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Marine Spatial Planning in the German Exclusive Economic Zone of the North and Baltic Seas

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Marine Spatial Planning in the German Exclusive Economic Zone of the North and Baltic Seas Marine Spatial Planning in the German Exclusive Economic Zone of the North and Baltic Seas Nature Conservation Objectives and Principles German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN) Prepared by the Federal Agency for Nature Conservation by utilising results from the research project “Technical nature conservation and legal nature conservation requirements in the wake of the expansion of the regional planning regime to the German EEZ” (FKZ 804 85 017), revised by TU Berlin, OECOS Environmental Planning, Prof. Dr. Rainer Wolf and RA Rüdiger Nebelsieck (LL.M). February 2006 Translation by Wohanka & Kollegen GmbH, Lorenzerstr. 12, D-84144 Geisenhausen 2 Contents A. Introduction.................................................................................................... 4 1. Task of the nature conservation response and specifications.................. 4 B. Fundamentals ................................................................................................ 5 1. Landscape function and classification of EEZ............................................ 5 1.1 The EEZ as a natural landscape unit........................................................ 5 1.2 Classification of landscape units............................................................... 5 1.2.1 North Sea .......................................................................................... 5 1.2.2 Baltic Sea .......................................................................................... 8 C. Nature conservation requirements for spatial planning in the EEZ ....... 10 1. The implementation of the general principle according to § 1 ROG ...... 10 2. Principles (P) for safeguarding and development of the EEZ natural region............................................................................................................ 12 2.1 Marine nature and landscape ................................................................. 12 2.2 Open space and land use....................................................................... 15 3. Objectives (O) for safeguarding and development of the EEZ natural region............................................................................................................ 17 3.1 Subjects of protection of the Habitats Directive and Birds Directive ....... 17 3.1.1 Priority areas for the marine nature in the North Sea EEZ .............. 17 3.1.2 Priority areas for the marine nature in the Baltic Sea EEZ .............. 17 3.1.3 Further HD-relevant structures outside the priority areas ................ 17 3.2 Bird migration.......................................................................................... 18 3.2.1 Bird migration over the German EEZ of the North Sea.................... 18 3.2.2 Bird migration over the German EEZ of the Baltic Sea.................... 18 3.3 Benthic communities............................................................................... 19 3.3.1 Benthic communities in the German EEZ of the North Sea............. 19 3.3.2 Benthic communities in the German EEZ of the Baltic Sea............. 19 Annex ...................................................................................................................... 39 3 A. Introduction 1. Task of the nature conservation response and specifications As proved by § 1 of the German Federal Spatial Planning Act (Raumordnungsgesetz, ROG), individual functions in the German EEZ can be developed, arranged and ensured within the scope of the guidelines from the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS). The task of this nature conservation response and specifications presented here is to further substantiate the notification of requirements with regard to spatial planning in the EEZ from the viewpoint of nature conservation first accomplished in the letter (N I 5 – 77 000 / 2) from 24 March 2005 through the German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU), and to prepare current findings as a nature conservation basis for the first compilation of a marine spatial plan in the German EEZ. First of all, the special importance of the EEZ as a marine region and its natural regional function and classification will be presented in the following Part B. Building on that, the concrete requirements of marine spatial planning from the viewpoint of nature conservation will be formulated in Part C. The general principle of a sustainable spatial development for the EEZ will be substantiated in the first section of Part C. In addition, concrete requirements in the form of textual principles as well as textual and area-related objectives (Part C; Section 2 and 3) will be derived and justified. Finally, areas with pre-eminent importance for nature conservation – which should be secured within the scope of marine spatial planning as priority areas for the marine nature – will also be identified in this connection. Occasionally, areas with significance for nature conservation are (indirectly) protected, if they are located inside suitability areas (e.g. for windparks) where certain human activities are ruled out as defined by the German Federal Spatial Planning Act. As a result, a nature conservation planning contribution regarding integration into the regional marine spatial plans for the EEZ of the North Sea and Baltic Sea will be presented on the basis of the current state of knowledge1. Concrete requirements necessary from a nature conservation viewpoint with regard to certain activities can only be conclusively developed in dependence of the planned development of these activities. They will be supplemented when the occasion arises, also in dependence on the results of the strategic environmental assessment (SEA), and are then to be worked into the corresponding objectives and principles as well as during the determination of priority, reserve and suitability areas for these activities. 1 The current state of knowledge is understood to mean the state of knowledge which could be made available for this contribution. The sources will be specifically referred to in the text, as well as ongoing research projects which will possibly lead to new findings in the course of the procedure regarding compilation of objectives and principles of regional planning in the EEZ. Particularly through the parallel efforts in the description and assessment of the current status of the individual subjects of protection in the course of the preparation of the environmental report and the subsequent public participation within the scope of the SEA, additional new findings could flow in, against the background of which the nature conservation concerns formulated here in a first step are to be reviewed and supplemented. 4 B. Fundamentals 1. Landscape function and classification of EEZ 1.1 The EEZ as a natural landscape unit The German EEZ of the North Sea and Baltic Sea represents a unique large-scale natural region and fascinating open space. At the same time, the German EEZ is part of attached extended seas and oceans with their large contiguous ecosystems. Their functionality is of special importance for the life on Earth. The interlinked marine ecosystems enable the existence of a large diversity of species, communities and habitat-typical processes. The communities utilise and characterise their habitats, which are specific in their diversity and dynamic, and distinguish themselves through the existence of typical species. The ecological functions of the EEZ encompass interactions of the living organisms (flora and fauna) with their habitats in the seabed including its subsoil, in the water column, on the sea surface and in the airspace above. The ecological conditional associations and interdependencies are decisively influenced by the geographical location, by climate, by light, by the morphology and by the substrate of the seabed as well as by the hydrology with water temperature, stratification conditions and the conditions of currents, wind, waves and turbulences as well as the tides. The sea, also a habitat for a variety of highly mobile species, is – except for single geological elevations –characterised by large-scale openness and freedom from barriers, particularly in the water column and above the water. Even if prominent landmarks are frequently missing on the surface, the German EEZ in the North Sea and Baltic Sea also has spatial-structural classification features, according to which the various habitats and natural regions can be demarcated. In accordance with the dynamic of the habitat, the boundaries are not formed as sharp lines, but partially as broad transition regions between the natural regions. 1.2 Classification of landscape units 1.2.1 North Sea In the North Sea, a “coastal region” up to a water depth of approx. 10 metres and the adjacent seaward “offshore region” can basically be differentiated under natural regional aspects. On the basis of abiotic criteria such as light, morphology (with the water depth as an important factor), hydrography with characteristic water masses and sediment distribution patterns as well as the characteristic benthos communities subsequently configured according to the biotic criterion of distribution, a further subdivision of different natural regions is possible, which can be utilised in the marine spatial planning for better response, and if necessary, for formulation of specific requirements. As a conspicuous, deep lead structure, the Elbe Glacial Valley (Fig.1: B) extends from the present-day Elbe River estuary to the northwest through
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