DOCSLIB.ORG

Tyranny Could Not Quell Them

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Tyranny Could Not Quell Them ONE SHILLING , By Gene Sharp WITH 28 ILLUSTRATIONS , INCLUDING PRISON CAM ORIGINAL p DRAWINGS This pamphlet is issued by FOREWORD The Publications Committee of by Sigrid Lund ENE SHARP'S Peace News articles about the teachers' resistance in Norway are correct and G well-balanced, not exaggerating the heroism of the people involved, but showing them as quite human, and sometimes very uncertain in their reactions. They also give a right picture of the fact that the Norwegians were not pacifists and did not act out of a sure con­ viction about the way they had to go. Things hap­ pened in the way that they did because no other wa_v was open. On the other hand, when people acted, they The International Pacifist Weekly were steadfast and certain. Editorial and Publishing office: The fact that Quisling himself publicly stated that 3 Blackstock Road, London, N.4. the teachers' action had destroyed his plans is true, Tel: STAmford Hill 2262 and meant very much for further moves in the same Distribution office for U.S.A.: direction afterwards. 20 S. Twelfth Street, Philadelphia 7, Pa. The action of the parents, only briefly mentioned in this pamphlet, had a very important influence. It IF YOU BELIEVE IN reached almost every home in the country and every­ FREEDOM, JUSTICE one reacted spontaneously to it. AND PEACE INTRODUCTION you should regularly HE Norwegian teachers' resistance is one of the read this stimulating most widely known incidents of the Nazi occu­ paper T pation of Norway. There is much tender feeling concerning it, not because it shows outstanding heroism Special postal ofler or particularly dramatic event§, but because it shows to new reuders what happens where a section of ordinary citizens, very few of whom aspire to be heroes or pioneers of 8 ~e~~ 2s . .6d. resistance, are suddenly faced with terrifying situations (US 13 weeks for :$1) of a kind which they were never trained to meet. i'lease send PEACE NEWS for ........... Those who showed weaknesses will probably never w lhe name and address below. get over it. Those 1-vho found unexpected strength in their hearts will perhaps always feel stronger. I enclo!e £ ...................................... NAME The journey to the camp at Kirkenes and the decisions taken before it exemplifies a kind of test ADDRESS that might be put to anyone anywhere in the years to come. ••••<- c ~r.~~ ~ o ooooooooo ••• •• • ••••• oooooooo oo ci>;c,;;;;.:;~;:ooooo The main lesson seems-to be that people are able PEACE NEWS to stand up for what they believe and find their own 3 Blackstock Rd., london, N."i leaders irrespective of how the military situation develops. PEACE ~lEWS STANDARD RATES It is of great value that Gene Sharp, as a man 3 Blackstock Rd .. London. N.4 Great Britain and Abroad (Sea Mail) from another country and as an experienced specialist Three months 8s .; six monlhs 16s.; one year 30s. AIRMAIL SUBSCRIPTION RATES in studying non-violent resistance, has undertaken to N . Africa and Middle East Three months 8s. 8d.; six months l7s. 4d.; write about the " Kirkenes Journey." His account one year 34~. reveals an intimate knowledge of his subject and an India, South, East and West Africa America and South-East Asia Tiuee months 9s. 9d.; six months 19s. 6d.; ability to concentrate on those aspects which make the one year 38s. journey intensely interesting to those who ask about Austraiia and Far East Three months lOs. 10d.: six months 2ls. 8d.; the potentialities of non-violent resistance in the one year 42s. Air Express Edition future. to US and all parts of America. from our US PROFESSOR ARNE NPESS. Sales Office, c/o American Friends Service Com­ mittee, 20 South Twelfth St., Philadelphia 7, Pa. Institute of Philosophy and the History of Ideas, $5 year, $1 three months' trial. The University of Oslo, 3 Tyranny Could Not Quell Them UNDER ·ocCUPATION By Gene Sharp, M.A. Members of Quisling's Norwegian fascist party- Nasjonal Samling­ are seen during the Nazi occupation of Norway parading through the Assistant Editor, Peace News, 1955-1958, streets of Hamar, a small town about 130 kilometres north of Oslo. Now conducting research on totalitarianism Faced with a Norwegian fascist party backed by Nazi Germany's occupation troops, school