DOCSLIB.ORG

The Nordic Model in a New Era Summary of the Swedish Presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers 2013

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
The Nordic Model in a New Era Summary of the Swedish Presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers 2013 The Nordic model in a new era Summary of the Swedish Presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers 2013 SUMMERING NORDISKA MODELLEN I E N N Y TID – 2013 1 The Nordic model in a new era Summary of the Swedish Presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers 2013 Photos: Cover: Henrik Trygg/imagebank.sweden.se Copies: 500 Printed by Elanders Sverige AB Printed in Sweden Nordic Council of Ministers Ved Stranden 18 DK-1061 Copenhagen K Tel (+45) 3396 0200 www.norden.org Nordic co-operation Nordic co-operation is one of the world’s most extensive forms of regional collaboration, involving Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Sweden, and the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Åland. Nordic co-operation has firm traditions in politics, the economy and culture. It plays an important role in European and international collaboration, and aims at creating a strong Nordic community in a strong Europe. Nordic co-operation seeks to safeguard Nordic and regional interests and principles in the global community. Common Nordic values help the region solidify its position as one of the world’s most innovative and competitive. 2 SUMMERING NORDISKA MODELLEN I E N N Y TID – 2013 The Nordic model in a new era Summary of the Swedish Presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers 2013 Contents 5 Preface 6 The Nordic model in a new era 7 Five themes 7 Combating exclusion 11 Strong competitiveness 13 A sustainable society 16 Demographic challenges 18 The Nordic Region in the world 20 Reform of the Nordic Council of Ministers 22 Action taken Preface Today, the Nordic countries and Nordic co-operation are increasingly dependent on the surrounding world and the rapid changes taking place in it. More than ever, therefore, we need to come up with answers to key questions for the future. The Swedish Presidency programme was developed with this in mind. It focuses on five specific areas: exclusion, competitiveness, sustainability, demography and the Nordic Region in the world. Proceeding from these themes, we have toured the Nordic house in area after area to deepen our knowledge, compare experiences, test innovative solutions and determine plans and programmes. We have sought to bring Nordic co-operation closer to the citizens, to pull down the remaining barriers to mobility and to prevent new ones from developing. We have also formulated visions for Nordic co-operation in the future. We have applied the Nordic Council of Ministers’ budget in a more innovative way. Four of the projects currently in progress have been financed via the new priority budget. This report seeks to describe the outcome of the Swedish Presidency. We are happy to say that virtually everything we planned in the way of initiatives, projects, programmes and conferences actually came to fruition. Almost 20 ministerial meetings and some 100 other meetings and seminars took place. We hope this will give a number of important future issues a clearer place in Nordic co-operation in the years ahead. We also hope that, as before, it will be possible to adapt our forms of co- operation to new realities. During the Presidency period, a number of initiatives have been taken to this end. Iceland will be assuming the Presidency of the Nordic Council of Ministers after Sweden. I would like to wish Iceland every success in this important task. Ewa Björling Minister for Nordic Co-operation SUMMERING NORDISKA MODELLEN I E N N Y TID – 2013 5 The Nordic model in a new era ‘The Nordic model in a new era’ was the title chosen by the Swedish Government for its presidency programme. This title reflects a conviction that there is a specific Nordic approach which can also be applied in a new era replete with new challenges. Our conviction in this respect is supported by a number of international assessments of the Nordic model. The Swedish Presidency has been keen to ensure that Nordic co-operation is even better equipped to deal with the changes now facing the Nordic countries and the rest of the world. Consequently, we have sought to incorporate the kinds of issues into our collaboration that we believe will be crucial to the various countries’ ability to preserve their relative prosperity in the foreseeable future. They include long-term issues of paramount importance such as the climate threat, tougher international competition, ageing populations and social tensions. These particular problems will still be present when the acute financial crisis still evident in Europe has receded. If Nordic co-operation is to address such key issues, it must be open to new visions and new working procedures. 6 SUMMERING NORDISKA MODELLEN I E N N Y TID – 2013 Five themes The Swedish Government’s presidency programme has had five themes: combating exclusion, strong competitiveness, a sustainable society, demographic challenges and the Nordic Region in the world. These themes include a number of the issues facing the Nordic welfare model and Nordic co-operation. They are neither new nor unfamiliar. Nor are they by any means unique to the Nordic countries. But they place fresh demands on Nordic co-operation. Now that the Swedish Presidency is nearing its conclusion, we are delighted to see that virtually all the ideas and initiatives outlined in the programme for 2013 have been consummated and we hope this means they will find a place in our Nordic collaboration in the years ahead. Our intention with this programme was to help develop a common Nordic home for all who live in our countries, with no border barriers and no social barriers. We want to preserve our international competitiveness, which is essential to our continuing welfare and prosperity. We want our elderly to feel secure and