DOCSLIB.ORG

PLASMA WAVES How Exploiting the Constructive Interference of Plasma Waves Could Contribute to the Next Generation of Particle Accelerators

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
PLASMA WAVES How Exploiting the Constructive Interference of Plasma Waves Could Contribute to the Next Generation of Particle Accelerators Spring 2018, Number 12 Department of Physics Newsletter PLASMA WAVES How exploiting the constructive interference of plasma waves could contribute to the next generation of particle accelerators THIN FILM DEVICES Tracking defects in molecular semiconductors SPIN LIQUIDS Finding new materials FINDING NEARBY EXOPLANETS Space-based transit surveys www.physics.ox.ac.uk PROUD WINNERS OF: SCIENCE NEWS SCIENCE NEWS www.physics.ox.ac.uk/research www.physics.ox.ac.uk/research Designer materials a) b) What is a good strategy for finding SPIN LIQUIDS spin liquid materials? We should avoid systems in which interactions favour FROM THEORY TO EXPERIMENT: FINDING NEW MATERIALS a limited number of regular, solid-like Prof John Chalker spin configurations. Instead we require A central aim in condensed matter physics is matter physics for almost half a century. As occurs in the so-called fractional quantum Hall frustration. Then there may be many to understand and classify possible phases of hinted at by the analogies, quantum fluctuations effect. In that instance, electrons (which are classical configurations that provide matter. Everyday examples of such phases are can be large enough in some magnetic systems indivisible particles from the viewpoint of high- equally good compromise solutions to gases, liquids and solids, and we know that nearly to maintain a liquid-like state of spins even at energy physics) break into pieces, each with a the problem of minimising the energy everything becomes solid at sufficiently low zero temperature, and we are now beginning to fraction (one third in the simplest case) of the of the system, and a quantum ground temperature. The sole exceptions to this rule are understand the properties of these spin liquid elementary charge. A second example arises in state that is a superposition of these the two isotopes of helium, in which quantum phases. Progress has been made by theorists using magnetic materials that have one-dimensional different configurations. fluctuations are so large that a crystalline lattice pencil, paper and computers to study simplified arrangements of spins. The geometry makes this Fig 2: Kitaev model on the honeycomb lattice as described in the text. cannot form at ordinary pressures, even at the models, and by experimentalists who synthesise the easiest case to visualise, as explained in the Prof Radu Coldea A fruitful route to frustration is shown absolute zero of temperature. and characterise new materials. box below. We hope that spin liquids will give us in fig 2b. Consider first the interaction many more examples of fractionalisation. The between a pair of spins, and suppose For Ir4+ ions inside edge-sharing cubic additional interactions no longer The features that distinguish a solid from a liquid Spin liquids turn out to be even more interesting search for spin liquids is very much curiosity- that energy is minimised only when octahedra of oxygen ions, as shown in interfere, we expect a spin liquid or gas arise microscopically from the fact that than the remarkable superfluid phases of liquid driven basic physics. It sets out to employ the both are aligned along a specified fig 2a, the strong spin-orbit coupling with fractionalised quasiparticles as its atoms have a fixed arrangement in space. helium (at least in the doting eyes of condensed enormous scope offered by the periodic table axis, as shown in fig 2b (top). Then at the Ir site ensures that the magnetic theoretically predicted. Realising such Alternative phases of matter can be characterised matter physicists!). In particular, we expect of elements and materials science, as a way of either spoiling the co-alignment (fig 2b exchange interaction is firmly linked a phase experimentally would open up by degrees of freedom other than the positions some of them (we now know that there are realising some of the astonishing consequences middle) or aligning along a different to the direction of the electronic completely new avenues to explore and of atoms. In magnetic materials, the relevant many different types) to have what are known as of quantum mechanics. Oxford physicists have What happens axis to the specified one (fig 2b bottom) orbitals making up the Ir-O-Ir bond. manipulate fractionalised phases of degrees of freedom are the orientations of the fractionalised excitations. By this we mean that been at the centre of these international efforts. in a magnetic will cost