teacher Haakon Holmboe carried on his work and non-violent resistance under a stipend in Hamar as the area contact for the Norwegian resistance movement. Mr. Holmboe was one of thousands of Norwegian teachers who from the Institute for Social Research, Oslo. non-violently resisted Quisling's efforts to use them to indoctrinate the youth and organise them as a pilot project in the establishment of the Corporate State in Norway. THE STORY OF NON-VIOLENT He was among about 1,000 of these teachers who were arrested and sent to concentration camps. After the arrests he RESISTANCE BY THE became recognised among them as one of their leaders. With the assistance of Mr. Holmboe the TEACHERS OF NORWAY facts about this dramatic episode in Occupied Europe were gathered for Peace News by Gene Sharp when Assistant UNDER NAZI OCCUPATION Editor, during three trips to Norway. Months in preparation, this true story is of significance for all who are interested AND ITS MEANING FOR in examining non-violent resistance as a method of achieving and defending This account is extensively illustrated UNARMED DEFENCE with rare photographs and with drawings made by imprisoned teachers. Many of these have been made available. 5 for an occupation. They didn't know what to do or how to do it. "In the summer of 1940," Mr. Holmboe told me, "there was no feeling, ' Now we are going to resist. ' " A beginning was made in the autumn of 1940 when "the Quisling government de­ manded that all government employees sign an oath of loyalty to the new regime. Many people refused ; members of the Hird (the Norwegian version of the Gestapo) became belligerent and their be­ haviour caused more people to turn against the regime. That autumn many illegal newspapers were started and were distributed secretly. Mr. Holmboe is seen with his daughter, Mari, wife Lotte, and sons Jon and Jens in In September, 1941, the people were Dece~ber, 1943. He is now rektor (principal) of a high school near Oslo. In ordered to turn in their radio sets. They 1950-51 he spent four months in the United States and two months in England and did so. Later, some small radios were France on a UNESCO fellowship, studying the teaching of human relations in schools. 'muggled in from Sweden for leaders of the resistance. Mr. Holmboe was proud to ..A.. NORWEGIAN policeman carry- these arrests may go down in history as one have been chosen ·to have one of these. ing out the ordel·s of Vidkun of the most courageous and successful Quislin·g's pro-Nazi regime knocked struggles to date against totalitarianism. The resistance developed as a reaction to on the door of the home of Haa!wn the violence of the Quisling regime. "What After the arrest of the teachers, Mr. really helped us in organising resistance Holmboe at 6 a.m. on March 20, 1942. Holmboe became recognised among them groups was the pressure of the Nazis." Mr. H~lmboe, then a teacher in the as a leader in their resistance and also small town of Hamar, about 130 served as an interpreter. Paper .clips kilometres north of Oslo, was u:tder Though not a pacifist, he had read a arrest. I little about Gandhi, and had heard the Eng­ The occupation became harsher, and the lish Quaker. John Hoyland. lecture about resistance be.came mor.e determined. During that morning and the following him in Denmark. The knowledge that "What was done," Mr. Holmboe said. days about 1,000 other teachers were also Gandhi and the Indian people had been arrested all over Norway. They were some able to maintain their struggle non-violently " often seemed ridiculous, but it had th~ effect of uniting all the opposition forces." of several thousand teachers who had and without arms served as a great en­ These were acts which, if ignored by the openly defied Quisling's puppet regime in couragement to him in his difficult authorities, would have had no effect. the Norwegian province of Hitler's Third experiences during the German occupation. Reich. I called on him several times at his home Because the regime reacted so heavily The events which preceded and followed outside Oslo, and this is the story I he<).rd: against them, these little things became important symbols of resistance, he said. For example, people began wearing paper clips in their lapels-a sign of " keep OCCUPATION together," and in classrooms students took to wearing necklaces and bracelets of paper DESPITE the peaceful intentions of lieved strongly in freedom, and knowing at clips. This angered pro-Nazi students. most Norwegians. their country the time no other way to defend it, turned to violence. Such demonstrations were spontaneous was invaded on April 9. 