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The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project PETER B. SWIERS Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: June 6, 1994 Copyright 2 2 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in Ne York (Brooklyn) Ne York University ROTC (Army) Entered Foreign Service - 19,1 Athens, .reece - Consular Officer 19,1-19,4 Papandreous Relations Environment 0isas 01P visits Frankfurt, .ermany - Rotation Officer 19,4-19,, Trade center Evacuation plan Environment State Department - Operations Center 19,,-19,2 Organi3ation 0ietnam State Department - Staff Assistant to Harriman and 0ance 19,2-19,9 Harriman-4ennedy relations Operations 0ietnam Peace Talks (Paris) Paris student riots De .aulle Presidential elections Bombing halt The 67ise 8en9 1 Armed Forces Staff College 19,9-1920 State Department - FS1 - Russian Language Training 1920 8osco , USSR - Consular Officer 1920-1922 Relations Environment Protection cases Environment Security Dissidents .overnment Nixon visit Berlin, .ermany - Protocol 1922-1923 Soviet relations Felix Bloch State Department - ACDA 1923-1924 Executive Secretary to SALT delegation State Department - Policy Planning Staff 1924-1922 7inston Lord Operations Yom 4ippur 7ar Oil embargo China ASEAN 4issinger .reece Latin America Harriman?s 8osco visit - 192, Jackson-0anik Harriman and Tito President Carter Br3e3inski State Department - EUR - Security and Political Affairs 1922-1929 Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe East-7est relationships NATO Human rights Confidence building measures ACB8sB 4uala Lumpur, 8alaysia 1929-19C1 U.S. commitments 2 Soviets State Department - PoliticalE8ilitary Affairs 19C1-19C3 Arms control Nit3eE4vitsinsky 67alk in the oods9 1ran hostages Office structure Soviets 8issiles 1NF Chemical eapons Atlantic Council 19C3-19C5 Harriman?s 8osco visit Soviets NATO Pacific forum Copenhagen, Denmark - DC8 19C5-19C2 Politics NATO Faroe 1slands .reenland 8issile defense issue U.S. naval visits Carnegie Endo ment for Peace 19C2-19C9 Atlantic Council 19C9 Harriman chair for East-7est studies Russian-American program Arbatov 1nstitute INTERVIEW ANote: This intervie has not been edited by 8r. S iersB $: Today is May 27, 1994 and this is an interview with Peter B. Swiers. This is being done on the behalf of the Association for Diplomatic Studies and I am Charles Stuart Kennedy. Peter, we-ll start things off as.ing about your bac.ground. If you could, tell me about your family and your early education. S71ERS: 1 as born in Brooklyn, Ne York. 8y mother and father married late. They had tried t ice to have children and lost both of themH she almost lost me. 1t took my 3 mother and father seven years to marry. 8y mother as a fourth generation 1rish Roman Catholic and my father, as he liked to say, as a Lithuanian Je - the first generation in the United States. His family came from a little to n called Seta. 8y motherIs family came from both Roman Catholics from Northern 1reland and from Dublin. They came over in 1C40. $: /oing bac. to that time, the Roman Catholic Church was not particularly tolerant. 1aving a Jewish2Irish marriage, I would thin., might have caused real problems. S71ERS: 1t did indeed. Not just the Roman Catholics, letIs face it. 1t as a much less tolerant orld in those days and so you not only had opposition from both families - you ere sort of isolated from both families and then youIre a Catholic and a Je making your ay in hat as then a very strong Protestant orld hich as not too friendly to Catholics and Je s. 1t as rather interesting. 1 think it took a lot of courage on their part. 1 think it also exhausted them in a ay. $: Did you feel this conflict not particularly within the family, but outside3 S71ERS: 1 think that my birth helped resolved all of the problems hich 1 think had been disappearing in any case by then on both sides of the family. One of my fatherIs eldest sisters really helped bring him up hen she as 12 years old. 7e sa her many years later hen she as in her 90s (the last time e sa her, she as in nursing home) hen she came to the 50th edding anniversary of one of my fatherIs young sister. At that stage her mind had gone, although she as functioning physically. The only person she recogni3ed as my mother. 1t as absolutely fascinating. 1t as an interesting time. $: 4hat was your father doing3 S71ERS: Both my mother and father ere people ho ere very JbookishJ. 