Public Disclosure Authorized For Project Proposal by Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province as part of the World Bank Loan Project of The Integrated Economic Development of Small Towns
Pest Management Plan
Public Disclosure Authorized
Public Disclosure Authorized
Entrusted by: South Green Exhibition Park Company Limited Prepared by: Zhongshan City Forest Pest Control Quarantine Station
October 2011 Public Disclosure Authorized
Table of Contents
1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1P ROJECT DESCRIPTION ...... 1 1.2 N ATURAL CONDITIONS OF THE PROJECT AREA ...... 2 1.3 S OCIAL ECONOMIC CONDITIONS ...... 3 1.4 C URRENT STATUS OF THE SUB -PROJECT AREA RELATING TO AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION ...... 4 1.5 IPM C ONCEPT ...... 4 1.6 O BJECTIVES OF IPM I MPLEMENTATION UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 5 2 CURRENT PEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICE IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 6 2.1 M AIN PESTS FOUND IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 6 2.2 P EST AND DISEASE CONTROL METHODS CURRENTLY USED IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 9 2.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF THE CURRENT PRACTICE OF DISEASE AND PEST MANAGMENT ...... 12 3 POLICY AND SUPERVISION FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES ... 14 3.1 P OLICIES OF THE NATIONAL AND PROVINCIAL GOVERNMENTS ON PLANT PROTECTION AND IPM .. 14 3.2 SUPERVISION FRAMEWORK AND INSTITUTIONAL RESPONSIBILITIES ...... 15 3.3 OVERALL EVALUATION OF PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT CAPACITY ...... 16 3.4 P ESTICIDE MANAGEMENT AND DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM AND USAGE OF PESTICIDES ...... 17 4 OVERALL OBJECTIVES OF THIS PMP ...... 20 4.1 O VERALL OBJECTIVES ...... 20 4.2 B ASIC PRINCIPLES AND OBJECTIVES OF PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 20 5 RECOMMENDED MEASURES FOR PEST AND DISEASE CONTROL ...... 22 5.1 P URPOSES OF THE RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 22 5.2M AIN MEASURES RECOMMENDED IN THIS PMP ...... 22 6 PESTICIDE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 27 6.1P ESTICIDES RECOMMENDED FOR USE UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 27 6.2 P ESTICIDE APPLICATION DEVICES FOR USE IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 29 6.3 M ANAGEMENT ON USE OF PESTICIDES UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 29 6.4C APACITY OF PESTICIDE USERS TO HANDLE PESTICIDE WITHIN THE ACCEPTABLE RISK LIMIT .... 30 6.5 E NVIRONMENTAL , P ROFESSIONAL AND HEALTH RISKS ...... 30 6.6 M ANAGERIAL MEASURES TO REDUCE RISKS CAUSED BY PESTICIDE USE IN THE PROJECT ...... 31 7 CAPACITY BUILDING FOR PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT UNDER THE PROJECT 33 7.1 P OLICIES TO BE IMPLEMENTED ...... 33 7.2 O BJECTIVES OF CAPACITY BUILDING ...... 33 7.3 I NFRASTRUCTURE , M ANAGERIAL CAPACITY , I NSTITUTIONAL ARRANGEMENT AND COOPERATION . 34 7.4 O VERALL DESCRIPTION OF TRAINING AND HUMAN RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT ...... 35 7.5 T RAINING TO FOREST FARMERS ...... 35 8. MONITORING AND EVALUATION UNDER THE PROJECT ...... 37 8.1. C ONTENTS OF THE PROJECT MONITORING ...... 37 8.2. C ONTENTS OF MONITORING AND EVALUATION ...... 37 8.3. P LAN OF MONITORING AND SUPERVISION ...... 38 9 COST ESTIMATE ...... 44
ANNEXES:
ANNEX 1. MAIN SPECIES OF PLANTS IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 49
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ANNEX 2 MAIN SPECIES OF PLANTS AND PESTS/DISEASES IN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 53
ANNEX 3 MAIN PESTS/DISEASES IN THE PROJECT AREA AND THE CONTROL MEASURES ...... 56
ANNEX 4 EMERGENCY PREPAREDNESS PLAN TO ADDRESS MAJOR DISEASE/PEST DISASTERSIN THE PROJECT AREA ...... 66
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
FAO—United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization
GB—abbreviation of Guo Biao, refers to National Standards
IPM—Integrated Pest Management
PMO—Project Management Office
PMP—Pest Management Plan
ii 1 Introduction
1.1 Project Description
The project proposed by Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province includes two sub-projects, namely green exhibition parkdevelopment sub-project and decorative lighting industry development service platform and project management sub-project. The first sub- project, consisting of construction of the green exhibition park and development of biological breeding platform, will be located in the South Green Exhibition Park in Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province. The second sub-project will be located in east of Zhongxin Road, to the north of Town government building compound. Implementation of the project will take 3 years. Activities to be accomplished include: construction of the green exhibition park, development of the biological breeding platform, civil work for construction of the project management office, procurement and installation of equipment and facilities, institutional strengthening and capacity building, project management and monitoring and etc.
Implementation of the first sub-project will start with construction of public infrastructure and public service facilities to build a foundation for development of the green exhibition park. Construction of green houses, bridges, roads, water engineering facilities, buildings, ancillary structures and etc. for the green exhibition parkwill provide it withnecessary basic infrastructure for itsdevelopment, provision of modernized mechanical equipment and devicesof a certain amount will strengthen its advancement in equipment and devices and establish its high standards of mechanization, intelligentization and standardization, so that the green exhibition park can be in a leading position in China in terms ofmanagement, production, trading and security. Further development of the green exhibition park can be realized through its holding China (Zhongshan) SouthVirescence Plantlet Expo at regular intervals and use of all possible public relation channels to increase its influences. Development of the biological breeding platform will support development of ornamental flora and fauna germplasm resources nursery and database, development of innovation and research center for nursery stock germplasm of flowers and plants,research and development center for breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals, establishment of demonstration base for large-scale breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals, and control and technical extension center for nutrition, diseases and pests of ornamental animals and plants, etc. Technical advantage of Zhongshan University, the town’s partner, will be utilized to develop breeding and reproduction systems of orchids, Cuora trifasciata (a small water turtle for ornamental purpose) and ornamental fish and other products, so as to establish the highest standards for the industry and provide scientific and technical support and talents for back-end industrialized production and thus drive and facilitate development of rare and precious ornamental animals and plants in Southern China and even in the whole China.