1940. "When and unorganised. the war came we had no choice," The Norwegian military resistance con­ Mr. Holmboe told me. tinued until June 7, but Norway was not Then orders were issued that such able by military means to keep the invader " demonstrations " were forbidden in " People with pacifist ideas were over­ out. The King and Government fled to schools. Mr. Holmboe was one day re­ taken by circumstances, and a new, unex­ London, and Norway began a five-year quested to search the students for paper pected situation." occupation. clips "worn as demonstrations." He did so, beginning with the pro-Quisling students, It was I one of the classic problems pre­ sented to pacifists, he said.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The German-American Bund: Fifth Column Or
    -41 THE GERMAN-AMERICAN BUND: FIFTH COLUMN OR DEUTSCHTUM? THESIS Presented to the Graduate Council of the North Texas State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS By James E. Geels, B. A. Denton, Texas August, 1975 Geels, James E., The German-American Bund: Fifth Column or Deutschtum? Master of Arts (History), August, 1975, 183 pp., bibliography, 140 titles. Although the German-American Bund received extensive press coverage during its existence and monographs of American politics in the 1930's refer to the Bund's activities, there has been no thorough examination of the charge that the Bund was a fifth column organization responsible to German authorities. This six-chapter study traces the Bund's history with an emphasis on determining the motivation of Bundists and the nature of the relationship between the Bund and the Third Reich. The conclusions are twofold. First, the Third Reich repeatedly discouraged the Bundists and attempted to dissociate itself from the Bund. Second, the Bund's commitment to Deutschtum through its endeavors to assist the German nation and the Third Reich contributed to American hatred of National Socialism. TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTRODUCTION... ....... 1 II. DEUTSCHTUM.. ......... 14 III. ORIGIN AND IMAGE OF THE GERMAN- ... .50 AMERICAN BUND............ IV. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE BUND AND THE THIRD REICH....... 82 V. INVESTIGATION OF THE BUND. 121 VI. CONCLUSION.. ......... 161 APPENDIX....... .............. ..... 170 BIBLIOGRAPHY......... ...........
    [Show full text]
  • Krigen Mot Ryssarna I Vin­ Också En Utmarkelse Av Den Fin­ Det Er Imidlertid Tre Artikler Om Program.» Kultur
    Stiftelsen norsk Okkupasjonshistorie, 2014 UAVHENGIG AVIS Nr.6 - 1992 - 41. årgang Finsk godgjøreIse KULTUR ER BASISVARE, til utenlandske IKHESTORMARKEDPRODUKT Jeg har skummet dagens A v Frederik Skaubo med overskrift: Rambo eller krigsdeltagere Morgenblad og bl.a. merket Rimbaud? hvor han angriper Efter 50 år får de svenska sol­ ersattning på knappt 1.500 kro­ meg datoen, 8. mai, som jo så selv om avskaffelse av familien det syn at staten (myndighe­ dater som frivilligt hjiilpte Fin­ nor får alla frivillige utlanningar absolutt gir grunn til ettertanke. var oppført på kommunistenes tene) også har noe ansvar for land i krigen mot ryssarna i vin­ också en utmarkelse av den fin­ Det er imidlertid tre artikler om program.» kultur. Han er såvisst ikke opp­ ter och fortsattningskriget 1939- ska staten. Ersattningen ar mera et annet viktig emne, jeg her fes­ Et fenomen idag er f.eks. at tatt av kultur som identitets­ 45 ekonomisk ersattning. en symbolisk gest av Finland tet meg ved. Hver for seg avkla­ mens Høyre med pondus pro­ fremmende, tradisjonsbevaren­ Det var i samband med det som i år firar sitt 75-års jubi­ rende, tildels avslørende i for­ klamerer en politikk bygget på de, kvalitetsskapende og estetisk årliga firandet av veterandagen i leum. bindelse med vårt kultursyn. De «det kristne verdigrunnlag ... og etisk oppdragende. Nesten Finland som regeringen fattade Framfor allt fOr de ester som er dessuten aktuelle også når vil forholdet for de flestes ved­ mer anarkistisk enn liberal går beslut om att hedra de 5.000 frivilligt deltog i striderna på denne avis kommer ut.
