1856 b. Adapted to cold climates, 40,000-200,000 years ago c. Inhabited parts of Europe, Asia, Africa d. Used fire, wore fur, made stone-tipped spears, lived in caves, stone shelters e. No longer classified as homo sapiens 6. Homo sapiens a. Developed 150,000 years ago b. Cro-Magnon Man appeared at least 40,000 years ago c. Scientists debate whether Homo sapiens originated in Africa and spread to other continents, or evolved independently and displaced or assimilated Homo erectus d. Only one species of the genus Homo exists today 1 II. PRELITERATE CULTURES A. Early Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) Culture 1. Used eoliths, made stone tools, standardized procedures for making implements, such as hand ax 2. Hunted, fished, collected fruits, nuts, and berries B. Middle and Late Paleolithic Cultures 1. Developed specialized tools and weapons (burin, flints, spear launchers, needles) 2. Sewed animal skins for garments and shelter 3. Drew, chiseled pictures of food animals, possibly for rituals 4. Dating from 28,000 to 10,000 B.C.E. Cave art in Spain and France C. Mesolithic, or Transitional, Cultures 1. Glaciers receded about 10,000 B.C.E.; reindeer moved north 2. Mesolithic groups used axes with handles, bows and arrows, skis, sleds, dugout canoes 3. Domesticated dog D. Neolithic (New Stone Age) Revolution and Advent of Agriculture 1. Bordering the Fertile Crescent from the Nile River to the Tigris Cultivation of grains, domestication of animals, pottery making, use of polished stone tools 2. Brought about agricultural revolution in Near East, c. 7,000 B.C.E. 3. Man became a food-producer, not just a food-gatherer 4. People could settle down in farming villages 5. Çatal Hüyük (Turkey) is best-preserved example of a Neolithic village a. Contains pottery, woven textiles b. Includes mud-brick houses, shrines honoring a mother goddess III. PRELITERATE SOCIETY AND RELIGION A. Social Organization 1. Ancient societies complex, based on customs 2. Family was basic social unit a. Monogamy most common marriage custom b. Extended family provided food and protection 3. Groups of extended families formed clan a. Clans were patrilineal if tied through male b. Clans were matrilineal if tied through female 4. Groups of clans formed tribe with common speech, culture, land 2 B. Collective Responsibility in Law and Government 1. Ethical behavior consisted of not violating custom 2. Justice meant maintaining equilibrium, social balance, usually through compensation 3. Treason, witchcraft, incest, acts considered dangerous to the community, might be punished by death 4. Government based on democratic review by elders C. Religion and Magic 1. Awe and wonder led to belief in animism a. Spirits worshiped, belief in afterlife b. Worship of fertility symbols, especially female 2. Magic tied to the practice of religion; shamans believed to have special powers to ward off disasters D. Neolithic “Science” 1. Domestication of plants and animals, invention of tools, pottery and weaving indicate that Stone Age societies observed, investigated, classified, experimented 2. Megaliths at Stonehenge and Nabta Playa indicate a complex knowledge of geometry and astronomy, and possibly even the fundamentals of a solar calendar IV. MESOPOTAMIA: THE FIRST CIVILIZATION A. The Geography of Mesopotamia 1. Civilization can be described as a culture that has attained a degree of complexity a. Sustains specialists to deal with political, social, religious needs b. Has a system of writing c. Produces monumental architecture d. Produces art that reflects people and their activities 2. Evidence of complex city life, writing, and high culture by 6,000 B.C.E. 3. Agricultural Revolution spread into Fertile Crescent a. Yearly floods of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers replenished soil b. Location where rivers converged had great agricultural potential c. Environmental problems: swamps had to be drained; canals needed to be built to distribute water; protection needed to prevent flooding d. Akkad in north, Sumer in south 4. Civilization in Sumer marked beginning of Bronze Age 5. Mesopotamia lacked stones, metals, timber; had to import these materials 6. Sumerians developed sailing boats, wheeled vehicles, potter’s wheel B. The Emergence of Civilization in Sumer, c. 3200-2800 B.C.E. 1. By c. 3100 B.C.E. Sumerians lived in cities, with writing, Protoliterate phase, c. 2800 B.C.E. 3 2. Sumerians’ origins unknown, spoke non-Semitic, non-Indo-European language 3. Strong food producing sector supported cities a. Specialized labor, commerce, ziggurat, scribes b. Business, government records, 60-based counting system 4. Sumerian traits seen in Nile, Indus valley 5. Pictographs on clay tablets showed objects, ideas, eventually gave way to phonetic writing 6.
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