Development of Guzhen Town decorative lighting development service platform will start with a high standard and cover services for all activities ofthe decorative lighting industry, including design, trading, training and testing. Implementation of the sub-project will favor safe, efficient and stable development of decorative lighting industry in Guzhen Town, and will also facilitate combined development of the advantageous industries of decorative
lighting and virescence plantlets and ornamental animals and plants in Guzhen Town, so as to achieve integrated economic, social and ecological benefits.
The project involves construction of the green exhibition park, which relates to agricultural production and consists of activities such as production and trading of virescence plantlets, development of biological breeding platform, ornamental animal and plant germplasm resources nursery and database, development of innovation and research center for nursery stock germplasm of flowers and plants, research and development center for breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals, establishment of demonstration base for large- scale breeding and processing techniques of ornamental animals, and institutional capacity building and etc. Since all these activities relate to pest control and management during project implementation, this PMP is preparedfor the purpose of ensuring smooth project implementation, based on surveys to the project areas and collection of a large amount of data and in compliance with the World Bank’s environmentalassessment procedures for pest management and Forest Pest Control Regulations issued by the State Council.
This PMP follows the principle of “Prevention First, Scientific Control, Rule of Law, HealthPromotion”as stipulated in the Forest Pest Control Regulations and puts forward approaches for control and management of the main animal and plant pests and diseases relating to the project. The proposed approaches advocate natural control of the pests and diseases on the premise of environmental protection, and aim at promoting biological prevention and control or environmental prevention and control by using appropriate techniques in a coordinated way to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides, so as to limit pest damage within a tolerable leveland achieve optimal economic, social and ecological benefits while preventing environmental pollution caused by chemical pesticides.
1.2 Natural Conditions of the Project Area
1.2.1 Location of the Project Area
Guzhen Town is well-known both at home and abroad as “Lighting Capital of China”. Located in the northwest part of Zhongshan City of Guangdong province, Guzhen Town is at the junction of three cities of Guangdong Province, including Zhongshan, Jiangmen and Fushan and adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao.
1.2.2 Hydrological and Meteorological Conditions of the Project Area
Zhongshan City is located in the low latitude zone, with all territory situated in the south of the Tropic of Cancer. It is characterized by sub-tropical zone monsoon climate, with plenty of heat and light resources, abundant rainfall and solar radiation. Total radiant quantity of the city maximizes in July, amounting to 51,141.3 Joule/cm 2 and minimizes in February, amounting to only 23,285.7 Joule/cm 2.Over the years, the sunshine duration averages1843.4hrs., accounting for 42% of the possible annual sunshine duration. The maximal sunshine duration occurred in 1955, totaling 2,392.6 hrs.and accounting for 54% of the possible annual sunshine duration, and the minimal sunshine occurred in 1994, with only 1,448.2 hrs. andaccounting for 33% of the possible annual sunshine duration. Annual average temperature of the city is 22.0 ;its lowest monthly temperature occurs in January,
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being 13.6 ; and highest monthly temperature occurs in July, being 28.5 . Extremely highest temperature of the city is 38.7 , which occurred on July 18 and 19, 2005), extremely lowest temperature is -1.3 , which occurred on January 12, 1955). Being on the verge of the South China Sea, the city has its main water source of precipitation, or the great quantity of moisture brought about by monsoons in summer, and its annual precipitation is 1,791.3mm on average. Disastrous weather events that affect the city include typhoon, rainstorm, low temperature, frost, low temperature and overcast and consecutive rain, drought and thunderstorm.
1.3 Social Economic Conditions
Guzhen Town covers an area totaling 47.8 km 2, consisting of 3 naturally formed villages, namely Guzhen, Caobu and Haizhou. Jurisdictionally, the town includes 12 administrative villages and 1 neighborhood committee, and totally 71 thousand people registered as local residents and 80 thousand people as transient population.
Ever since implementation of national policy of reform and opening to the outside world, Guzhen Town has been gradually evolving from unitary agriculture dominated town to anindustrialized town characterized by regional, featured economy, with decorative lightingand flower and plant seedlings as itsmajor supporting industries.Comprehensive economic and social development in Guzhen Town has brought to it lots of honors, including the honors of “Lighting Capital of China”, “National Level Civilization Town” and“National Level Sanitary Town”, and recognitions as one of the “Nationwide Top 100 Towns for Best Investment Environment”, “Nationwide Top 100 Towns for Best Performance of Afforestation and Virescence”, “First Batch Industrialize Satellite Towns in Guangdong Province”, “Provincial Level Top Towns for Education Promotion”, “Provincial Level Demonstration Area for Agricultural Modernization”, “Provincial Level Demonstration Area for Industrial ClusterUpgrade” and etc. In 2010, the gross output value of industry and agriculture of Guzhen Town totaled RMB 23.653 billion, and GDP totaled RMB 8.77 billion, per capita GDP was RMB 123.3 thousand; national and local tax revenues totaled RMB 960 million, per capita income of farmers was RMB 22,603; at the end of the year, bank balance of the town totaled RMB 15.6 billion, and household savings surplus was RMB 11.7 billion. For many years, the town hasranked forefront place in the whole Zhongshan City in terms of per capita income and deposits held in the banks.
Guzhen Town is one of the conventionaleconomic crop planting zones in Zhongshan City. In recent years, the town increased its investments in agricultural production to improve agriculturalinfrastructure and water engineering works,and also made great efforts in adjusting distribution of agricultural production and agricultural product structure. As a result, an agricultural economic structure with flower and plant seedling plantingas leading industry and good quality aquaculture as supplementary industry has been formed in the town and generated high output, high efficiency and high added value, and the town has become a major production bases for flower and plant seedlings and one of the major markets for such productsin Southern China.In 1999, Guzhen Town was recognized by Guangdong provincial government as one of the Ten Major Demonstration Areas for Agricultural Modernization. Currently, the town has cropping area totaling 21 thousand mu, including 11 thousand mu for flowers and ornamental plants and 300 mu for vegetable
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planting.In 2008, the South Green ExhibitionPark was planned with a total area of about 10 thousand mu, and 3times of China (Zhongshan) South Virescence Plantlet Expo have been successfullyheld in the exhibition park, all of which were widely and highly commended by leaders at all levels and all social circles. Additionally, agricultural production by farmers of Guzhen Town in places outside the town is very prominent, with lots of farmers of the town going to Shenzhen, Zhuhai, Xinhui and Zhanjiang and other places to conduct agricultural production activities. At present, agricultural production area operated by farmers of Guzhen Town in places outside the town totals above 30 thousand mu, which greatly upgradeextension and driving-force impact of agricultural development of Guzhen Town.