our younger citizens to have faith in the future. Combating exclusion Many of the programmes and measures that the Nordic Council of Ministers has concerned itself with over the past year have focused on combating exclusion in one way or another. Distinguishing features of exclusion include chronic unemployment, dependency on social safety nets of various kinds, and an increased risk of physical and mental ill- health. For many, it is employment that offers the best chance of escape. Measures for reducing unemployment – and particularly destructive long-term unemployment – are of crucial importance in the fight against exclusion. The Presidency’s main theme in this area, ‘More young people in work in the Nordic Region’, has deliberately spotlighted younger citizens since the unemployment level and thus the risk of exclusion is comparatively high in this group, particularly among those born abroad. If young people are helped to find work, a harmful drift towards social exclusion can be halted early in life. SUMMERING NORDISKA MODELLEN I E N N Y TID – 2013 7 In May 2013, the Swedish Presidency organised a job summit at Fryshuset in Stockholm targeting young people. It was attended by 650 participants from all over the Nordic area, representing government agencies, employers and trade unions, private enterprise, youth organisations, parliamentarians and educational institutions. The idea was to illuminate and discuss various aspects of youth employment and unemployment in the Nordic Region. The Nordic prime ministers took part in a panel discussion and exchanged thoughts and experiences on the subject. In a separate panel discussion, Nordic ministers, including those from Åland, the Faeroe Islands and Greenland, focused on exclusion among young people. In connection with the summit, a large number of Nordic studies were presented on youth unemployment and its causes. All stressed the importance of education for labour market entry. In parallel with the summit, a job forum was organised at which best practices from all Nordic countries were presented. At the end of November, the National Board for Youth Affairs in Sweden organised a conference to follow up the Nordic prime ministers’ May summit, and to build on the ‘More young people in work in the Nordic Region’ project. If jobs are to be created for the young and if exclusion is to end, new methods must be tested. As a follow-up to the panel discussions at the job summit, a study of Nordic vocational and apprenticeship training is to be undertaken, with special emphasis on working life. This project is to be financed via the priority budget. The situation in the Nordic labour market for people with foreign backgrounds was discussed at a conference on the theme of an inclusive working life, focusing on people in this group in Stockholm. The discussion centred on similarities, dissimilarities and examples of successful integration. In preparation for the conference, Statistics Sweden had produced a Nordic report containing facts and analyses concerning the labour market integration of people with foreign backgrounds. The Nordic ministers responsible for integration matters attended a part of the conference, including a panel discussion, and then held a separate informal ministerial meeting. Sweden has years of positive experience of working with young entrepreneurs with foreign backgrounds. The lessons learned from the Swedish ‘cosmopolitans’ project were reported back during the year. 8 SUMMERING NORDISKA MODELLEN I E N N Y TID – 2013 Education is a prerequisite for entry into working life. Several conferences have had education as their main theme, including one that discussed how academics trained abroad can be helped to establish themselves here. Immigrant academics represent a major labour resource for our country and they must be able to put their training to use in the Nordic labour market as soon as possible. Another conference was devoted to the importance of language skills development from an integration viewpoint. Exclusion also affects the position, rights and participation of children and young people in Nordic society. At a time of increased migratory flows between countries, the rights of the child need to be addressed to a greater extent.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Contents NDPHS Continues Efforts to Have Health Prioritised on The
    Northern Dimension Partnership in Public Health A partnership committed to and Social Well-being achieving tangible results e-Newsletter Issue 1/2012 Contents Dear Reader… NDPHS Continues Efforts to It is widely recognised that health is crucial in the context of the ageing Have Health Prioritised on society and challenges posed to sustainable economic development. Yet, the Regional Agenda 1 the importance of health is not properly reflected on the regional coopera- tion agenda. One example is the Action Plan of the EU Strategy for the Baltic The Demography Challenge Sea Region (EUSBSR), where health has been listed as a sub-priority. Since in the Baltic Sea Region 2 last year our Partnership has taken several actions to address this problem Making Success Stories and our efforts will continue. This issue of our e-newsletter will give you with Russian Partners 4 some details on this. Following the above is an article about the 9th Baltic Sea States Summit rd 3 EUSBSR Annual Forum held in May 2012 in Stralsund, Germany and, more specifically, its plenary Discusses the Review of the session on the impact of demographic change. The Prime Ministers had Strategy Action Plan 5 a stimulating debate on main challenges posed by the demographic change PrimCareIT: Counteracting and discussed policies to induce win-win situations for the future. Brain Drain and Professional You will also find two articles about the 3rd Annual Forum of the EU Strat- Isolation of Health 6 egy for the Baltic Sea Region held a few days ago in Denmark. Many interest- ing events took place during it, which provided an opportunity to discuss the progress so far and the way forward.
