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Legacy Context Thesis Breaking Barriers Katherine Johnson: NASA’s Assiduous Pioneer The Cold War between the Soviet Union and United States introduced a new competition in the Space Race. In the search for the most brilliant minds of CONTEXT THESIS LEGACY the country, NASA opened jobs for people of all color. However, Jim Crow Laws still had to be followed. As this situation transpired, Katherine Johnson found a posting and applied for a job at Langley, NASA. Her calculations that landed two astronauts on the moon concluded the Space The Cold War left the United States and the Soviet Union competing in the Space Race. Through her successful work at NASA, she has many achievements and Race. This led to NASA searching for the most brilliant minds of the country, accolades. An admired book and movie highlighting her journey called “Hidden extending jobs to people of color. While Jim Crow Laws were still enacted Figures,” exposed the true position that women played in the past at NASA. This people of color started applying to NASA. Due to the outcry for civil rights, Katherine Johnson’s academic success and persistence inspired the creation of the street, “Hidden Figures Way” that NASA now sits women working became much more common. However, women were still not broke the sexist and racist barriers during her career at upon. In 2015, Johnson was awarded the Medal Of Freedom from President treated the same as their male counterparts. NASA. Obama which is the Nation’s highest civilian award. Most importantly, she has inspired a new generation of women, along with minorities who aspire to one day “As the country prepared itself for War, major changes work in the space industry. Johnson's influential work at NASA will continue to to the uniform nature of the civil service began to take help future generations on their next expeditions in space. place. By 1941, with the rapid expansion of the country’s defense industries and 10 million civilians (“A Human Computer Hidden No More,” NASA, 1966) (“Johnson At NASA Langley Research Center,” NASA, 1966) “Her calculations helped land Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin on the moon in 1969. Johnson committed to the armed forces, the prewar calculated Apollo 11's flight path into orbit around the moon, the path of the landing module employment policies had become inadequate. ...In BARRIERS to the moon's surface, the module's flight back to Apollo 11, and the spaceship's return to addition to the increased demand for workers, political Earth. Johnson made the star map that the astronauts used to chart their minute-by-minute pressures began to mount within the country. Racial journey.” (Contemporary Black Biography, 2019) discrimination from America’s war industries limited employment opportunities for the country’s minority When first working for NASA, Johnson faced racist and sexist obstacles. “While they did the same work as their white counterparts, African American computers “Katherine’s legacy is a big part of the https://www.jstor.org/stable/community.28038589?Search=yes&resultItemClick=true&searchText=it&searchT populations.” (Clemons, 2011) During this time Jim Crow laws still existed and everything in NASA remained were paid less and regulated to the west section of the langley campus, where they had (Roosevelt, 1941) ext=aint&searchText=me&searchText=babe&searchUri=%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%20%2 segregated. Johnson along with other black workers were required to work in to use separate dining and bathroom facilities.” (Blitz, 2011) reason that my fellow astronauts and I 0%20%20%20%20%2Faction%2FdoBasicSearch%3FQuery%3Dit%2Baint%2Bme%2Bbabe&ab_segments= were able to get to space; it’s also a big (Mattel, 2018) 0%2Fbasic_search%2Fcontrol&refreqid=search%3A8e6d3c2b7abc148f3c336d616f2e442a&seq=8#metadata a building designated for African Americans called the West Section. In _info_tab_contents part of the reason that today there is space (White House Press Office, 1964) (page 8) addition, she faced obstacles that white women did not experience. Women, in for women and African-Americans in the general, were not given credit when they contributed work for a report. leadership of our nation, including the Moreover, Johnson also found that only men were allowed in briefings that White House. [Bolden Statement]” (Anderson, 2015) https://www.nasa.gov/centers/langley/news/factsheets/LaRC_ were vital for the calculations she needed to solve. Despite Katherine History.html 1992 Johnson's superior qualifications, she was still considered a sub-professional, “But if you want to know the answer to (Charles F. Bolden, , 1986) https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19980227091.pdf (Katherine Johnson report) something, you have to ask a question. “After World War II drew to a close in the while men were the professionals. mid-20th century, a new conflict began. Always remember that there’s no such Known as the Cold War, this