1.4 Current Status of the Sub-project Area Relating to Agricultural Production
The sub-project involves agricultural production is the South Green Exhibition Parksub- project. The South Green Exhibition Park covers an area totaling 10,050 mu, including indoor exhibition area of 6,800 m2 in total, mainly for exhibition of landscaping and landscape trees, but also with stands for display of gardening material, pesticides and fertilizers, drainage, irrigationand lighting facilities, and landscaping sketches and elements, etc. The park has the biggest temporary planting base for camphor in Asia, over 2,000 mu of area for exhibition of flowers and trees, as well as Longlinsha flower and tree planting base, which covers6,800 mu of land equipped with ancillary facilities and is the largest landscaping seedling production base in South China. Through two years of planning and construction, all scenery spots in the exhibition areas and ancillary facilities in thepark have become increasingly improved, and the park has attracted investors from abroad, surrounding provinces in South China and renown enterprises in major cities in the Pearl River Delta in Guangdong province, such as Guangdong Weisheng Gardening (Greenhouse) Science and Technology Company Limited, Guangdong Zonglv Gardening Joint Stock Company Limited, Spanish Philip Corporation and other corporations with foreign capital.Nearly 138 enterprises have entered in the park, and the park has become a comprehensive industrial parkwith landscaping seedling industry as the leading industry and bonsai and rare rocks, shady flowers and plants, ornamental fish culture and turtle breeding as supplementary industries.
1.5 IPM Concept
For the purpose of agricultural development, IPM is a strategic approach to pest control and management that consists of closely related 3 stages of implementation, namely prevention, monitoring and interference. It relies on a combination of supplementary agricultural, physical, ecological and chemical practices to effectively reduce or put an end to use of pesticides, so as to reduce pollution caused by chemicals to natural environment and ecosystems.
IPM supported by the project involves the following aspects:
(1) Pest control to manage the damage to the limit of acceptable economic losses, instead of exterminating all pests and diseases;
(2) Utilizing as much as possible non-chemical means to maintain a low level of pest
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population;
(3) When it’s necessary to use pesticides, selection of the variety and application method should ensure that hazardous impacts on beneficial organisms, human beings and eco- environment can be reduced as far as possible.
1.6 Objectives of IPM Implementation under the Project
Implementation of IPM will make it possible to change the current practice of input and application method of agro-chemicals (chemical fertilizers, pesticides) in the production/culture processes of seedlings, ornamental fish and turtles. The Project will attend to the potential negative impacts caused by change of input and application method of agro- chemicals, and will mitigate them by introducing to the enterprises in the park more effective agro-chemicals and application techniques. Meanwhile, through introduction and demonstration of more environmentally friendly IPM techniques, the Project will help to enlarge planting/culture areas of seedlings, ornamental fish and turtles, improve quality and outputs of the forestry and aquatic products, so as to increase incomes of the enterprises that have entered in the park.
Under the Project, this PMP will be implemented in the green exhibition park sub-project area through vigorously promoting use of forest culture and management, physical and biological methods to control pests and diseases, so as to reduce reliance of seedlingsproduction and ornamental fish and turtle culture on agro-chemicals and thus pollution to the products and natural eco-environment. Therefore, preparation of this PMP is very much necessary.
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2 Current Pest Management Practice in the Project Area
2.1 Main Pests Found in the Project Area
2.1.1 Current Status of Seedling Planting and Predictable Main Pests
Nanfang Green Exhibition Park is anindustrial park with trade as the major operation and production as supplementary activity. The enterprises in the park mainly conduct temporary planting of seedlings transported from their own production bases or outsourcedseedlings in the park, and selling of the living seedlings. The seedlings won’t be kept for long duration in the park. Currently, the park has over 300 kinds of seedlings regularly planted, as shown in Appendix 1. There are altogether over 400 kinds of pests predictable (see Appendix 2 for details), including 6 kinds of quarantine pests, such as Brontispa longissima,Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, Quadrastichus erythrinae, Mikania micrantha, Solenopsis wagneri,Opogona sacchari Bojer.
2.1.2 Current Status of Ornamental Fish and Testudinate Culture and Predictable Pests
There are mainly 7 kinds of ornamental fish in the Green Exhibition Park, includingCyprinidae, Tetra, Aphyosemion, Cichlaidae, Anabas testudineus, Hornpout and other ornamental fish (see Table 2-1 for details). Main culture varieties of Testudinate include Platysternidae, Emydidae, Testudinidae, Cheloniidae, Dermochelyidae and Trionychidae, etc., as shown in Table 2-2.Due to reasons relating to pond environment, water quality, feed and own conditions of the fish and turtles, diseases would occur at any stages of the culturing process, the disease and control methods are shown in Table 2-3.