energy. Frustration arises if Edge-sharing octahedra forming a quantum matter. The current research atomic magnetic moments, or spins. At sufficiently the microscopic constituents of the material – Prof Radu Coldea's group has been concerned material when we take a lattice of such spins, with honeycomb arrangement represent frontier in the field is the exploration of high temperatures, spins in these systems are spins or electrons – correlate their motion with with finding and studying new materials that interactions favouring different axes a very stable structural framework, the phase diagram of candidate Kitaev thermally disordered and the materials are in the one another so strongly that one can no longer quantum are candidate spin liquids [1, 2], while Prof John for different pairs. An example is the found in several layered honeycomb materials as a function of pressure- paramagnetic phase – the magnetic equivalent of a describe the collective behaviour in terms of fluctuations are honeycomb lattice shown in fig 2a, Chalker, Dr Dmitry Kovrizhin and collaborators materials, including Na2IrO3, α-Li2IrO3 tuning, bond-angle deformation via gas. At low temperature, many magnetic materials individual electrons or spins. In effect, the original large? During where the red, green and blue links have done calculations to predict what should be and α-RuCl3, where in the latter the doping or inter-layer intercalations, have ordered arrangements of spin orientations, particles dissolve into a quantum soup and are seen in experiments on these phases [3]. the last few years indicate three competing preferred magnetic ion is Ru3+. or magnetic field tuning, hunting for analogous to the regular positions of atoms in a lost. In their place, when we probe the material some answers directions. signatures of such a spin liquid. crystal. For example, the macroscopic magnetism (for example, using magnetic neutron scattering have taken The materials studied so far develop of a fridge magnet is due to a net alignment of its to make excitations) we find new particles with Models of this type were suggested solid-like magnetic order at low [1] R Coldea, D A Tennant and Z Tylczynski, Phys Rev B 68, shape to this by the Caltech physicist Alexei Kitaev atomic magnetic moments. quantum numbers corresponding to fractions of 134424 (2003). temperatures, thought to be stabilised the original constituents. question, which and they turned out to be exactly [2] A Biffin, R D Johnson, I Kimchi, R Morris, A Bombardi, by additional interactions that co- Fig 3 (below): a) Counter-rotating What happens in a magnetic material when J G Analytis, A Vishwanath and R Coldea, Phys Rev Lett 113, has loomed solvable. At first, they seemed simply exist with a dominant frustrated spiral magnetic order in the 3D quantum fluctuations are large? During the last At present, physicists have only a few fully 197201 (2014). over condensed to be theorists’ toys, amenable to a exchange. The ordering patterns are honeycomb lattice in -Li IrO few years some answers have taken shape to this certified examples of phases of matter that show [3] J Knolle, D L Kovrizhin, J T Chalker and R Moessner, beautiful mathematical analysis, but γ 2 3 matter physics rather unusual: see fig 3a. They give stabilised by Kitaev interactions question, which has loomed over condensed fractionalisation. Perhaps the most spectacular Phys Rev Lett 112, 207203 (2014). far from reality. Remarkably, however, for almost half a direct evidence that Kitaev interactions [2]. b) X-ray diffraction data on two it turns out that transition metal ions century. indeed exist in nature and stabilise different magnetic Bragg peaks with strong spin orbit interaction may unconventional magnetism. If we used to deduce the magnetic Fractionalisation: splitting the electron have the key ingredients to realise such can modify the materials or the structure in a) (solid lines are fits to physics. In some types of quantum matter, new excitations or quasiparticles experimental conditions so that the model). can emerge, which are quite different from the original building blocks. This is most easily pictured for a one-dimensional quantum antiferromagnet. Magnetic materials host atomic magnetic moments, a) b) which arise from orbital currents of electrons and from the intrinsic magnetic moments of electrons. In a one-dimensional version of such a material these moments – known as spins – are arranged in well- separated chains. Interactions between neighbouring spins within a chain favour opposite alignment, and interactions between spins in different chains are negligible. The ground state for a system of this type is shown (schematically!) as the top row of fig 1a. Adding energy to the system, we can reverse one of the spins, as