    [Show full text]
  • Oath and Opposition: Education Under the Third Reich
    OATH AND OPPOSITION: EDUCATION UNDER THE THIRD REICH CASE STUDIES What Choices Were Possible? OATH AND OPPOSITION: EDUCATION UNDER THE THIRD REICH CASE STUDIES What Choices Were Possible? 2 Risking Her Life to Protect Her Students 5 Teachers Facilitate Sterilization of Students 9 Teachers Ask Students to Write Letters to Hitler 12 Arrest of Teachers Prompts Nationwide Protests 17 Survivors Recall Their Experiences at School 20 DISCUSSION GUIDE This resource is made possible through the generous support of the David and Fela Shapell Family Foundation. UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM WHAT CHOICES WERE POSSIBLE? During Nazi rule, a struggle to control education policy emerged between the Ministry of Education, the National Socialist Teachers League (NSLB), and the Hitler Jugend. These case studies feature both biographies and primary sources (photographs and documents). Their goals are to: Expand the lens through which we see this history. Identify and examine the challenges and pressures of education in Nazi-occupied Europe (1933–45). Examine classroom experiences in Nazi-occupied Europe (1933–45) to understand what choices were available. Challenge and complicate thinking about collaboration, complicity, and teachers’ role in Teachers and students from the Nos Petits school society today. in Brussels, Belgium. US Holocaust Memorial Museum, courtesy of Olivia Mathis Reflect on our own actions while considering the pressures that affected those who were complicit. UNITED STATES HOLOCAUST MEMORIAL MUSEUM 1 OATH AND OPPOSITION: EDUCATION UNDER THE THIRD REICH RISKING HER LIFE TO PROTECT HER STUDENTS JEANNE DAMAN was born into a Belgian Catholic family in 1919. When World War II began, she was a young Roman Catholic schoolteacher in Belgium.
    [Show full text]
  • Program Høsten 2020
    PROGRAM HØSTEN 2020 Generelt for høstens arrangementer gjelder at vi må tilpasse oss gjeldende smittevernregler. Dette kan gi begrensinger i antallet deltakere på hvert arrangement. Vi må derfor ha forhåndspåmelding til alle innendørs arrangement. Ved behov for begrensing vil medlemmer som har betalt kontingent for 2020 bli prioritert. Medlemmer vil bli prioritert etter når de har meldt seg på og, der det er aktuelt, har forhåndsbetalt deltakeravgiften. 1. september kl. 18.00 Årsmøte. Sted: Venskaben, Asker. Etter ordinært årsmøte holder forfatter og lokalhistoriker Trygve Christensen foredraget” Milorg i Asker og Bærum”. Milorg ble tidlig organisert i Asker og Bærum under distrikt 13, og Christensen forteller om aktivitet, omfang og utfordringer for virksomheten. Påmelding til Eva Holo Kostveit, e-post: [email protected] tlf. 902 58 222. 5. september kl. 12.00 Medlemsarrangement. Sted: Grinimuseet. «Grini fangeleir- 75 år etter frigjøringen». Fremmøte ved Grini museum. Fagforedrag om Grini fangeleir og omvisning i museet ved formidler Søren Aagaard Rasmussen og et musikalsk innslag med Grinisanger av Per Vollestad. Max antall deltakere 50 personer. Deltakerpris for medlemmer kr 200,- *) og for ikkemedlemmer kr 250,-. Påmelding med forhåndsbetaling til: Marit Sørnæs, epost [email protected] tlf. 916 49 996. Forhåndsbetaling merket ”Grini” til konto nr. 1627 07 25639 eller Vipps nr. 12239 senest 1. september 2020. 19. september kl. 12.00 Vandring: Ankerveien. Frammøte parkeringsplassen ved Øverland. Vandring langs veien fra Øverland til Fossum med orientering om kulturminner langs veien. Ankerveien ble bygget i 1791 – 93 og gikk opprinnelig fra Hammern i Maridalen til Bærums verk. Vi setter opp returbuss fra Fossum. Egenandel for returen, kr 50,-, kreves inn på bussen.
