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Ficha País De Malawi OFICINA DE INFORMACIÓN DIPLOMÁTICA FICHA PAÍS Malawi República de Malawi La Oficina de Información Diplomática del Ministerio de Asuntos Exteriores, Unión Europea y Cooperación pone a disposición de los profesionales de los medios de comunicación y del público en general la presente ficha país. La información contenida en esta ficha país es pública y se ha extraído de diversos medios, no defendiendo posición política alguna ni de este Ministerio ni del Gobierno de España respecto del país sobre el que versa. ABRIL 2021 Malawi 1. DATOS BÁSICOS 1.1. Características generales Nombre oficial: República de Malaui Superficie: 118,484 km² Chitipa Límites: Limita con Zambia al noroeste, Tanzania al noreste y Mozambique Karonga al sur, sureste y suroeste no tiene salida al mar. El país cuenta con un impor- TANZANIA tante lago, el Lago Malaui. Población: 17.563.749 habitantes (enero 2019), 49% hombres y 51% mu- jeres (2019). 51% de la población tiene menos de 18 años. Capital: Lilongüe, 989.318 habitantes, 5,6% del total de la población ZAMBIA Rumphi (2019). Otras ciudades: Blantyre (800.264 hab., 5,1% del total), es la capital eco- Mzuzu nómica del país. Otras ciudades son: Mzuzu (221.272 hab., 1% del total) y Zomba (105.013 hab., 0,6% del total) (datos de enero 2019). Lago Malawi Idioma: El inglés es la lengua oficial del país. El chichewa es el idioma Mzimba nacional en todo el territorio, aunque el chitumbuka es la lengua franca del norte del país. Moneda: 1 $ EEUU=783,61 Kwacha malauí (Reserve Bank of Malawi, 15.03.2021) MOZAMBIQUE Religión: Aproximadamente el 80% de la población es cristiana, siendo la Nkhotakota Kasungu Iglesia Católica y la Protestante Presbiteriana las más seguidas. También existen grupos más pequeños de anglicanos, bautistas, evangelistas y ad- ventistas del Séptimo Día. Casi el 13% de la población es musulmana (y creciendo), la mayoría de ellos pertenecientes a las corrientes sunita, qadriya Salima y sukkutu. LILONGÜE Forma de Estado: República presidencialista División Administrativa: El país está dividido en tres grandes regiones (norte, centro y sur), que a su vez se dividen en 27 distritos organizados en aproxi- ma-damente 250 divisiones tradicionales y 110 divisiones administrativas. Ntcheu Nº residentes españoles: 17 (31/01/2021) Día Nacional: 6 de julio Año Independencia: 1964 Zomba Gentilicio: Malauí, malauíes (RAE) Mwanza Blantyre 1.2. Geografía Luchenza Malaui está atravesado de norte a sur por el Gran Valle del Rift, en el fondo del cual se encuentra el lago Malawi, también llamado lago Niassa, que ocupa el 25 por ciento del país y las tres cuartas partes de la frontera orien- tal con Tanzania y Mozambique. El lago Niassa es llamado a veces el lago Nsanje Calendario porque tiene 365 millas de longitud y 52 millas de anchura, 587 ZIMBABUE km y 84 km respectivamente. El río Shire fluye desde el extremo sur del lago, atraviesa Malawi, cruza la frontera con Mozambique y 400 km después se © Ocina de Información Diplomática. Aviso: Las fronteras trazadas no son necesariamente las reconocidas ocialmente. une al río Zambeze. 2 FICHA PAÍS MALAWI La parte occidental de Malawi es una altiplanicie montañosa que sigue pa- Malaui vive fundamentalmente de la agricultura (emplea al 80% de su pobla- ralelamente el valle del Rift de sur a norte; en el sur y el centro, la meseta ción activa) y de la Ayuda Internacional. La estructura económica de Malaui se alza a 900-1.200 m, pero en el norte se encuentra la meseta Nyika, una refleja el bajo nivel de desarrollo económico del país. El 30% del PIB es zona protegida que se adentra en Zambia y supera los 2.000 m, con cima en aportado por el sector primario, la industria representa el 19% y los servicios el monte Nganda, de 2.605 m. Toda la región occidental del lago forma parte un 51%. del ecosistema sabana arbolada de miombo del Zambeze central. Además de recibir sustanciosas donaciones, tanto bilaterales como de or- Al sur de Malaui y el lago Niassa, se encuentra la meseta de Shire, al este ganismos multilaterales, Malaui está acogido actualmente a un programa del río Shire, una alargada altiplanicie de 130 km de longitud con alturas de asistencia financiera del FMI que se ha vio reforzado con asistencia para de 600 a 900 m y cimas en las elevaciones de Thyolo (1.462 m), Ndirande financiar la reconstrucción del país tras el paso del ciclón Idai en 2019 y más (1.612 m) y Chiradzulu (1.773 m). El punto más alto es la meseta de Zom- recientemente, en 2020, con apoyos específicos para afrontar la pandemia ba, de 1.800 m, con extensas matas de cedros, pinos y cipreses.2 Desde la de Covid-19. cima, es posible ver el lago Chilwa, al norte; el río Shire, al oeste, y el macizo de Mulanje, al