depicted in the Fig 1: a) Ground and excited states of a spin-1/2 antiferromagnetic middle row of fig 1a. Contrary to the obvious expectation, this process chain. b) Inelastic neutron scattering from pairs of spin-1/2 spinons generates not one excitation, but two independent ones. These in Cs2CuCl4 [1]. excitations, known as spinons, are not the reversed spin (coloured red in fig 1a), but rather the domain walls between parallel spins row of fig 1a. These excitations have been observed in the material Fig 3 data were collected using instrumentation at (pink planes in fig 1a). Two of these are created when a single spin is Cs2CuCl4 using inelastic neutron scattering. Some of the resulting reversed; by inserting a segment of reversed spins, the two spinons data appear in fig 1b, which shows the response of the material as a the Diamond synchrotron can be separated without energy cost, as illustrated in the bottom function of the energy and momentum transferred to it.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • 3-Fermion Topological Quantum Computation [1]
    3-Fermion topological quantum computation [1] Sam Roberts1 and Dominic J. Williamson2 1Centre for Engineered Quantum Systems, School of Physics, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia 2Stanford Institute for Theoretical Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA I. INTRODUCTION Topological quantum computation (TQC) is currently the most promising approach to scalable, fault-tolerant quantum computation. In recent years, the focus has been on TQC with Kitaev's toric code [2], due to it's high threshold to noise [3, 4], and amenability to planar architectures with nearest neighbour interactions. To encode and manipulate quantum information in the toric code, a variety of techniques drawn from condensed matter contexts have been utilised. In particular, some of the efficient approaches for TQC with the toric code rely on creating and manipulating gapped-boundaries, symmetry defects and anyons of the underlying topological phase of matter [5{ 10]. Despite great advances, the overheads for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation remain a formidable challenge. It is therefore important to analyse the potential of TQC in a broad range of topological phases of matter, and attempt to find new computational substrates that require fewer quantum resources to execute fault-tolerant quantum computation. In this work we present an approach to TQC for more general anyon theories based on the Walker{Wang mod- els [11]. This provides a rich class of spin-lattice models in three-dimensions whose boundaries can naturally be used to topologically encode quantum information. The two-dimensional boundary phases of Walker{Wang models accommodate a richer set of possibilities than stand-alone two-dimensional topological phases realized by commuting projector codes [12, 13].
    [Show full text]
  • Autumn Department of Physics Newsletter Issue
    Autumn 2018, Number 13 Department of Physics Newsletter BEECROFT BUILDING OFFICIAL OPENING BEAUTIFUL HIGGS BOSON DECAYS MAGNETIC PINWHEELS EXTREME BEAM CONTROL COSMIC SHOCKS IN THE LABORATORY PEOPLE, EVENTS AND MORE www.physics.ox.ac.uk PROUD WINNERS OF: SCIENCE NEWS SCIENCE NEWS www.physics.ox.ac.uk/research www.physics.ox.ac.uk/research BEAUTIFUL HIGGS BOSON EXTREME BEAM CONTROL An Oxford team has succeeded in stabilising the arrival time of a ‘relativistic’ beam of electrons, travelling at almost the speed of light, to 50 femtoseconds. This overcomes one of the major challenges facing the proposed DECAYS Compact Linear Collider (CLIC). On 28 August 2018 the ATLAS and Higgs from the background. These Standard Model, the prevailing theory CMS collaborations announced, with results were used in the final Tevatron of particle physics. If this prediction had a seminar at CERN, the observation of combination, which reached almost turned out to be incorrect, it would have the Higgs boson decaying into pairs of three standard deviations in 2012, not shaken the foundations of the Standard beauty (b) quarks. Both experiments enough for a discovery. Model and pointed to new physics. at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) Instead, this is an important milestone had surpassed the five standard and a beautiful confirmation of the EXPERIMENTAL CONFIRMATION deviations (sigma) mark for this process, so-called 'Yukawa couplings', which in Prof Daniela Bortoletto which is the convention in particle Goethe said: ‘Not art and science the Standard Model give masses to all Head of Particle Physics physics to claim a discovery. Five- serve alone; patience must in the quarks and leptons, the building blocks sigma corresponds to a probability of work be shown.’ It was with patience, of matter.
