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Shallow Water Oxygen Indicator Baltic Marine Environment Protection Commission Working Group on the State of the Environment and Nature STATE & CONSERVATION Conservation 8-2018 Klaipeda, Lithuania, 14-18 May 2018 Document title National indicator: Near-bottom Oxygen Concentrations in Shallow Waters Code 3J-19 Category INF Agenda Item 3J – HELCOM indicators and assessments Submission date 7.5.2018 Submitted by Germany Background IN Eutrophication discussed the need for oxygen indicators in addition to the HELCOM oxygen debt indicator which is applicable to the deep basins only, leaving the Baltic Sea area west of Bornholm Basin unassessed. Existing approaches were compiled, and the typology approach used by Sweden for assessing the oxygen status in coastal water bodies was welcomed. An indicator proposal was prepared by Germany and presented to STATE and CONSERVATION-5. The Meeting supported the continued development of the indicator and endorsed the shift from candidate to pre-core (study reservation by Denmark). The Meeting noted that the indicator still requires significant work and that it is not foreseen that the indicator will be operational in time for the first version of HOLAS II. Denmark stated that the indicator could only be accepted if based on trends instead of an assessment of GES/sub-GES. Since then, not much progress was made in the further regional development of the indicator. As bottom-oxygen concentration is a primary criterion of the revised Commission Decision on Criteria and Standards for GES assessment for MSFD purposes, Germany decided to report the results of the bottom- oxygen indicator in the national MSFD report. The assessment is based on type-specific threshold values of 6 mg/l for non-stratified and 4 mg/l for seasonally stratified water bodies and open sea areas. A draft of the indicator report is attached. It was presented to IN Eutrophication-10 where Germany offered to take the lead on developing the oxygen indicator if funding is received for a national project, noting the interest from Denmark, Estonia, Finland and Sweden to join Germany in the development of the indicator. The German national indicator is based on a straight-forward and pragmatic approach. For future assess- ments as well as for an analysis of the natural conditions and the reasons for not reaching GES, more detailed information on the areal extent and duration of oxygen deficiency is needed on a regional basis, as is information on the natural and man-made components of oxygen deficiency. This may be more than a national project can accomplish. Thus, a dedicated HELCOM oxygen project to be applied for under the EU MSFD 2018 project call (regional priority 2) would be helpful. The work would improve the understanding of the regional conditions as well as the reasons why the Baltic Sea cannot reach GES by 2020. Action requested The Meeting is invited to take note of the report and make use of the information in the further discussion. Page 1 of 14 STATE & CONSERVATION 8-2018, 3J-19 National Indicator: Near-bottom oxygen concentration in the Baltic Sea (Draft) Summary of results Figure 1: Assessment of near-bottom oxygen concentration in the Baltic Sea between 2011 and 2016. The chart shows results for the reporting units (coastal water bodies pursuant to the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and German parts of the HELCOM sub- basins in the open Baltic Sea) and for the respective monitoring stations. From 2011 to 2016 near-bottom oxygen concentrations in coastal waters exceeded the threshold values in 31 out of a total of 45 water bodies. This means that good environmental status (GES) was achieved for this indicator in around 70% of water bodies, corresponding to an area of 3,425 km² or 81.4% of WFD coastal waters. In the national open Baltic Sea (territorial waters and EEZ) assessment units, GES was not achieved in Kiel Bay and Bay of Mecklenburg. However, threshold values were met at the majority of open sea stations in Arkona and Bornholm Basin. Thus 62.6%, an area equivalent to 7,075 km², of the German open sea assessment units showed good status with regard to bottom oxygen. In terms of the German Baltic Sea waters as a whole, GES was achieved for the indicator "near-bottom oxygen concentration" on 67.7% of the total area of 15,518 km². The national indicator is applicable and operational for all German coastal and marine waters of the Baltic Sea and can be used for other Baltic Sea areas too. However, to date there are no coordinated regional Page 2 of 14 STATE & CONSERVATION 8-2018, 3J-19 threshold values for this indicator, which has also been discussed in HELCOM. This means that national targets have to be used in order to assess the criterion D5C5 laid down in Commission Decision 2017/848/EU with regard to eutrophication. The HELCOM indicator "oxygen debt" is aimed at assessing the deep basins and, apart from the Bornholm Basin area, cannot be applied to the German parts of the Baltic Sea. Scientific relevance of the indicator The decomposition of organic matter, which occurs particularly near the sea