battle pitted thing as a dumb question except if it goes the world’s two great powers–the unasked. Girls and women are capable of (“Mathematician Katherine Johnson at work,” NASA, 1966) (“West Building,” NASA, 1948) doing everything that boys and men are democratic, capitalist United States and the (The Huntsville Times, 1961) (The Daily Mirror, 1969) communist Soviet Union–against each capable of doing. And sometimes we have “...White women who worked at NACA “...The women computers would perform all other. Beginning in the late 1950s, space (The San Diego Union, 1957) more imagination than they do.” (Johnson, “A number of job openings at Langley began to appear during this period. Announced by [NASA] were often the wives of the sorts of computations included in agency would become another dramatic arena for 2019) the Executive Secretary of the board of civil service examiners T. Melvin Butler, positions engineers and got in through nepotism. reports, but only the men’s names would be this competition, as each side sought to were posted in the Norfolk Journal and Guide targeting the African American community. They didn’t feel Colored women put on the cover. The women did their share prove the superiority of its technology, its In the newspaper, positions were labor and service intensive and included: labor group belonged, even Black women with of the work, but they weren’t given any credit. military firepower and–by extension–its leader, painters, truck drivers, and helpers of all types.” (Clemons, 2011) (“One Small Step, One Giant Leap,”NASA, 1969) degrees.” (Johnson, 2019) (Johnson, 2019) political-economic system.” (History.com Editors, “The Space Race”, 2010) “From honorary doctorates to the 1967 NASA Lunar Orbiter Spacecraft and “I will never forget the day when all the engineers - in other words, all the guys - were about to Operations team award (for pioneering go to a briefing to discuss, well I didn’t know exactly what since I had never been invited. work in the field of navigation problems “...Congress passed the National (Whether it was because I was colored or a woman - or both - I never knew.) That didn’t make a supporting the five spacecraft that (NACA, 1915) Aeronautics and Space Act of lot of sense to me. Since I would be doing the calculations on whatever ideas they discussed, I orbited and mapped the moon in Springfield, Republican, MA, Jan. 7, 1923 1958, which formed a new civilian thought that I should be in the meeting too. By then I didn’t attend the meetings, I never really preparation for the Apollo program) space agency, NASA. NACA knew exactly what was happening. This crippled my ability to do my best work.” (Johnson, 2019) Katherine Johnson has led a life officially turned over operations to (“Apollo 11 Launch,” NASA, 1969) positively littered with honors.” (Smith, NASA on 1 October 1958.” (“West Area Cafe,” NASA, 1944) 2018) (NASA, 2009) “We are fortunate that when faced with the adversity of racial and gender (NASA, 1959) barriers, she found the courage to say ‘tell them I’m coming.’ We are also “For the eyes of the world now look into space, to the moon and to the planets beyond, and fortunate that Katherine has chosen to we have vowed that we shall not see it governed by a hostile flag of conquest, but by a BREAKING take a leading role in encouraging banner of freedom and peace. We have vowed that we shall not see space filled with young people to pursue education in (Dunbar 1961) (Dunbar, 1970) weapons of mass destruction, but with instruments of knowledge and understanding.” (Dunbar, 1962) (Smith, 1969) STEM... Few Americans have embodied (John F. Kennedy, 1962) the true spirit of equity as profoundly or Johnson achieved her Johnson was the first woman to be impacted the cause of human “As a part of the preflight checklist, Glenn asked engineers to “get the girl”—Katherine exploration so extensively. At NASA, we “We saw a dangerous manifestation of the work of these forces last spring when the aircraft accomplishments through her given credit on a NASA report. Later, Johnson—to run the same numbers through the same equations that had been are proud to stand on Katherine of one of the largest States Members of the United Nations, the United States of America, academic success and persistence. At she worked with a team to compute programmed into the computer, but by hand, on her desktop mechanical calculating Johnson’s shoulders.” [Newman treacherously invaded, the air space of the Soviet Union and that of other States. What is an early, age she exceeded society’s the trajectory of John Glenn’s Flight machine. “If she says they’re good, then I’m ready to go.” Glenn’s flight was a success, Statement]” (Anderson, 2015) (“Dava Newman,” Dalsimer, 2009) more, the United States has elevated such violations of international law into a principle of and marked a turning point in the competition between the United States and the Soviet expectation of a black child’s using the new IBM.
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