    [Show full text]
  • Arxiv:1705.01740V1 [Cond-Mat.Str-El] 4 May 2017 2
    Physics of the Kitaev model: fractionalization, dynamical correlations, and material connections M. Hermanns1, I. Kimchi2, J. Knolle3 1Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany 2Department of Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA and 3T.C.M. group, Cavendish Laboratory, J. J. Thomson Avenue, Cambridge, CB3 0HE, United Kingdom Quantum spin liquids have fascinated condensed matter physicists for decades because of their unusual properties such as spin fractionalization and long-range entanglement. Unlike conventional symmetry breaking the topological order underlying quantum spin liquids is hard to detect exper- imentally. Even theoretical models are scarce for which the ground state is established to be a quantum spin liquid. The Kitaev honeycomb model and its generalizations to other tri-coordinated lattices are chief counterexamples | they are exactly solvable, harbor a variety of quantum spin liquid phases, and are also relevant for certain transition metal compounds including the polymorphs of (Na,Li)2IrO3 Iridates and RuCl3. In this review, we give an overview of the rich physics of the Kitaev model, including 2D and 3D fractionalization as well as dynamical correlations and behavior at finite temperatures. We discuss the different materials, and argue how the Kitaev model physics can be relevant even though most materials show magnetic ordering at low temperatures. arXiv:1705.01740v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 4 May 2017 2 CONTENTS I. Introduction 2 II. Kitaev quantum spin liquids 3 A. The Kitaev model 3 B. Classifying Kitaev quantum spin liquids by projective symmetries 4 C. Confinement and finite temperature 5 III. Symmetry and chemistry of the Kitaev exchange 6 IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Kitaev Materials
    Kitaev Materials Simon Trebst Institute for Theoretical Physics University of Cologne, 50937 Cologne, Germany Contents 1 Spin-orbit entangled Mott insulators 2 1.1 Bond-directional interactions . 4 1.2 Kitaev model . 6 2 Honeycomb Kitaev materials 9 2.1 Na2IrO3 ...................................... 9 2.2 ↵-Li2IrO3 ..................................... 10 2.3 ↵-RuCl3 ...................................... 11 3 Triangular Kitaev materials 15 3.1 Ba3IrxTi3 xO9 ................................... 15 − 3.2 Other materials . 17 4 Three-dimensional Kitaev materials 17 4.1 Conceptual overview . 18 4.2 β-Li2IrO3 and γ-Li2IrO3 ............................. 22 4.3 Other materials . 23 5 Outlook 24 arXiv:1701.07056v1 [cond-mat.str-el] 24 Jan 2017 Lecture Notes of the 48th IFF Spring School “Topological Matter – Topological Insulators, Skyrmions and Majoranas” (Forschungszentrum Julich,¨ 2017). All rights reserved. 2 Simon Trebst 1 Spin-orbit entangled Mott insulators Transition-metal oxides with partially filled 4d and 5d shells exhibit an intricate interplay of electronic, spin, and orbital degrees of freedom arising from a largely accidental balance of electronic correlations, spin-orbit entanglement, and crystal-field effects [1]. With different ma- terials exhibiting slight tilts towards one of the three effects, a remarkably broad variety of novel forms of quantum matter can be explored. On the theoretical side, topology is found to play a crucial role in these systems – an observation which, in the weakly correlated regime, has lead to the discovery of the topological band insulator [2, 3] and subsequently its metallic cousin, the Weyl semi-metal [4, 5]. Upon increasing electronic correlations, Mott insulators with unusual local moments such as spin-orbit entangled degrees of freedom can form and whose collective behavior gives rise to unconventional types of magnetism including the formation of quadrupo- lar correlations or the emergence of so-called spin liquid states.
    [Show full text]
  • Some Comments on Physical Mathematics
    Preprint typeset in JHEP style - HYPER VERSION Some Comments on Physical Mathematics Gregory W. Moore Abstract: These are some thoughts that accompany a talk delivered at the APS Savannah meeting, April 5, 2014. I have serious doubts about whether I deserve to be awarded the 2014 Heineman Prize. Nevertheless, I thank the APS and the selection committee for their recognition of the work I have been involved in, as well as the Heineman Foundation for its continued support of Mathematical Physics. Above all, I thank my many excellent collaborators and teachers for making possible my participation in some very rewarding scientific research. 1 I have been asked to give a talk in this prize session, and so I will use the occasion to say a few words about Mathematical Physics, and its relation to the sub-discipline of Physical Mathematics. I will also comment on how some of the work mentioned in the citation illuminates this emergent field. I will begin by framing the remarks in a much broader historical and philosophical context. I hasten to add that I am neither a historian nor a philosopher of science, as will become immediately obvious to any expert, but my impression is that if we look back to the modern era of science then major figures such as Galileo, Kepler, Leibniz, and New- ton were neither physicists nor mathematicans. Rather they were Natural Philosophers. Even around the turn of the 19th century the same could still be said of Bernoulli, Euler, Lagrange, and Hamilton. But a real divide between Mathematics and Physics began to open up in the 19th century.