8y father had been ith the American Ne s Company for years, until the ar. 7hen they thought they might resettle in Baltimore he as sent there, but my mother couldnIt leave Brooklyn. She had orked for a small company and had actually been sort of semi- independent at the time. They ended up coming back to Brooklyn and never left it until 19,C hen 1 finally persuaded them to move to Ne York. The neighborhood as getting unhealthy for people of their age. $: How about your education3 S71ERS: 8y education begun in a public school in Brooklyn. 1n those days it as a excellent public school. 1 did not go to a Catholic school. 8y church - A Lady of Refuge Parish - didnIt have a Catholic school. 1t as a very pretty church that as built 1 think sometime in the late 1920s. 1 ouldnIt call it stark, but it had a certain blandness to it that as quite beautiful and it had a lovely organ. 1 as an alter boy from six years old on and at one time the man ho became the .overnor of Ne York, Hugh Carey, ran the alter boys. He as a great fello , one of the great figures of Ne York state. 7e had a traditional public school and in 1951, hen 1 as in the seventh grade they decided to go 4 ith the progressive system of education. 7e had eight classes ithin each grade in that school and everybody as assigned according to ability. They created a junior high school hich e ere sent to called Andries HuddeH there the classes ere all mixed up. As anybody might have guessed, the class moved at the pace of the slo est student. 1 never had any regard for that type of system of education. 1t became quite clear to my parents that they ould have to send me to a private high school. You probably heard a lot of this in those days particularly if you ere not ealthy Catholics or at least upper middle class Catholics. 1f you ere ordinary middle class you did go to Catholic schoolsH it as encouraged and it as uncomfortable to go else here. 1 ended up going to Lavier High School in Ne York City hich is the great Jesuit military school. 1 had actually received a scholarship to Regis High School in Ne York hich is the school associated ith St. 1gnatius Loyola Church here Jackie 4ennedy as just buried. 1 had been accepted there, but at that time 1 anted to go to 7est Point. 1 as hoping to be admitted there. So my parents, at considerable expense, enrolled me in Lavier instead. Unfortunately 1 had measles hen 1 as about 10 years old and you kno that sometimes your eyes are affectedH mine unfortunately ere. 8y eyes continued to deteriorate. Even though ultimately 1 did receive an appointment to 7est Point for the class of 19,0, 1 think in fact in ould not have been accepted had there not been some spaces open hen 1 ent to the Academy for my physical examination. 8y sponsoring congressman as an interesting person - Francis Dorn. He as one of the fe Republican congressman ho has ever been in Brooklyn. That came because one of the censuses required redistricting. The assembly, hich as al ays Republican, managed finally to create a district in Brooklyn. Francis Dorn, a liberal Republican, became congressman for t o terms or perhaps three. HeIs dead no H he as a onderful person. 1Im an old, blind, Ne York Democrat and heIs probably the only Republican 1 ever voted for. But he nominated me and 1 managed to pass all the tests, but sadly they finally caught me hen 1 had to read an eye chart. 1 had to pass the Ne York Regency exam and in retrospect, unfortunately got a very high grade on the science side and as therefore offered an extra scholarship for college if 1 ould take biology, chemistry, mathematics or physics. 7hy 1 say 6in retrospect9 is because 1 really as a much more a history, political science type and perhaps if e had had the money - hich e didnIt - and 1 might have applied to the .eorgeto n School of Foreign Service. As you kno in those days, more often that not, people at .eorgeto n if they erenIt from the 7ashington area, ere from Catholic families that could afford to send their children there. For my parents that as a little beyond their means and 1 ent to NYU as a chemistry major. 1 suffered through four years, but passed the Foreign Service exam in December of 1959. 1 decided to take it particularly hen 1 reali3ed that chemistry and 1 ere not a good match. 1 ill tell you, if there is anything 1 believe in no , itIs a careful counseling of young people hen they apply for college. Counseling in those days as primitive. 1 had a teacher at Lavier ho as very good, but 1 think if he had had more experience, he ould have said, 6Look, 1 kno youIre not into chemistry, you should study social sciences.9 $: 4hat attracted you toward the Foreign Service3 S71ERS: 1 had been reading history all of my life.
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