    [Show full text]
  • Fredrik Reinfeldt
    2014 Press release 03 June 2014 Prime Minister's Office REMINDER: German Chancellor Angela Merkel, British Prime Minister David Cameron and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte to Harpsund On Monday and Tuesday 9-10 June, Prime Minister Fredrik Reinfeldt will host a high-level meeting with German Chancellor Angela Merkel, British Prime Minister David Cameron and Dutch Prime Minister Mark Rutte at Harpsund. The European Union needs to improve job creation and growth now that the EU is gradually recovering from the economic crisis. At the same time, the EU is facing institutional changes with a new European Parliament and a new European Commission taking office in the autumn. Sweden, Germany, the UK and the Netherlands are all reform and growth-oriented countries. As far as Sweden is concerned, it will be important to emphasise structural reforms to boost EU competitiveness, strengthen the Single Market, increase trade relations and promote free movement. These issues will be at the centre of the discussions at Harpsund. Germany, the UK and the Netherlands, like Sweden, are on the World Economic Forum's list of the world's ten most competitive countries. It is natural, therefore, for these countries to come together to compare experiences and discuss EU reform. Programme points: Monday 9 June 18.30 Chancellor Merkel, PM Cameron and PM Rutte arrive at Harpsund; outdoor photo opportunity/door step. Tuesday 10 June 10.30 Joint concluding press conference. Possible further photo opportunities will be announced later. Accreditation is required through the MFA International Press Centre. Applications close on 4 June at 18.00.
    [Show full text]
  • SWEDEN Aras Lindh
    ★ SWEDEN Aras Lindh Mind Rather Than Heart in EU Politics Highlights ★ The Swedish decision to enter the EU was not based so much on the hope of gaining March 2016 March something, but rather on the fear of being left out if it did not. It was probably the desire for a ‘negative safety’ that made the Swedes vote in favour of the EU as the alternative cost would probably have been too high. ★ Many think that their cutting-edge welfare system and high living standards could be lost as a result of deeper EU integration. This hesitancy towards the EU explains a relative knowledge discrepancy on the EU in the country. Overall, Sweden displays both a degree of satisfaction with its current level of integration (especially its non-membership to the Eurozone) and a diffuse euroscepticism across the society. ★ To strengthen the EU’s image in Sweden requires concrete projects, rather than abstract symbols. A stronger Common European Asylum System would be a prime example of such a project. Overall, any policy from the EU which would positively affect Swedes could decrease scepticism. BUILDING BRIDGES SERIES PAPER Building Bridges project This paper is part of the Building Bridges Paper Series. The series looks at how the Member States perceive the EU and what they expect from it. It is composed of 28 contributions, one from each Member State. The publications aim to be both analytical and educational in order to be available to a wider public. All the contributions and the full volume The European Union in The Fog are available here.
    [Show full text]
  • A Nordic Model for Scotland?