    [Show full text]
  • Quantum Information Science Activities at NSF
    Quantum Information Science Activities at NSF Some History, Current Programs, and Future Directions Presentation for HEPAP 11/29/2018 Alex Cronin, Program Director National Science Foundation Physics Division QIS @ NSF goes back a long time Wootters & Zurek (1982) “A single quantum cannot be cloned”. Nature, 299, 802 acknowledged NSF Award 7826592 [PI: John A. Wheeler, UT Austin] C. Caves (1981) “Quantum Mechanical noise in an interferometer” PRD, 23,1693 acknowledged NSF Award 7922012 [PI: Kip Thorne, Caltech] “Information Mechanics (Computer and Information Science)” NSF Award 8618002; PI: Tommaso Toffoli, MIT; Start: 1987 led to one of the “basic building blocks for quantum computation” - Blatt, PRL, 102, 040501 (2009), “Realization of the Quantum Toffoli Gate with Trapped Ions” “Research on Randomized Algorithms, Complexity Theory, and Quantum Computers” NSF Award 9310214; PI: Umesh Vazirani, UC-Berkeley; Start: 1993 led to a quantum Fourier transform algorithm, later used by Shor QIS @ NSF goes back a long time Quantum Statistics of Nonclassical, Pulsed Light Fields Award: 9224779; PI: Michael Raymer, U. Oregon - Eugene; NSF Org:PHY Complexity Studies in Communications and Quantum Computations Award: 9627819; PI: Andrew Yao, Princeton; NSF Org:CCF Quantum Logic, Quantum Information and Quantum Computation Award: 9601997; PI: David MacCallum, Carleton College; NSF Org:SES Physics of Quantum Computing Award: 9802413; PI:Julio Gea-Banacloche, U Arkansas; NSF Org:PHY Quantum Foundations and Information Theory Using Consistent Histories Award: 9900755; PI: Robert Griffiths, Carnegie-Mellon U; NSF Org:PHY QIS @ NSF goes back a long time ITR: Institute for Quantum Information Award: 0086038; PI: John Preskill; Co-PI:John Doyle, Leonard Schulman, Axel Scherer, Alexei Kitaev, CalTech; NSF Org: CCF Start: 09/01/2000; Award Amount:$5,012,000.
    [Show full text]
  • Parkin CV and Publication List 11-20-2020
    Curriculum Vitae - Stuart Stephen Papworth PARKIN Nationality Joint United Kingdom and United States Birthdate December 9, 1955 Current address Trothaer Strasse 17c, 06118 Halle (Saale), Germany Education and Employment The Edinburgh Academy (1971-1973) 1973 A levels- Physics, Chemistry and Maths (Grade A); S levels- Chemistry and Maths (Grade 1) 1973 Gold Medal and Academical Club Prize for Dux of School Trinity College, Cambridge (1974- ) 1974 Entrance Scholarship; 1975 Senior Scholarship; 1976 Science Essay Prize; 1977 Research Scholarship 1977 B.A. in Physics and Theoretical Physics (Theoretical Physics Option), class I, comprising class I in parts Ia (1975), Ib (1976) and II (1977) 1979 Research Fellow 2014 Honorary Fellow The Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge (1977-1980) 1977 Research Student in the Physics and Chemistry of Solids Group, headed by Dr. A.D. Yoffe 1980 Ph.D. awarded (April) Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Orsay, Paris (1980-1981) 1980 Royal Society European Exchange Fellowship, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, Université Paris-Sud IBM Almaden Research Center, San Jose, California (formerly IBM San Jose Research Laboratory) 1982 IBM World Trade Fellowship 1983 Adjunct Research Staff Member (January); 1984 Research Staff Member (October) 1999 IBM Fellow (June) 2004-2014 Director, IBM-Stanford Spintronic Science and Applications Center (SpinAps); co-directed by Shoucheng Zhang (Physics) and James Harris (Electrical Engineering), Stanford University Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics and Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg (2014- ) 2014 Alexander von Humboldt Professor, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany 2015 Director, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany, April 1, 2015. 2016-2019 Managing Director, Max Planck Institute of Microstructure Physics, Halle, Germany Degrees B.A.