    [Show full text]
  • Nasjonal Samlings Ideologiske Utvikling 1933- 1937
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by NORA - Norwegian Open Research Archives “Ja takk, begge deler” - en analyse av Nasjonal Samlings ideologiske utvikling 1933- 1937 Robin Sande Masteroppgave Institutt for statsvitenskap UNIVERSITETET I OSLO 12. desember 2008 1 Forord Arbeidet med denne oppgaven tok til i mars 2008. Ideen fikk jeg imidlertid under et utvekslingsopphold i Berlin vinteren 2007/08. Fagene ”Politische Theorie und Geschichte am Beispiel der Weimarer Republik” og ”Politische Philosophien im Kontext des Nationalsozialismus” gjorde meg oppmerksom på at Nasjonal Samling må ha vært noe mer enn bare vertskap for tyske invasjonsstyrker. Hans Fredrik Dahls eminente biografi om Quisling: En fører blir til, vekket interessen ytterligere. Oppgaven kunne selvfølgelig vært mye mer omfattende. Det foreligger uendelige mengder litteratur både om liberalistisk elitisme og spesielt fascisme. Nasjonal Samlings historie kunne også vært behandlet mye mer inngående dersom jeg hadde hatt tid til et mer omfattende kildesøk. Dette gjelder også persongalleriet i Nasjonal Samling som absolutt hadde fortjent både mer tid og plass. Fremtredende personer som Johan B.Hjorth, Halldis Neegård Østbye, Gulbrand Lunde og Hans S.Jacobsen kunne hver for seg utgjort en masteravhandling alene. En videre diskusjon av de dominerende ideologiske tendensene i Nasjonal Samling kunne også vært meget intressant. Hvordan fortsatte den ideologiske utviklingen etter 1937 og frem til krigen, og hvordan fremsto Nasjonal Samling ideologisk etter den tyske invasjonen? Desverre er dette spørsmål som jeg, eller noen andre, må ha til gode. For å levere oppgaven på normert tid har det vært nødvendig å begrense omfanget av oppgaven.
    [Show full text]
  • 'Art of a Second Order': the First World War from the British Home Front Perspective
    ‘ART OF A SECOND ORDER’ The First World War From The British Home Front Perspective by RICHENDA M. ROBERTS A Thesis Submitted to The University of Birmingham For The Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Art History, Film and Visual Studies School of Languages, Art History and Music College of Arts and Law The University of Birmingham September 2012 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract Little art-historical scholarship has been dedicated to fine art responding to the British home front during the First World War. Within pre-war British society concepts of sexual difference functioned to promote masculine authority. Nevertheless in Britain during wartime enlarged female employment alongside the presence of injured servicemen suggested feminine authority and masculine weakness, thereby temporarily destabilizing pre-war values. Adopting a socio-historical perspective, this thesis argues that artworks engaging with the home front have been largely excluded from art history because of partiality shown towards masculine authority within the matrices of British society. Furthermore, this situation has been supported by the writing of art history, which has, arguably, followed similar premise.
    [Show full text]
  • Vidkun Quisling Dies J for Betraying Norway
    ._ "Thi~upreme ~~~ tommend a reprieve . -Neither could Vidkun Quisling Dies j the- state prosecutor. King Rejects Appeal' "Quisling sent the king a letter In which he pointed out he was in- For Betraying Norway, nocent, but added he did not ask for a reprieve, To4ay; "Mrs . Quisling, however, request- Traitor Executed Firing Squad ed a reprieve on .behalf of` her hus- y band. In a cabinet meeting yester- iffs 'Plea For Ve ency day, the king rejected Mrs . Quis- King Rejects ling's petition for mercy and de- Oslo, Oct. 24.-(AP)-Vidkun Quisling, Norway's arch cided the sentence would be car- was sealed with the collapse last ried out. spring of his one support-German traitor, was executed by a firing squad .before dawn to-day, "Quisling's relatives were noti- military might. paying the final price for dealing with an enemy his king', fied of the execution at 9 a.m. this He drove with six associates to li and countrymen defied throughout the bitter years of the morning ." the Oslo police station in a bullet- secrecy surrounded the execution, a Quisling was sentenced to death pro6f limousine and -surrendered war. The greatest for treason by a high court Sep- May 9. Immediately he was ar- , Foreign Affairs Office spokesman said. tember 10 and his sentence was raigned on a charge of treason.lI,' D Maintains Innocence confirmed October 13, when his Then, as he was later to do at his sI appeal was denied. trial, he maintained that all he had fi Quisling was awakened in his In the done was for the good and rushed quickly before the slightly more than five of Norway.,'! cell years he ruled Norway as Adolf Germans Given Information firing squad of 10 Norwegian mili- Hitler's puppet, the name of Vid- His three-week trial began Aug- tary police .