Table 2-1 Main Varieties of Ornamental Fish Name of No. Varieties Family Golden carp, Danio rerio, leopard cheeta, Danio rerio, Big zebra fish, Rose bartlos, Double Color labeo, Red tail black shark, Red fin labeo, Rainbow shark, Black fin 1 Cyprinidae Balantiocheilosmelanopterus, Scaly Four Brotula, Side Line Four Brotula, Puntius tetrazona Chubby Pleco, cowfish, Rasbora heteromorph Duncker, Red stripe rasbora Quasi labiodental tetra,labiodental tetra, Eye spot line half characin, Moenkhausia sanctaefilomenae, Red eye fish, Glass bloodfish, Astyanaxscabripinnis,Rose Tetra, Red dot 2 Tetra tetra, Dotted tetra, Congo tetra, Silver dollar tetra, Black pacu, Flag tail lip tetra, Gasteropelecidae 3 Aphyosemion Guppy, Broadtail, Swordtail, Spot Swordtail Angel fish, Disc Cichlids, Malawi gold porgy, Minefield butterfly color cichlid, A color's butterfly cichlid, Eye spot star Cichlids, Green crown, Brinell tilapia, Solemn Cichlids, Crater Cichlids, 4 Cichlaidae Blue point Cichlids, Grand head Cichlids, plena fish, Beautiful Cichlids, Crown with Cichlids, - Electric yellow cichlid, Blood parrot fish, Colorful porgy Anabas Luo Betta, Silk foot thick perch, Nile perch, Pearl Gourami,Three star 5 testudineus Gouramis Osphronemus goramy Hypostomus multiradiatus, Quasi wide mouth catfish, Red tail catfish, Glass catfish, Crystal 6 hornpout Bardeen
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Scleropages formosus Dragon fish, Red dragon fish , Osteoglossum ferreirai Silver Other 7 Ornamental Arowana, Silver Belt , Chitala chitala, Fine scale quasi tripletail, archerfish, Lepomis Fish cyanellus, Gold gyrinochelilus aaynonieri, Potamotrygon motoro, Arapaima, Cuban Gar, Longnosed Elephant Fish, Rainbow fish
Table 2-2Main Varieties of Testudinate in the Park No. Name of Family Categories Varieties 1 EmydidaePlatysternidae Platysternon Platysternon megalorcephalum Chinemys Big head turtle, black neck turtle, turtle Cistoclemmys Chinese box turtle, Flower back box turtle Yellow head box turtle, McCord’s box turtle, Golden Cuora coin turtle, Yunnan box turtle, Zhou’s box turtle Cyclemys Asian leaf turtle 2 Emydidae Geoemyda Geoemyda spengleri Mauremys japonica Mutica turtlebr Ocadia Chinese stripenecked turtle Pyxidea Pyxidea mouhotii Sacalia bealei Beal’s eyed turtle, Four eyed turtle Testudo graeca Central Asian Tortoise 3 EmydidaeTestudinidae Cherisin angulata Elongated tortoise Manouria Impressed tortoise Caretta Loggerhead turtle Chelonia Sea turtle 4 EmydidaeCheloniidae Hawksbill turtle Hawksbill turtle Lepidochelys Olive ridley sea turtle Emydidae 5 EmydidaeDermochelyidae Leatherback turtle leatherback turtle Palea Mountain Trionyx Trachemys Loggerhead turtle 6 Trionychidae Trionyx Trionyx sinensis Rafetus Refetus swinhoei
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Table 2-3 Main Disease and Control Methods of Ornamental Fish and Testudinate Categories Main Diseases Prevention and Control Methods Soak in malachite green (0.2ppm 0.4ppm) Soak in formalin ( 0.5ppm) Saprolegniasis Put sick fish in a small pond filled with a mixture of table salt (400ppm 500ppm) and Sodium bicarbonate (400ppm 500ppm). Soak in bleaching powder (1ppm) Soak in furacilin (1.5ppm 2ppm) Fin rot Soak in erythrocin (0.3ppm) Splash copper sulfate (0.5ppm 0.7ppm) in fish pond. Soak in furazolidone (0.1ppm 0.7ppm) and mix feed with oxytetracycline Enterritis Orally feed with furazolidone (1g 2g/100kg) for 3 consecutive Ornamental days, Fish Mash a small amount of garlic and put and add into feed for 3 consecutive days. Use caution in feeding to avoid injury of fish body; Red skin disease Use bleaching powder (1g/liter) in outdoor pond to prevent and control the disease; Use furan medicine (10mg liter) to soak and wash fish body. Use furacilin (1ppm); Put in water with table salt (0.5%) and stop feeding for 2 days, and then use sulfadiazine (0.6g/per fish) in feed; Leprnorthsis Soak in table salt (2%) for 10 minutes; Soak and wash using erythrocin (2.0ppm 2.5ppm) for 30 min. 50 min. ~ Intramuscular injection using aureomycin, chloramphenicol and etc.(150 thousand U/kg), and injection site is between hind leg base and Testudinate Red neck disease sternum at depth of 1.5cm; Replacement method: immune vaccine made from liver or spleen of sick turtle (100ml/kg). ~ Sterilize pond with sick turtle usingsolution of formalin (100 mg/l ) or malachite (2 mg/l); Saprlegniasis ~ Soak sick turtle using malachite (100 mg/l) for 15 min.; ~ Mix feed with antibiotics and sulfanilamides. After have removed thefocus of infection part, applyChlorotetracycline oculentum one time each day. If the sick turtle takes feed, add Ulcerate disease oxytetracycline in feed; if it has stopped taking food, apply aureomycin to its infected part and isolate it from others. Avoid putting it in water to aggravate the sickness. Only put it in pond after its recovery.
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Prevention is the first thing. It is a must to apply fertilizer in pond and maintain certain degree of fertility, so as to restrain mold. Need to take cautions in all practices to avoid injury of turtle body. Sunshine platform Mucormycosis needs to be constructed in the pond to allow the turtle of bask and dry shells, so as to effectively prevent moldparastisu. Apply sulfanilamide ointment to sick turtle. Use antibiosis medicines, i.e. sulfanilamide (0.2g/kg as per weight) to mix with feed, and make the sick turtle to finish the feed to achieve therapeutic Hemorrhage effect; or use oxytetracycline (7.5g/100kg as per weight) to mix with feed; or use other antibiotics. ~ Avoid high-density temporary culture and pile up of the turtles in transportation process; Sternite red and ~ swollen disease Rinse or apply the sick turtles usingmalachite green solution (1mg/l); ~ Inject 150 thousand U/kg of antibiotic. ~ Ade Vitamin E in feed; Shothole disease ~ Dip in bleaching powder solution. Branchial gland Isolate the sick turtles once found, to avoid spread of the disease; adenitis Thoroughly disinfect the pond using bleaching powder (200mg/l). Soak the sick turtle in copper sulfate (8mg/l) or potassium permanganate Parasitic disease (20mg/l) for 30 minutes to remove ectozoa. Feed-related Avoid use of deteriorate feed, add vitamin E in feed, preferable use eel diseases feed. Disease relating to Replace water in the entire pond and the turtles will recover in about 10 deterioration of water days. quality Before putting turtles in pond in winter, use bleaching powder solution Death in hibernation (100mg/l) to disinfect the pond and then drain water out, dry and solarize period the pond, improve sedimentat the bottom of the pond. Reinforce dykes of the pond, conduct frequent check and plug holes and Pests and enemies cracks; cast proper amount of pesticides around the spawning ground of to turtles the turtles to prevent against damage to eggs by ants. Additionally, heighten the fence walls and raise dogs to prevent theft.
2.2Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used in the Project Area
2.2.1 Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used for Seedlings, Ornamental Fish and Testudinates
2.2.1.1 Pest and Disease Control Methods Currently Used for Seedlings
Use of chemical pesticides is the main measure currently used in the project area to control pests and diseases of seedlings. The types and usage amounts of pesticides used in the project area is listed in Table 2-4.