    [Show full text]
  • Alexei Kitaev, Annals of Physics 321 2-111
    Annals of Physics 321 (2006) 2–111 www.elsevier.com/locate/aop Anyons in an exactly solved model and beyond Alexei Kitaev * California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125, USA Received 21 October 2005; accepted 25 October 2005 Abstract A spin-1/2 system on a honeycomb lattice is studied.The interactions between nearest neighbors are of XX, YY or ZZ type, depending on the direction of the link; different types of interactions may differ in strength.The model is solved exactly by a reduction to free fermions in a static Z2 gauge field.A phase diagram in the parameter space is obtained.One of the phases has an energy gap and carries excitations that are Abelian anyons.The other phase is gapless, but acquires a gap in the presence of magnetic field.In the latter case excitations are non-Abelian anyons whose braiding rules coincide with those of conformal blocks for the Ising model.We also consider a general theory of free fermions with a gapped spectrum, which is characterized by a spectral Chern number m.The Abelian and non-Abelian phases of the original model correspond to m = 0 and m = ±1, respectively. The anyonic properties of excitation depend on m mod 16, whereas m itself governs edge thermal transport.The paper also provides mathematical background on anyons as well as an elementary theory of Chern number for quasidiagonal matrices. Ó 2005 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Comments to the contents: what is this paper about? Certainly, the main result of the paper is an exact solution of a particular two-dimen- sional quantum model.However, I was sitting on that result for too long, trying to perfect it, derive some properties of the model, and put them into a more general framework.Thus many ramifications have come along.Some of them stem from the desire to avoid the use of conformal field theory, which is more relevant to edge excitations rather than the bulk * Fax: +1 626 5682764.
    [Show full text]
  • The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus
    ISSN (Online) 2393-8021 IARJSET ISSN (Print) 2394-1588 International Advanced Research Journal in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 5, Issue 10, October 2018 The Links of Chain of Development of Physics from Past to the Present in a Chronological Order Starting from Thales of Miletus Dr.(Prof.) V.C.A NAIR* Educational Physicist, Research Guide for Physics at Shri J.J.T. University, Rajasthan-333001, India. *[email protected] Abstract: The Research Paper consists mainly of the birth dates of scientists and philosophers Before Christ (BC) and After Death (AD) starting from Thales of Miletus with a brief description of their work and contribution to the development of Physics. The author has taken up some 400 odd scientists and put them in a chronological order. Nobel laureates are considered separately in the same paper. Along with the names of researchers are included few of the scientific events of importance. The entire chain forms a cascade and a ready reference for the reader. The graph at the end shows the recession in the earlier centuries and its transition to renaissance after the 12th century to the present. Keywords: As the contents of the paper mainly consists of names of scientists, the key words are many and hence the same is not given I. INTRODUCTION As the material for the topic is not readily available, it is taken from various sources and the collection and compiling is a Herculean task running into some 20 pages. It is given in 3 parts, Part I, Part II and Part III. In Part I the years are given in Chronological order as per the year of birth of the scientist and accordingly the serial number.