    [Show full text]
  • Shirt Movements in Interwar Europe: a Totalitarian Fashion
    Ler História | 72 | 2018 | pp. 151-173 SHIRT MOVEMENTS IN INTERWAR EUROPE: A TOTALITARIAN FASHION Juan Francisco Fuentes 151 Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Spain [email protected] The article deals with a typical phenomenon of the interwar period: the proliferation of socio-political movements expressing their “mood” and identity via a paramilitary uniform mainly composed of a coloured shirt. The analysis of 34 European shirt movements reveals some common features in terms of colour, ideology and chronology. Most of them were consistent with the logic and imagery of interwar totalitarianisms, which emerged as an alleged alternative to the decaying bourgeois society and its main political creation: the Parliamentary system. Unlike liBeral pluralism and its institutional expression, shirt move- ments embody the idea of a homogeneous community, based on a racial, social or cultural identity, and defend the streets, not the Ballot Boxes, as a new source of legitimacy. They perfectly mirror the overwhelming presence of the “brutalization of politics” (Mosse) and “senso-propaganda” (Chakhotin) in interwar Europe. Keywords: fascism, Nazism, totalitarianism, shirt movements, interwar period. Resumo (PT) no final do artigo. Résumé (FR) en fin d’article. “Of all items of clothing, shirts are the most important from a politi- cal point of view”, Eugenio Xammar, Berlin correspondent of the Spanish newspaper Ahora, wrote in 1932 (2005b, 74). The ability of the body and clothing to sublimate, to conceal or to express the intentions of a political actor was by no means a discovery of interwar totalitarianisms. Antoine de Baecque studied the political dimension of the body as metaphor in eighteenth-century France, paying special attention to the three specific func- tions that it played in the transition from the Ancien Régime to revolutionary France: embodying the state, narrating history and peopling ceremonies.
    [Show full text]
  • Rik På Historie - Et Riss Av Kulturhistoriens Fysiske Spor I Bærum
    Rik på historie - et riss av kulturhistoriens fysiske spor i Bærum Regulering Natur og Idrett Forord Velkommen til en reise i Bærums rike kulturarv, - fra eldre Det er viktig at vi er bevisst våre kulturhistoriske, arki- steinalder, jernalder, middelalder og frem til i dag. Sporene tektoniske og miljømessige verdier, både av hensyn til vår etter det våre forfedre har skapt finner vi igjen over hele kulturarv og identitet, men også i en helhetlig miljø- og kommunen. Gjennom ”Rik på historie” samles sporene fra ressursforvaltning. vår arv mellom to permer - for å leses og læres. Heftet, som er rikt illustrert med bilder av kjente og mindre Sporene er ofte uerstattelige. Også de omgivelsene som kjente kulturminner og -miljøer, er full av historiske fakta kulturminnene er en del av kan være verdifulle. I Bærum og krydret med små anekdoter. Redaksjonsgruppen, som består kulturminner og kulturmiljøer av om lag 750 eien- består av Anne Sofie Bjørge, Tone Groseth, Ida Haukeland dommer, som helt eller delvis er regulert til bevaring, og av Janbu, Elin Horn, Gro Magnesen og Liv Frøysaa Moe har ca 390 fredete kulturminner. utarbeidet det spennende og innsiktsfulle heftet. I ”Rik på historie” legger forfatterne vekt på å gjenspeile Jeg håper at mange, både unge og eldre, lar seg inspirere til å kommunens særpreg og mangfold. Heftet viser oss hvordan bli med på denne reisen i Bærums rike historie. utviklingen har påvirket utformingen av bygninger og anlegg, og hvordan landskapet rundt oss er endret. Lisbeth Hammer Krog Det som gjør “Rik på historie” særlig interessant er at den er Ordfører i Bærum delt inn i både perioder og temaer.
    [Show full text]
  • Law Reports of Trial of War Criminals, Volume V, English Edition
    REPORTS OF TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS Selected and prepared by THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION, VOLUME V LONDON PUBLISHED FOR THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 1948 Price 5S. od. net. ------~-----~-----~----~--_._-----_.- Oficial PublicatiolJs on THE TRIAL OF GERMAN 11AJOR WAR CRIMINALS AT NUREMBERG H JUDGMENT Judgment of the International Military Tribunal for the Trial of German Major War Criminals: September 30 and October 1, 1946 (Cmd. 6964) 25. 6d. (2s. 3d.) Errata Gratis SPEECHES Opening speeches of the Chief Prosecutors 2s. 6d. (2s. 9d.) Speeches of the Chief Prosecutors at the Close of the Case against the Individual Defendants 35. (3s. 4d.) Speeches of the Prosecutors at the Close of the Case against the Indicted Organisations 25. 6d. (2s. 9d.) PRICES IN BRACKETS INCLUDE POSTAGE II CONTINUED ON PAGE iii OF COVER i: i: __________..-n ----.:; ~__.._ IL LAW REPORTS OF TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS Selected and prepared by the UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION Volume V LONDON: PUBLISHED FOR . THE UNITED NATIONS WAR CRIMES COMMISSION BY HIS MAJESTY'S STATIONERY OFFICE 1948 CONTENTS PAGE FOREWORD BY THE RT. HON. THE LORD WRIGHT OF DURLEY vii THE CASES: 25. TRIAL OF LIEUTENANT - GENERAL SmGERU SAWADA AND THREE OTHERS. United States Military Commission, Shanghai (27th February, 1946-15th April, 1946) 1 A. OUTLINE OF THE PROCEEDINGS 1 1. THE CHARGES 1 2. THE EVIDENCE .. 2 3. THE VERDICT AND SENTENCES 6 B. NOTES ON THE CASE.. 8 1. A PLEA TO THE JURISDICTION OF THE COURT 8 2. DENIAL OF A FAIR TRIAL 10 3".