    A NORDIC MODEL FOR SCOTLAND? Scottish-UK relations after independence Nicola McEwen ESRC Senior Scotland Fellow University of Edinburgh KEY POINTS . Existing UK intergovernmental forums would be insufficient to manage Scottish-rUK intergovernmental relations if the Scottish government’s independence vision was realised. The Nordic example illustrates that intergovernmental cooperation, formal and informal, between neighbouring sovereign states is commonplace in many policy areas. Formal cooperation is most evident where it produces clear ‘added value’ for each party. Formal structures of intergovernmental cooperation nurture policy learning and encourage the networking that facilitates informal cooperation, but senior official and ministerial buy-in can be difficult to secure. European integration has limited the incentive for separate Nordic cooperation initiatives, though Nordic governments continue to cooperate over the implementation of EU directives. The Nordic countries do not usually act as a cohesive regional bloc in the EU – national interests prevail. Intergovernmental coordination among the Nordic countries offers useful insights for Scottish- rUK relations in the event of independence, but the Nordic Council and Nordic Council of Ministers offer limited opportunities for an independent Scotland, either for direct engagement or as a model for Scottish-rUK cooperation. ***** INDEPENDENCE AND INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS For the Scottish government and Yes Scotland, independence would mark a new ‘partnership of equals’ between the nations of these islands. The independence vision, set out in the White Paper, Scotland’s Future, incorporates a variety of proposals for sharing institutional assets and services with the rest of the UK. These include, for example: . Sterling currency union . Research Councils UK . Joint venture between a Scottish Broadcasting .
    [Show full text]
  • 1991-2016 and the Way Ahead
    1991-2016 AND THE WAY AHEAD In 2016, we celebrated the 25th anniversary of the restoration of independence of the three Baltic States and the re-establishment of regular, multifaceted Baltic-Nordic cooperation ties. A quarter of a century is an important milestone calling for reflection and evaluation: How far has the cooperation advanced? What is its track record? What achievements has it yielded? And, perhaps most pertinent of all, where do we want to go from here and how do we envisage our next twenty-five years together? Contents 4-9 Introduction 10-59 Interview 60-68 Photo In 2016, we celebrated the 25th anniversary H.E. Mr Edgars Rinkēvičs, Interventions were also made Mr. Tomas Bertelman, Minister of Foreign Affairs of Latvia; by the following guests: former Ambassador of Sweden to Latvia (2000-2003); of the restoration of independence of the former Ambassador of Sweden to Russia (2009-2012) three Baltic States and the re-establishment Mr. Dagfinn Høybråten, of regular, multifaceted Baltic-Nordic Secretary General of the Nordic Council of Ministers; Ms. Elita Cakule, Head of International Department at the Association of Local and Regional Authorities in Oslo cooperation ties. Mr. Petras Auštrevičius, Member of the European Parliament, Lithuania; Ms. Rikke Helms, first director of the Danish Cultural Institute in Latvia A quarter of a century is an important Mr. Carl Bildt, milestone calling for reflection and former Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs of Sweden; H.E. Ms. Kirsten Malling Biering, Ambassador of Denmark to France; first resident ambassador in Latvia (1991-1995) evaluation: How far has the cooperation Mr.
    [Show full text]
  • The Baltic States' Success Story in Combating the Economic Crisis
    No. 6 (54), March 2013 © PISM Editors: Marcin Zaborowski (Editor-in-Chief) . Wojciech Lorenz (Managing Editor) Jarosław Ćwiek-Karpowicz . Beata Górka-Winter . Artur Gradziuk . Roderick Parkes . Beata Wojna The Baltic States’ Success Story in Combating the Economic Crisis: Consequences for Regional Cooperation within the EU and with Russia Kinga Dudzińska The global economic downturn of 2008 and the financial and ongoing fiscal crisis in the eurozone have proved to be extremely painful for newer EU Member States Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia. At the same time, however, the crises have revealed some significant differences between these three small, seemingly homogenous countries, and especially in the effectiveness of their anti-crisis policies. The diverse results of these policies were shaped in several respects by internal factors, such as the sensitivity of their economies to foreign markets or the different response times of the governments to the first signs of the economic downturn as well as the socio-political background at the time of the crisis. However, the Baltics have indeed learnt lessons, as each one implemented austerity-style policies. Since 2011, economic growth has accelerated in all of the Baltic States, and their struggle with the crisis already seems to be a unique success story that affects regional cooperation as well as relations with Russia. The Growing Tigers and First Symptoms of Crisis The uniqueness of the Baltic States arises due to the fact these are the only former Soviet republics that became members of the European community. For many years, their small economies were centrally planned and managed. Since the beginning of the transition process in the 1990s, the Baltic States have substantially reoriented their markets, including the structure of foreign trade as well as changes in exports and imports.