    [Show full text]
  • Highlights of Modern Physics and Astrophysics
    Highlights of Modern Physics and Astrophysics How to find the “Top Ten” in Physics & Astrophysics? - List of Nobel Laureates in Physics - Other prizes? Templeton prize, … - Top Citation Rankings of Publication Search Engines - Science News … - ... Nobel Laureates in Physics Year Names Achievement 2020 Sir Roger Penrose "for the discovery that black hole formation is a robust prediction of the general theory of relativity" Reinhard Genzel, Andrea Ghez "for the discovery of a supermassive compact object at the centre of our galaxy" 2019 James Peebles "for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology" Michel Mayor, Didier Queloz "for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star" 2018 Arthur Ashkin "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for the optical tweezers and their application to Gerard Mourou, Donna Strickland biological systems" "for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics", in particular "for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses" Nobel Laureates in Physics Year Names Achievement 2017 Rainer Weiss "for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the Kip Thorne, Barry Barish observation of gravitational waves" 2016 David J. Thouless, "for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions F. Duncan M. Haldane, and topological phases of matter" John M. Kosterlitz 2015 Takaaki Kajita, "for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that Arthur B. MsDonald neutrinos have mass" 2014 Isamu Akasaki, "for the invention of
    [Show full text]
  • UNIVERSITY of CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Charge and Spin
    UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA RIVERSIDE Charge and Spin Transport in Topologically Non-trivial Solid States A Dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Electrical Engineering by Gen Yin December 2015 Dissertation Committee: Dr. Roger K. Lake, Chairperson Dr. Jing Shi Dr. Alexander Khitun Copyright by Gen Yin 2015 The Dissertation of Gen Yin is approved: Committee Chairperson University of California, Riverside Acknowledgments I would like to express my sincere appreciation to my advisor Prof. Roger K. Lake for the guidance, the assistance and the encourangement through my journey to the degree. I would also like to thank my lab-mates, especially Dr. K. M. Masum Habib, Dr. Darshana Wickramaratne, Dr. Yafis Barlas and Dr. Mahesh Neupane for their help in my research projects. Sincere appreciation goes to my collaborators including Prof. Jiadong Zang, Prof. Jing Shi, Dr. Xiao-ding Cai and Dr. Kwaku Eason for their important contributions to my research projects and kind guidance for my career. Special thanks to my friends for their company and support. The text of this dissertation, in part or in full, is a reprint of the material as it appears in the following journals and/or proceedings: • Journal of Applied Physics [1]. Reprinted with permission from [1]. © [2013] American Institute of Physics. • Applied Physics Review [2]. Reprinted with permission from [2]. © [2014] American Institute of Physics. • Electromagnetic Compatibility, IEEE Transactions on [3]. Reprinted with permission from [3]. © [2015] IEEE • Physical Review B [4]. Reprinted with permission from [4]. © [2015] American Phys- ical Society (APS). The co-author Roger K.
    [Show full text]
  • Vortices and Other Topological Solitons in Dense Quark Matter
    Preprint number: XXXX-XXXX Vortices and Other Topological Solitons in Dense Quark Matter Minoru Eto1, Yuji Hirono2;3;4, Muneto Nitta5y, and Shigehiro Yasui6 z 1Department of Physics, Yamagata University, Kojirakawa 1-4-12, Yamagata, Yamagata 990-8560, Japan 2Department of Physics, University of Tokyo, Hongo 7-3-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan 3Theoretical Research Division, Nishina Center, RIKEN, Wako 351-0198, Japan 4Department of Physics, Sophia University, Tokyo 102-8554, Japan 5Department of Physics, and Research and Education Center for Natural Sciences, Keio University, Hiyoshi 4-1-1, Yokohama, Kanagawa 223-8521, Japan 6KEK Theory Center, Institute of Particle and Nuclear Studies, High Energy Accelerator Research Organization (KEK), 1-1 Oho, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0801, Japan ∗E-mail: [email protected] ............................................................................... Dense quantum chromodynamic matter accommodates various kind of topological solitons such as vortices, domain walls, monopoles, kinks, boojums and so on. In this review, we discuss various properties of topological solitons in dense quantum chro- modynamics (QCD) and their phenomenological implications. A particular emphasis is placed on the topological solitons in the color-flavor-locked (CFL) phase, which exhibits both superfluidity and superconductivity. The properties of topological solitons are dis- cussed in terms of effective field theories such as the Ginzburg-Landau theory, the chiral Lagrangian, or the Bogoliubov{de Gennes equation. The most fundamental string-like topological excitations in the CFL phase are the non-Abelian vortices, which are 1/3 quantized superfluid vortices and color magnetic flux tubes. These vortices are created at a phase transition by the Kibble-Zurek mechanism or when the CFL phase is realized in compact stars, which rotate rapidly.
    [Show full text]