2.2.1.2 Types and Usage Amounts of Pesticides and fungicides Used in the Project Area for Control of Pests and Diseases of Seedlings
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Table 2-4 Types and Usage Amounts of Pesticides and Fungicides Used for Control of Pests and Diseases of Seedlings Pests and Types of Pests and Types of Pesticides and Fungicides Usage Amounts/year Diseases Diseases Rust, anthracnose, leaf Chlorothalonil, carbendazim, mildothane, Diseases spot, leaf blight, stem rot, 200 Boxes of each type triadimefon, chloroisobromine cyanuric acid etc. Chilades pandava Supracide 200 Boxes of each type Mmesoneura rufonota 200 Boxes of each type Daotech, phoxim Rohwer Autumn maple leaf cicada Imidacloprid, DDVP, heterophos 2000 200 Boxes of each type Quadrastichus erythrinae DDVP 200 Boxes of each type Banian thrip Imidacloprid 200 Boxes of each type Stem pests Dursban 200 Boxes of each type Pests Subbterranean pests Abamectin, carbofuran 200 Boxes of each type Defoliators Dipterex, DDVP 200 Boxes of each type Glyphosate, butchlor, paraquat, 200 Boxes of each type Harmful plants fenoxaprop pethyl Flolimat, rogor, difenoconazole, 200 Boxes of each type emamectin benzoate, acetamiprid Other pests Mospilan, colloidal sulfur, cymbush, Glyphosate,Yunfu, etc.
2.2.1.3 Pest and Disease Control Methods for Ornamental Fish and Testudinates
Measures currently used in the project area for control of pests and diseases of ornamental fish and testudinates are shown in Table 2-3.
2.2.2 Types of Pesticides for Use of Pest and Disease Control
(1) Organic pesticides: also called organic synthetic pesticides, artificially synthesized using organic synthesis materialsincluding benzene, alcohol, fatty acids and organic amine. Depending on composition, chemical pesticides can be classified as organochlorine pesticides, organophosphorus pesticides and organic nitrogen pesticides, etc., such as carbaryl, chlodimeform, thiophanate and carbendazim, etc.
(2) Inorganic pesticides: also called mineral pesticides, e.g.sulfur, Bordeaux mixture, etc., made of raw mineral materialssuch as arsenic, fluorine and sulfur as main compositions.
(3) Botanical pesticides: made of plant ingredients. Its main active ingredient is the alkaloid (such as the nicotine in tobacco and stemonine in radix stemonae, etc.) and glycosides. Through chemical actions in insect bodies, these substances can change to toxic substances that will kill the insects. Being harmless or of small virulence to humans and animals and no injury to plants, botanical pesticides are safe in use and are thuswidely advocated and applied in forest pests/diseases control.
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(4) Microbial pesticides: made of microorganisms or metabolite of microorganism. The active ingredients are the spores or antibiotics, such as Beauveria bassiana and kasugamycin, etc. Safety in use is the outstanding feature of microbial pesticides, they are harmless to humans and animals, without resistance of pests.
Beauveria bassiana, i.e., entomogenous fungi, also called“white zombie worms’fungi”because of thewhite,stiff looking of pests dead after their being infected by such fungithat arenow widely used in production.
Bacillus thuringiensis(B.t): a broad spectrum bacterial pesticides, now used for control of up to a hundred kinds of pests, particularly Lepidoptera spp., such as Apocheima cinerarius and Malacosoma neustria testacea , which is safe to humans, animals and natural enemies, and no injury to plants.
(5)Chlorbenzuron pesticides:they arehighly effective to kill lepidopterous larvae, with best control period of 3 instar or earlier stages and advantages of long residual effect and no harm to natural enemies, etc.
(6) Insect pheromones chemical substances of special smell released by insect adults and mainly used to attract insects to mate with the same species of opposite sex.In terms of the principle, traps with pheromone can be set in the forest to kill pests.
2.2.3 Types of Pesticides That Are Banned or Restricted for Use
For the purpose of safe and effective use of pesticides, “Regulations on Pesticide Management”promulgated by the state council of the People’s Republic of China and “Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticides” promulgated the Ministry of Agriculture provide:
1Pesticides applicable for pests/disease control in agricultural production (very dangerous and highly toxic pesticides are banned for use);
2Pesticides of high effectiveness, low toxicity and low residue recommended for application when other control methods have failed to work effectively
3No access to markets for any agricultural products with pesticide residues exceeding the standards;
4Safe application methods for pesticides, including scope of the pesticide application, safe and proper application methods, concentration (or dosage), frequency and safety interval of pesticide application, etc.
The “Regulation on Pesticide Management” encourages use of pesticides which are highly effective, low toxic and with low residue, and defines the standards for pesticides marketing. Use of some pesticides is forbidden as per the “Regulations on Safe Use of Pesticide” and the“Regulation on Pesticide Management”.
2.2.3.1 Banned/restricted Pesticides
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The Chinese government has banned by explicit order use of 23 kinds of pesticides, namely, Benzex, DDT, toxaphene, dibromochloropropane, chlordimeform, dibromoethane, nitrofen, aldrin, dieldrin, mercurial compounds, arsenic compounds, lead-bearing compounds, Bis-A- TDA, fluoroacetamide, glyftor, Tetramine, Frato, silatrane, Methamidophos, Parathion- methyl, parathion, monocrotophos, Dimecron.
2.2.3.2 Pesticides for Restricted Use
Pesticides (totally 19 kinds) for restricted use for vegetables, fruit trees, tea and medicinal herbs are: omethoate for cabbage; dicofol and fenvalerate for tea; hydrazide (B9) for peanut; tert-parathion for sugar cane; phorate, isofenphos-methyl, terbufos, posfolan-methy, sulfotep, systox, carbofuran, aldicarb, phosphorus, posfolan, coumaphos, dyfonate, isazofos and fenamiphos for vegetables, fruit trees and herbal materials
2.3 Overall Evaluation of the Current Practice of Disease and Pest Managment
Biological and non-polluting chemical prevention and control of pests and diseases are currently the prevailing methods in Guzhen Town, Zhongshan City of Guangdong province, but use of pesticides for control of pests and diseases of seedlings has the advantages of beingeffective, convenient for machine-based application and etc. In cases of large scale of pest incidence, pesticides can help to exterminate pests in short time period, and therefore are being widely used in control of pests and diseases of seedlings.