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report of the Minister of Foreign Affairs on the Accomplishments and Further Work with Respect to National Foreign Policy and the European Union 2018
    Annual Report of the Minister of Foreign Affairs on the accomplishments and further work with respect to national foreign policy and the European Union 2018 INTRODUCTION The foreign policy of Latvia and the strategic priorities of Latvia within European Union will remain unchanged during the term of the 13th Saeima. The mission of foreign policy is to ensure the putting into practice of principles laid down in Satversme (the Latvian Constitution), thereby taking care of the welfare of the people of Latvia and its external security. The best ways of achieving that are the following: (1) building the European Union as a strong union of national states, with Latvia being in the core of EU cooperation; (2) strengthening transatlantic relations which are based on NATO, the alliance created by the states parties to the Washington Treaty; (3) standing up for the preservation and development of the current international system; (4) engaging in regional cooperation that meets Latvia’s interests. The external security of Latvia is the main priority of the country’s foreign policy. This work will be continued on a daily basis, since the international situation keeps changing, and Latvia’s foreign policy should be flexible and capable of a rapid response. To this end, we will reinforce and develop the foreign policy (diplomatic), defence and cyber security tools at our disposal. Therefore, the means allocated to national diplomacy and defence should be appropriate to the very dynamic geopolitical situation. The second priority for Latvia is to be active within the EU. The sustainability of economic prosperity and security of the Latvian people requires a European Union capable of responding internally and globally.
    [Show full text]
  • UK-EU Foreign Policy Relations: Transiting from Internal Player to External Contestation?
    UK-EU foreign policy relations: Transiting from internal player to external contestation? Professor Richard G. Whitman, University of Kent [email protected] Introduction The 2016 referendum on its membership of the European Union has triggered a recalibration of the UK’s relationship with Europe. Although the UK’s formal departure from the EU is currently deferred, the Brexit process of negotiating departure has witnessed a transition in the foreign policy of a major European state. Significant attention has been given to analysing the UK’s EU referendum campaign, analysing public opinion and to commentary on the domestic political dislocation that has become the hallmark of Brexit. Rather less attention has been paid to the Brexit impact on the role and orientation of the UK’s European (foreign) policy and more broadly its role in international relations. The relevance of considering the EU-UK relationship in terms of a European foreign policy is that it allows for the exploration continuity and change as the UK transitions from an EU insider to an EU outsider. This paper is an attempt to frame some questions to inform examination of an evolving EU-UK relationship. Its central motif is that the UK is transitioning from an EU member state insider to an EU outsider or third country. Although the final destination of the future EU-UK relationship is yet to be determined, the paper illustrates where there are emergent practices in the relationship between the EU and the UK which anticipate a new insider-outsider relationship. Defining
    [Show full text]
  • Looking at Northern Lights: a (Non) EXISTENT Arctic in Lithuania
    Metaphysics is like being in a dark room and looking for a black cat that isn’t there. Looking at NortHern LigHts: A (Non) EXISTENT Arctic in LitHuania Mindaugas Jurkynas Introduction Arctic or “High North” related issues comprise of a metaphysical quest in Lithuania.1 Soul-searching for the polar profile or traces of it in Lithuanian politics, economics, science and media is reminiscent of a leap into the great unknown. Lithuania is relatively far from this re- gion geographically and mentally. Arguably, the Baltic States, according to the UN geographical distribution of the world, belong to Northern Europe, but it is, perhaps, the farthest one can go towards the Arctic in this eastern Baltic Sea sub-region. No famous Lithuanian travellers or scientists, let alone businesses, have had barely anything to do with the Circumpolar North. Naturally, politics and economics are in a similar same vein so far. No identity narratives in Lithuania engulfs the Arctic into feelings of togetherness, except perhaps Soviet-led deportations 1 The author is grateful to Prof. Alyson JK Bailes (University of Iceland), Prof. Al- exandr Sergunin (St. Petersburg State University) and Dr. Tobias Etzold (German Institute for International and Security Affairs) for their comments. 168 169 of thousands of Lithuanians to Siberia and its areas close to the Arctic out, since unfinished business of defining national frontiers looms on Ocean. Dominating regional identities in Lithuania possess Baltic and the horizon. The United Nations received some applications concerning Northern European character2 which hinge mostly upon (ontological) territorial claims to Arctic territories from several interested countries security concerns and a “good riddance” of post-Soviet legacies.3 The in 2014.6 Arctic is overwhelmingly associated with distance, cold, and the North Lithuanian media usually pricks its antennae up whenever Russia’s Pole.