floor, consumes oxygen. Vertical and horizontal mixing processes ensure an inflow of oxygen-rich water, as long as the mixing is not impaired by vertical stratifications or sea-floor sills. Insufficient oxygen concentration, however, has adverse effects on the fauna and flora and can even, depending on the oxygen tolerance of the species affected, cause entire benthic communities to die off. Organisms which live in the water column also depend on adequate oxygen concentrations in the deeper waters. This is also true of species such as the Atlantic cod, whose eggs sink down to lower depths. Low oxygen concentrations in the deep basins of the Baltic Sea can occur naturally in near-bottom waters, but it must be assumed that this is exacerbated by the eutrophication of the Baltic Sea. Near-bottom oxygen deficiency can also be found in shallow waters, especially where there is stable seasonal stratification. However, in areas, which do not usually have stable seasonal stratification, oxygen deficiency should be seen as a warning sign of excessive nutrient pollution. Policy relevance of the indicator Table 1: Relationship of the indicator to the descriptors set out in the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and associated criteria, other directives and to the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan MSFD descriptors and criteria WFD quality elements HELCOM Baltic Habitats Directive (QE) Sea Action Plan Primary connections: General physico- Eutrophication chemical and chemical segment (goal: A D5 – Human-induced eutrophication QE; Baltic Sea unaffected by D5C5 – The concentration of dissolved oxygen is not reduced, due to Macrozoobenthos; eutrophication) nutrient enrichment, to levels that indicate adverse effects on benthic habitats (including on associated biota and mobile species) or other Macrophytes/angio- eutrophication effects. sperms Secondary connections: Biodiversity Favourable segment (goal: conservation D1 – Biological diversity of species and habitats; area: benthic habitats Favourable status of benthic conservation habitats and D6 – Sea-floor integrity status of Baltic species D6C5 – The extent of adverse effects from anthropogenic pressures Sea biodiversity) on the condition of the habitat type, including alteration to its biotic and abiotic structure and its functions (e.g. its typical species composition and their relative abundance, absence of particularly sensitive or fragile species or species providing a key function, size structure of species), does not exceed a specified proportion of the natural extent of the habitat type in the assessment area. Page 3 of 14 STATE & CONSERVATION 8-2018, 3J-19 The indicator primarily serves to assess eutrophication pursuant to the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD) and in the context of the HELCOM Baltic Sea Action Plan. It supports the biological assessment under the Water Framework Directive (WFD) and highlights any deficiencies in the quality of benthic habitats and their biotic communities in line with the assessments required under the MSFD and the Habitats Directive. Note for citation of results: Carstens, M., Weber, M. v., Petenati, T., Kuß, J. (2018): Indicator report Near-bottom Oxygen Concentration, draft as of 30 April 2018. Download http://www.meeresschutz.info/oeffentlichkeitsbeteiligung.html?file=files/meeresschutz/berichte/art8910/ zyklus18/doks/indikatorblatt/IB_Ostsee_Bodensauerstoff.pdf. National indicator for the assessment of coastal and marine waters for updating the initial assessment pursuant to the MSFD (2nd reporting cycle); developed by the national Expert Working Groups on Eutrophication, Nutrients, Plankton (EuNäP) and on Benthos under the lead responsibility of M. Carstens & M. v. Weber. Contact: Wera Leujak, Federal Environmental Agency (UBA); Annika Grage, Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency (BSH); Marina Carstens, Ministry of Agriculture and the Environment, Mecklenburg- Vorpommern Data Originators: Mario v. Weber, State Office for Environment, Nature Conservation and Geology (LUNG, data Mecklenburg-Vorpommern); Thorkild Petenati & Hannah Lutterbeck, State Office for Agriculture, Environment and Rural Areas (LLUR, data Schleswig-Holstein); Joachim Kuß, Leibnitz Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde (IOW, data Federal Maritime and Hydrographic Agency and IOW) Page 4 of 14 STATE & CONSERVATION 8-2018, 3J-19 Results of the assessment of near-bottom oxygen concentration From 2011 to 2016 near-bottom oxygen concentrations in water bodies of the coastal waters exceeded the threshold values in 31 out of a total of 45 water bodies (Fig. 1, Table 2). This means that GES was achieved for this indicator in around 70% of water bodies, corresponding to an area of 3,425 km² or 81.4% of WFD coastal waters. The threshold values were not achieved on 18.6% of the area. The inner coastal waters show the worst results (Wismar Bight, Flensburg Fjord, inner Kiel Fjord, Deep Eckernförder Bight, Untertrave). However, some waters on the outer coast also fail to meet the threshold values (e.g.
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