Through consultations with relevant departments of the project area and field surveys to the farmers, it is understood that, due to the special geographic environment, dynamic international and domestic economic and trade activities, an abundance of tree varieties, and warm and humid climate in the project area,pests and diseases exist in the project area are of great varieties, causing serious damages. It was also learned that, a complete system of disease and pest prediction and forecasting has been established by agricultural plant protection department of Guzhen Town Agricultural Office and equipped with matured techniques that are in the leading position in the region. However, problems relating to use of pesticides still exist in the project area, including:
(1)Reliance on chemical control methods;
(2)Arbitrary disposal of agro-chemicals and their packaging material, which forms latent plane source pollution;
(3) Incidents of illegal use of highly toxic agro-chemicals are still found;
(4) Improper use of and management on pesticides;
(5) Inadequate compulsory execution of relevant laws and rgualtions on labeling and marketing of agro-chemicals;
(6) Lack of awareness of safe use of pesticides and of personal safety measures;
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(7) Insufficient understanding of IPM of the agricultural extension staff, agro-chemical seller and farmers.
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3 Policy and Supervision Framework and Institutional Responsibilities
3.1 Policies of the National and Provincial Governments on Plant Protection and IPM
At the national level, the State Forestry Administration subordinating to the State Council is responsible for forest pest/disease control and quarantine, while the Ministry of Agriculture is responsible for the registration and supervision of pesticides. Main relevant laws and regulations on forest pest and disease control by the People’s republic of China and Guangdong province are summarized as follows:
(1) Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in September 1984);
(2) Law of P.R. China on Quality and Safety of Agro-Products adopted by the Standing Committee of the National People’s Congress in April, 2006 ;
(3) Regulations on Implementation of the Forest Law of the People’s Republic of China (promulgated by the State Council in January 2000);
(4) Regulations on Forestry Pest Control (promulgated by the State Council in December 1989);
(5) Regulations on Pesticide Management of the People's Republic of China (promulgated by the State Council on January 29,2001);
(6) Regulations on Plant Quarantine (revised and promulgated by the State Council on May 13,1992);
(7 ) Guangdong Provincial Regulations on Agricultural Environmental Protection (promulgated bythe Ninth Session of Standing Committee of the People’s Congress of Guangdong Province in June 1998);
(8) Methods for Implementing the Regulations on Pesticide Management (revised by Decree No. 9 (2007) of the Ministry of Agriculture on December 8, 2007);
(9) Norms for Use of Pesticides in Green FoodProduction( NY/T393-2000) (issued by the Ministry of Agriculture in March 2000);
(10) Detailed Rules for Implementing the Regulations on Plant Quarantine (Forestry Volume) (issued by the Ministry of Forestry in July 1994);
(11) Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides(GB4285-1989) (issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration in September 1986);
(12) Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides (GB8321.2—1987) (issued by the State Environmental Protection Administration in September 1986);
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(13) Norms for Proper Application of Pesticides (Volume 1 to 8) (GB/TB8321.1 8321.8) (issued by the Ministry of Agriculture);
(14) Anti-poison Standards for Storage, Selling and Usage of Pesticides (GB 12475- 2006 (issued by the Ministry of Agriculture)
(15) Methods for Management on Production of Pesticides in Guangdong Province(issued by Guangdong Province Economic and Trade Committee in April 2007).
Along with implementation of the Standards for Safe Application of Pesticides and Regulations on Pesticide Management of the People's Republic of China, implementation of IPM has been promoted.
3.2 Supervision Framework and Institutional Responsibilities 3.2.1Institutions Responsible for Supervision and Management on Pesticides
0 City Agricultural Bureau
City Industr.& Commer. City Quality Supervision Bureau Adm.Bureau
City Plant Protection and TownshipAgro -tech. City Agricultural Laws’ Testing Station Service Center Enforcement Team
Town/District Agro -Laws’ Enforcement Team
Figure 3-1 Institutions Responsible for Supervision and Management on Pesticides Responsibilities of the Institutions:
Agricultural Bureau: responsible for registration of and supervision and management on pesticides used in Guangdong province; and for defining or participating in defining agriculture-related provincial, national and industrial standards for safe pesticide usage, quality of pesticides and pesticide residues;
Industrial and Commercial Bureau: responsible for management on marketing of pesticides; Quality and Supervision Bureau: responsible for management on production of pesticides; Agricultural Laws’ Enforcement Team: responsible for supervision and management on quality of agro-chemicals in the marketing places.
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3.2.2 Organizational Structure for Testing of Pesticide Residues
0 City Agro -Forest Product Quality& Safety Testing Center
Town/Distrct Agro-Forest Pro.Qlty & Agro-Forest Pro. Quality Monitoring Station for Sfty. Testing Stations at Testing Points at Agro- Forest Pro. Qlty. & Wholesale Markets & Production Bases Safety Supermarkets
Figure 3-2 Organizational Structure for Testing of Pesticide Residues
Town/District Agro-Forest Product Quality Monitoring Center/Station: responsible for supervision and management on quality and safety of agro-forest products produced within its administrative territory
Agro-forest Product Quality Testing Station at wholesale markets and supermarkets: responsible for quality testing of agro-forest products for market access purpose;
Agro-forest Product Testing Point at agro-production base: responsible for quality testing of agro-products at the production base for their selling to outside.
3.3 Overall Evaluation of Pest and Disease Management Capacity
3.3.1 Current Status and Trend of Pests and Diseases of Seedlings
Guzhen Town of Zhongshan City, Guangdong Province is located in the northwest part of Zhongshan City, adjacent to Hong Kong and Macao, and is only a little bit more than 1 hour ride to Guangzhou Municipality. Being an important hinterland area of the Pearl River Delta Economic Zone, Guzhen is featured by mild and humid weather and an abundance of plant varieties that, unfortunately, also bring along pests of great varieties, wide distribution and serious damages.Quarantine pestsfound in the town include Quadrastichus erythrinae, Mikania micrantha, Brontispa longissima, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus and etc. Over recent years, along with increase of plantation area of seedlings, varieties and incidence area of forest pests has been increasing, with the problem of abrupt incidences of forest pests becoming more and moreoutstanding. Given the frequent international and national seedling trade in the town, major damages caused by intrusion of forest pests are increasingly serious.