    [Show full text]
  • The Commune Movement During the 1960S and the 1970S in Britain, Denmark and The
    The Commune Movement during the 1960s and the 1970s in Britain, Denmark and the United States Sangdon Lee Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Leeds School of History September 2016 i The candidate confirms that the work submitted is his own and that appropriate credit has been given where reference has been made to the work of others. This copy has been supplied on the understanding that it is copyright material and that no quotation from the thesis may be published without proper acknowledgement ⓒ 2016 The University of Leeds and Sangdon Lee The right of Sangdon Lee to be identified as Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 ii Abstract The communal revival that began in the mid-1960s developed into a new mode of activism, ‘communal activism’ or the ‘commune movement’, forming its own politics, lifestyle and ideology. Communal activism spread and flourished until the mid-1970s in many parts of the world. To analyse this global phenomenon, this thesis explores the similarities and differences between the commune movements of Denmark, UK and the US. By examining the motivations for the communal revival, links with 1960s radicalism, communes’ praxis and outward-facing activities, and the crisis within the commune movement and responses to it, this thesis places communal activism within the context of wider social movements for social change. Challenging existing interpretations which have understood the communal revival as an alternative living experiment to the nuclear family, or as a smaller part of the counter-culture, this thesis argues that the commune participants created varied and new experiments for a total revolution against the prevailing social order and its dominant values and institutions, including the patriarchal family and capitalism.
    [Show full text]
  • Vassdragsbeskrivelse Nadderudvassdraget 2017.Pdf
    Nadderudvassdraget Gj.snittlig Lengde: 11,7 km Nedbørsfelt: 6,2 km2 130 l/s vannføring*: * = før lukking adderudbekken er den mest brukte betegnelsen Eiksbekken kom fra området mellom Østern gård og N på et forgrenet bekkesystem fra en stor del av Grini gård. Der lå Lille Østernmyr. Vannet fra myra rant området mellom Kolsåsbanen og Griniveien. Den rant dels nordøstover og videre sydøstover som Grinibek- ut i Øverlandselva nedenfor Fossveien og Kvernfossen ken til Lysakerelva og dels sydover som Eiksbekken. på Løkeberg . Den største og lengste grenen, Eiks- Eiksbekken krysset Griniveien i et søkk like øst for par- bekken, kom fra området nord for Griniveien i søkket ken med støtten av Laurits Sand. Bekken fortsetter, mellom Østern gård og Grini gård. Andre grener kom delvis åpen, langs Breskehaugstien. Ved Eiksmarka fra Lønnås og Hosle. Bortsett fra noen mindre par- skole er den blitt lukket til den har krysset under Niels tier langt oppe er bekkene nå borte, lagt i rør. Beskri- Leuchs vei. Så er den igjen åpen langs Bråtastien og velsen av bekkesystemet må derfor stort sett gjøres i videre ned et dalsøkk under Røabanen som går i bro «fortid». Mange steder er det foretatt store inngrep i og Nadderudveien som går på en fylling over bekken. landskapet med fyllinger, skjæringer og bakkeplane- Området rundt den åpne bekken er en liten skogsidyll ring slik at det er vanskelig å forestille seg at det noen tilknyttet Eiksmarka Vel. Det er flittig brukt som tur- og gang har rent en bekk der. gjennomgangsåre for Eiksmarkabeboere. I den sene- re tid er det nedlagt betydelig arbeid for at dette skal bevares som en grønn lunge.
    [Show full text]