este, un grupo de montañas aisladas que se eleva desde las Agricultura altiplanicies circundantes del distrito de Chiradzulu y los cultivos de té del distrito de Mulanje, que alcanzan 3.002 m en el pico de Sapitwa, el más La agricultura, la ganadería y la pesca aportan el 30% del PIB. El sector alto del país. primario está caracterizado por un bajo nivel de productividad, vinculando al 85% de la población y generando más del 90% de los ingresos por exporta- Tiene clima tropical cálido con una zona más templada en las montañas del ción. Las granjas pequeñas y de subsistencia representan aproximadamente noroeste, y dos estaciones muy marcadas, una cálida y lluviosa de noviembre el 70% de la producción agrícola total. La agricultura mantiene una fuerte a abril, el verano del hemisferio sur, y otra relativamente fresca y seca de dependencia de las condiciones climáticas, a pesar de contar el país con un mediados de mayo a mediados de agosto. Antes de la estación de las lluvias, área potencialmente irrigable de 407.000 hectáreas. en noviembre, las temperaturas alcanzan un máximo; por encima de 1.000 m de altitud son mucho más suaves. El sur, a menor altitud, padece el clima La mayor producción corresponde al maíz, mientras que el producto agrícola más caluroso. cuya exportación genera mayores ingresos es el tabaco (un 50% de los in- gresos totales de la exportación). Otros cultivos importantes son el azúcar, el En la mayor parte del país, las lluvias oscilan entre 800 y 1.300 mm, algo café y el té. La conocida como “Revolución Verde” que el entonces presiden- más abundantes en el norte y en las laderas del macizo de Mulanje, al sur, te, Bingu wa Mutharika, exportó al Continente africano durante su presiden- donde se superan los 2.000 mm. cia de la Unión Africana (UA) en 2010, tuvo en Malaui significativos resulta- dos que permitieron al país exportar y reducir temporalmente su dependencia 1.3. Indicadores sociales de la Ayuda Alimentaria y Humanitaria internacionales. Sin embargo, debido a los efectos del fenómeno climático de El Niño, con inundaciones en el Densidad de población: 186 hab/ km² (2019) (1) norte del país a principios de 2015, la pertinaz sequía desde entonces y el Población urbana: 17,2% (2020) (2) estrago posterior del Ciclón Idai en 2019, la producción agrícola de Malaui Renta per cápita: $ EEUU 376 (2020) se ha visto seriamente afectada. Coeficiente GINI: 37,30 (2018) Esperanza de vida al nacer: 64,3; mujeres 67,4 y hombres 61,1 (2020) A medio plazo, la mejora en las infraestructuras, principalmente la generación Crecimiento de la población: 2,9% anual (2019) (3) eléctrica y el riego, junto con la diversificación de cultivos y la recuperación Tasa de alfabetismo adulta (15 y más): 62,1 (2020); 81% hombres y 66% tras la crisis pandémica marcarán las posibilidades de lograr una economía mujeres (2018) menos expuesta a la climatología y capaz de alcanzar tasas de crecimiento Tasa mortalidad (por cada 1.000): Mujeres 212 y hombres 325 (2020) de entre el 6% y el 7% del PIB. El establecimiento de un nuevo programa de Tasa bruta mortalidad infantil (por cada 1.000 nacidos vivos): 35,3 recién subsidios - AIP (Affordable Inputs Programme), programa de subsidios para nacidos y 49,7 menores de 5 años (2020) pequeños productores que reemplaza al anterior Programa de Subsidio para Tasa bruta natalidad (por cada 1.000 personas): 36,34 (2017) Insumos Agrícolas, también llamado FISP (Farm Input Subsidy Programme) Tasa de fecundidad: 4,5 (2017) por su ineficiencia-, otorgará más estabilidad a las pequeñas granjas, aunque IDH (puesto): 174/188 (2020) retrasará el objetivo de una agricultura con mayor tamaño medio de sus ex- Usuarios de Internet: 13,8% de la población; mujeres: 5,5% de la población plotaciones más para introducir nuevos cultivos y facilitar un aumento de las femenina (2020) producciones que haga posible una contención en el precio de los alimentos. Fuente: Oficina Nacional de Estadísticas de Malaui, AfDB, Unicef, Banco Mundial, OMS, Economist Intelligence Unit y UNDP Pesca (1) Incremento considerable de la densidad de población: de 138 hab./km2 en el censo de 2008, a 186 hab./km2 en el censo de 2018. La actividad pesquera es importante en la región central del Lago Malaui/ (2) Aproximadamente el mismo porcentaje de hombres que de mujeres en ámbito Nyasa. El sector pesquero emplea a más de 200.000 personas de forma urbano; sin embargo, un porcentaje mayor de mujeres en ámbito rural. directa o indirecta, a pesar de que perdió gran parte de su importancia y (3) La población ha crecido un 35% entre 2008 y 2018, de acuerdo con la Oficina dinamismo exportador durante la década de los ochenta y esta crisis se pro- Nacional de Estadísticas de Malaui (abril 2019).
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