3.3.2 Problems Existing in Pest and Disease Management
(1) Lagging behind in using updated prevention concept: seedling health concept has not been incorporated in the current practice of preventing pests for forest production, and forest culture and management techniques and effective measures to strengthenresistance capacity of seedlingsin line with ecological systemconsideration are still lacking;
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(2) Backward prevention measures: traditional ground investigation methods are still the primary approaches used for monitoring of forest pests, resulting in higher time and labor input and poor accuracy. Advance monitoring techniques need to be promoted for better accuracy in monitoring and prediction.
(3) Capacity building system is not well established: training of forest pest IPM techniques is still lagging. Because of inadequate introduction, demonstration and extension of advanced monitoring and prevention techniques, awareness of risks of forest pests is not yet well understood, making it impossible to realize real time monitoring and early warning of forest pests within the whole region.
3.3.3 Measures Needed for Pest and Disease Management under the Project Due to limited technical staff and inadequate fiancial input,progress in research and extension of non-chemical control techniques includingphysical and biological ones, is kept at a slow pace, with only single prevention and control method used and the resulted unsatisfactory results. Additionally, non-chemical prevention and control accounts for a smaller proportion, so further efforts are needed in carrying out extensive publicity, training and extension. During project implementaiton, the following aspects should be strengthened:
(1) Upgrade the level of pest management through training to technicians in the green exhibition park and in the seedling production enterprises;
(2) Provide training to farmers on basic knowledge about identification, prevention and control of pests, based on local situation and actual needs of the farmers;
(3) Prepare practical training material and supplement it with necessary audio-visual aids;
(4) Strengthen support to research on and extension of IPM of major forest pests.
3.3.4Development of Pest and Disease Prevention and Control System in the Project Area
At present, 3relatively completed systems, including a monitoring and early warning system, a quarantine and prevention system and a non-polluting prevention and control system, have been established in the project area, with monitoring sites of various amounts set up at each of themonitoring and prediction stations for the purpose of ensuring real time, dynamic monitoring of pests and diseases, so as to provide data support to comprehensive prevention and control. Professional staff has been teamed up to conduct quarantine, prevention and control of pests and diseases.
3.4 Pesticide Management and Distribution System and Usage of Pesticides
In line with the Regulations on Pesticide Management of the P. R.China, agricultural administration of Zhongshan Citygovernment shall be responsible for assisting agricultural administration of the State Council to register pesticides and conducting pesticide supervisionand administrationin its jurisdictional area; the agricultural administrative departmentof the town/district shall take responsibilities for supervision and administration on pesticides in the administrative area. Other relevant departments of the city shall be
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responsible for the supervision and administration on pesticides in their respective scope of duty.
3.4.1 Pesticide Distribution System
In the project area, Guzhen Town government shall be responsible for supervision and administration of pesticides unitedlyprocured by the project management office (PMO).In cases of pesticide procurement by seedling enterprises themselves, standardized managementin compliance with the national and local laws and regulationsof the producers and retailers is required, including registration of pesticides and control methods to ensure compliance with the safety, quality and environmental pollution control standards.
Any pesticide retailer can operate only after having obtained a permit, and can only sell those pesticidesproduced under registered contracts. Highly toxic and toxic pesticides cannot be produced or sold for production.
Pesticides with residues in excess of the standards (especially in vegetables, fruits and food crops) have been banned in the market for sale.
Packaging of a pesticide product must be labeledor enclosed with instructions indicating name of the pesticide, name of manufacture, product lot number, registration number or temporary registration number, production license number or production approval document number, active ingredients, contents, weight, performance, toxicity, purposes,application techniques and methods, date of production, useful life and precautions and etc. Before delivery, pesticide products should go through quality inspection and beara quality acceptance certificate.
Companies and units that are eligible for pesticide operations are:
(1) Agro-production material businesses of theSupply and Marketing Cooperatives; (2) Plant Protection Station; (3) Soil and Fertilizer Station; (4) Agricultural and forestry technology extension organizations; (5) Forest pests/diseases prevention and control organization; (6) Pesticide manufacturers; (7) Other operation units specified by the State Council.
For marketing dangerous chemicals, the operation unit should have a special certificate granted to it following procedures requiredby relevant national regulations.
3.4.2 Measures for Proper Usage of Pesticides
Pest occurrence pattern, ecological concept, site conditions, types of pesticides and the forms of pesticides form the base for determination of proper measures of pesticide applications, as shown in Table 3-5.
Table 3-5 Proper Measures for Pesticide Usage in the Project Area
No. Measures Contents
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Accurately identify the types of pests/diseases and determine the control object according to 1 Scientific Selection morphology, symptoms, biology and ecology of pests/diseases, select the most cost-effective pesticide or formulations, which are safe, economic and effective. In the critical period of prevention and treatment, according to indicators of pesticide control, result in economic losses in the prior. Disease control must grasp to the principles of protection for the first, 2 Optimal Timing protective agent spraying before the disease occurrence, and therapeutic agents have to spray after the occurrence of disease. Pest control in young stages. In the case of ensure the control effect, in the range of effective concentration should make use of low concentrations of drugs for prevention, the number of control according to the degree of residual validity and the occurrence of pests/diseases to be. Cannot only effective control of pest damage, but 3 ProperFrequency also not produce injury and no pollution to the environment.According to the duration of pests/diseases, the amount of occurrence and the length of agents to determine the number of persistence spraying.
Different formulations of pesticides should be used in different application methods. General emulsion and dissolve powder mainly by spray and splash water; powder mainly by spray; granule mainly by applicator or deep basal; strong absorption within the pharmaceutical mainly by powder, spray, Appropriate 4 splashed water and smear.Different action mechanism of pesticides, should take a different Application Method application methods to achieve maximum control effect for the purpose. According to the part of disease occurrence, insect activity patterns and different pesticide formulations to choose the different methods and time of application. According to state pesticide regulations, strictly control the use of highly toxic pesticides, determined disable high-residue and the "three-induced effects of pesticides, earnestly implement the safe use of 5 Safe Application pesticides and crop safety procedures interval requirement, and make sure safe medication, to avoid environmental pollution, to prevent livestock poisoning.
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4 Overall Objectives of this PMP
4.1 Overall Objectives
Objectives of this PMP are to:
(1) Ban use of highly toxic pesticides by seedling and aquatic product businesses;
(2) Reduce sales of improperly or incompletely labeled pesticides to forest farmers;
(3) Improve awareness, knowledge and capacity of integrated pest management (IPM);
(4) Upgrade capability of safe pesticide application and management.