    [Show full text]
  • The CROSS-SECTORAL COORDINATION CENTRE of the Republic of Latvia
    The CROSS-SECTORAL COORDINATION CENTRE of the Republic of Latvia Year 2012 1 TABLE OF CONTENTS Contents FOREWORD OF THE PRIME MINISTER ..................................................................................................... 3 INSIGHT INTO ACTIVITIES ......................................................................................................................... 4 MISSION AND STRUCTURE ....................................................................................................................... 6 OBJECTIVE AND FUNCTIONS .................................................................................................................... 7 MAIN ACCOMPLISHMENTS IN 2012 ........................................................................................................ 8 THE NATIONAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2014-2020 .................................................................................... 9 TASKS ASSIGNED BY THE PRIME MINISTER'S OFFICE ............................................................................. 12 OTHER REPORTS PRODUCED ................................................................................................................. 16 PARTICIPATION IN OTHER WORKING GROUPS ...................................................................................... 17 RESEARCH COMMISSIONED IN 2012 ..................................................................................................... 19 INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION ...........................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • A Stronger North? Nordic Cooperation in Foreign and Security Policy in a New Security Environment
    Tuomas Iso-Markku, Eeva Innola, Teija Tiilikainen A Stronger North? Nordic cooperation in foreign and security policy in a new security environment May 2018 Publication series of the Government’s analysis, assessment and research activities 37/2018 DESCRIPTION Publisher and release date Prime Minister´s Office, 8.5.2018 Authors Tuomas Iso-Markku, Eeva Innola, Teija Tiilikainen Title of publication A stronger North? Nordic cooperation in foreign and security policy in a new security environment Name of series and number Publications of the Government´s analysis, assessment and research of publication activities 37/2018 Keywords Nordic cooperation, foreign policy, security policy, defence policy, defence cooperation, NORDEFCO Other parts of publication/ - other produced versions Release date May, 2018 Pages 58 Language English Abstract Nordic cooperation on foreign and security policy has gained renewed attention in recent years. Changes in the Nordic states’ immediate security environment after the Ukraine crisis, as well as growing global uncertainty, have turned foreign, security and defence policy into a focal point of the Nordic agenda. Nordic foreign and security policy cooperation is characterized by informality, as it takes place outside of the institutional Nordic structures. This report assesses the current state of this cooperation by opening up structures and formats within which the informal cooperation takes place. The report then discusses future prospects for, as well as constraints on, deepening the cooperation from different angles, including agenda formation, institutional complexities, Nordic cooperation in multilateral contexts and bilateral Nordic relations. Defence cooperation forms a separate sub-field of Nordic cooperation, as it has its own unique structures and practices.
    [Show full text]
  • Joanna Grzela the UK POLICY TOWARDS the HIGH NORTH AT
    STUDIA HUMANISTYCZNO-SPOŁECZNE (HUMANITIES AND SOCIAL STUDIES) 10 2015 Edited by Radosław Kubicki and Wojciech Saletra Joanna Grzela Jan Kochanowski University in Kielce THE UK POLICY TOWARDS THE HIGH NORTH AT THE BACKGROUND OF TRANSFORMATIONS AND GROWING INTERNATIONAL INTEREST IN THE REGION Introduction. Climate changes in the North Pole region are growing twice as fast as in other regions.1 The process poses a threat for the local population, plants and animals, destabilises the weather, but on the other hand opens new areas for economic development (with its possibilities of resource extraction, enlarged area for fishery, new routes for cargo shipping and increased tourism). The obvious question can be posed whether it is possible to reach a balance between benefiting from the possibili- ties and the protection of Arctic natural environment. Another problem is who will benefit from the opening of the High North and whether it will be possible to avoid a conflict. Russia, Canada, the USA, but also Norway, with its significant oil and gas resources, and Denmark, because of Greenland, all emphasise their rights and compete for their influence in the region. On the other hand, the above mentioned countries have been obliged to maintain peace, to settle the disputes according to the existing international law and to act accordingly against the challenges connected with unstable climate conditions and navigation security. The so called “Arctic three”, i.e. Finland, Iceland and Sweden share the views and cooperate with other states in the Arctic Council. Not only European countries are interested in the High North, but also the countries of Northeast Asia though they are situated thousands kilometres away from the Arctic.
    [Show full text]