Under the project, the following measures will be used to increase awareness and understanding of IPM:
(1) Introduce to the seedling operators that apply for the project loans the quality standards of pesticides as required by the project procurement policies;
(2) Upgrade capacity-building of governmental organizations for IPM extension service;
(3) Provide training to pesticide distributors and retailers on IPM.
4.2 Basic Principles and Objectives of Pest and Disease Control under the Project
4.2.1 Basic Principles
Basic principles are: to persevere interritoriality of management, with local government toassume the administrativeresponsibility and relevant governmental departments to perform respective functions as per clearly defined responsibilities for protection and development of seeding resources; to adhere to puttingprevention first and combining prevention and control, so as to strictly restrainspread of epidemic; to stick to the approach of preventing pests and diseasesin all areas and eliminating pests and diseases inkeyareas to ensure safety of those key area; to implement rational zoning and differentiated measures based on local situation to upgrade effectiveness of prevention and control; to abide by the laws and standardize management to enhance scientific prevention and control of pests and diseases.
4.2.2 Specific Objectives of Pest and Disease Prevention and Control
(1) Integrate non-polluting pest and disease control techniques and demonstrate for extension, gradually reduce agro-chemical input;
(2) Ban use of agro-chemicals that are banned for use by the national government and upgrade farmers’ ability to adopt scientific pesticideapplication methods;
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(3) Increase awareness and application ability of farmers of IPM and thus upgrade the degree of IPM application;
(4) Gradually standardize behavior of pesticide producers and sellers and promote safe production and marketing of agro-chemicals;
(5) Ensure no serious losses will occur in the project area even with major pest or disease incidence of seedlings, fish or testudinate.
21 5 Recommended Measuresfor Pest and Disease Control
5.1 Purposes of the Recommendations
The purposes of recommending measures for pest and disease control under the project are to demonstrate and extend to a maximal degree use of IPM methods to reduce reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides in the entire project area. The recommended measures include: plant quarantine, pest prediction andforestry measures,, physical, biological and chemical measures andetc., and, more specifically, disinfection of ornamental fish ponds and seedlings, biological disease control, polyculture of fish and turtles, planting of floating vascular bundle plant (Pistia stratiotes), proper use of microbial ecological agents to recover water environmental ecology.
5.2Main Measures Recommended in this PMP
5.2.1 Recommended Measures for Pest and Disease Control of Seedlings
5.2.1.1 Plant Quarantine Measures
Plant quarantine should be strengthened in the project area. Plant quarantine at places of origin, for export or transport purpose and re-quarantinesystems should be strictly observed, so as to secure effectiveelimination of pests and diseases. Introduction of seeds, scions or seedlings from the pest/disease affected areas is prohibited. For purpose of standardizing the production and marketing of the seedlings, registration of forest seedlings, seedling production permit, seedling quality certificate and seedling production license systems should be implemented. Quarantine of imported wood and wood products should be strengthened, and on-the-spot elimination of quarantine object(s) should be performed once discovered,so as to prevent its/their entering into the project area.
5.2.1.2 Pest Prediction Measures
Guzhen Town Agricultural Office shall provide information on pest incidence to the enterprises in the green exhibition park in a timely manner, including object of control, control measures, technologies and types of pesticides for use, etc. Such information shall be provided 7-10 days prior to commencement of implementation of the control measures. Guzhen Town Agricultural Office should ensure that the control measures are implemented in parallel in the nearby towns/townships to enhance effectiveness.
5.2.1.3 Forestry Measures
• Selectingpests/disease resistant tree species to upgrade self-resistance capability of the seedlings;
• Applyingintercropping or mixed planting to have proper allocation of species and crops, so as to damages;
• Breeding sturdy seedlings by sterilizing the seeds and soil, culling unhealthy seedlings, so as to cultivate high-quality and strong seedlings
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• Matching sites with trees, i.e. selecting tree species that best adapt to local environmental conditions of the site;
• Planting in time, i.e. selecting proper planting season;
• Rationalizing use of fertilizers by applying adequate organic manure, minimalizing use of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers and increasing up-take of calcium; ~
• Cleaning seedling land by deep plowing of soil to expose pests to extreme weather and removing infected plants, branches or leaves. ~
5.2.1.4 Physical Measures
• Capturing pests: such as using black light trap to capture moths, beetles and orthoptera pests; using sweet and sour solution to capture moths; artificial capturing and removal of coleoptera adults, lepidoptera larvae, pupae and egg masses; artificial clearing of overwintering pupae in the earth; prunning the infected/impacted plant to remove pests/diseases and so on.
• Cutting off routes of pests: this is to use specific habits of some pests to prevent damage, such asstickingon a tree trunk a plastic apron to prevent damage by some kinds of pestswith the habit of overwintering under the tree, or climbing up and damaging trees at night but going down and hiding underneath the tree during daytime.
5.2.1.5 Biological Measures
Biological measures include: use of biological pesticides, such as matrine, Bt, SNPV, etc; use of natural enemies such as the Sclroderma guani, Chouioia cunea, Cerambycid Parasitoid, ladybird beetle; and use of sex attractant traps to kill pests, such as Monochamus alternatus .
5.2.1.6 Chemical Measures
Cost-effective measures by combining pesticide use with other control measures should be promoted to increase effectiveness of pest and disease control. Useof pesticides should be on the premise of applying only those pesticides that are of good quality, low toxic or non-toxic pesticides to humans and livestockand safe to seedlings.
The main measures to improve effectiveness of pesticides include: prohibiting use of highly toxic, toxic or highly residual pesticides; using different pesticides to control various pests and forbiddinguse of broad-spectrum pesticides; adopting proper application frequency based on pest occurrence; applying pesticides of proper amount; mixing pesticides with appropriate proportions and alternating pesticides properly; strictly implementing national regulations on pre-harvest interval (GB4285-89).
Use of chemical control measures should abide by the following principles:
(1) Use cost-effective non-pesticide chemicals;
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(2) Use highly effective, low toxic and low residual pesticides (Category III pesticides defined by the WHO );
(3) Promote use of pest and disease control techniques that are low toxic to humans, livestock and plants and withless pollution to environment, including:
Use of low toxic and low residual pesticides;
To ensure optimal effectiveness of pesticide application, timely use of high effectiveness and low concentration pesticides to control various pests is recommended in pest source area with high density of pests, focal area of pest occurrence, and at larval stages of pests. Pesticides which have lethal effect on the natural enemies will be prohibited to increase natural enemies at the late stage after rampant occurrence of pests;