DOCSLIB.ORG

Foundation Administrations and Foundation Landownership in Turkey

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Foundation Administrations and Foundation Landownership in Turkey International Scholars Journals Global Journal of Business Management ISSN 6731-4538 Vol. 6 (8), pp. 001-009, August, 2012. Available online at www.internationalscholarsjournals.org © International Scholars Journals Author(s) retain the copyright of this article. Full Length Research Paper Foundation administrations and foundation landownership in Turkey from past to present Faik Ahmet Sesli Department of Geomatics Engineering, Ondokuz Mayis University, 55139 Samsun, Turkey. E-mail: [email protected]. Accepted 15 April, 2012 The traces of foundation civilization are seen in every period of Turkish history. During the Seljuk period, the foundations occupied an important position in the community life and this importance peaked during the Ottoman period. During the last periods of the Ottoman, feeling the necessity to assemble the administration of the foundations under one center and administrate them, the Ministry of Imperial Foundation was established, and by this way, the foundations were assembled under the same roof for the first time. Since the proclamation of the Republic, the foundations have been serving the society by executing the purposes, written under the administration and control of the General Directorate for Foundations, contingent upon the Prime Ministry and in their endowment. It is possible to examine the foundations of the Ottoman period in various categories like their entities, landownerships, administrations, the way they are rented, benefitted and their incomes. Together with the laws, that were put into force during the Republic period, the administration and control of the foundations were put in order and the legislation of the foundations took its final form with the law no. 5737 that was put into force the rear. The foundations in Turkey are still under the administration and control of the General Directorate for Foundations, which is contingent upon the Prime Ministry and they execute the foundation services by evaluating their immovables, by favour of 25 Regional Directorates. In this study, the foundations in Turkey have been examined from the point of administration and landownership, from past to present; foundation occurance and basic problems have been tried to be revealed by making a detailed research about the foundations in the instance of the province of Samsun. Key words: Ottoman period, foundation, landownership, real estate. INTRODUCTION Considering the traditions of the Turkish nation, there are the Seljuk and Ottoman periods, the foundations had a humanitarian aids like helping the ones in need, feeding significant place in the social and economic life of the the ones that are hungry, dress one’s wound who is sick society (Barkan, 1963). Moreover, after the proclamation or wounded. This sense of cooperation, which lies in the of the Republic, the foundations were still paid a special national character of the Turkish people, has directly attention and they were enabled to provide a better affected the social structure of the established Turkish service with the new laws. governments and as a result, the Foundations emerged In Turkey, the Foundation (Waqfs) is described as a as essential cooperation and solidarity organizations. person’s allocating his movable and immovable pro- Particularly after the acceptance of Islam, everyone in the perties of his own accord and request by excluding from Turkish societies with opportunities established a his personal landownership, in order to enable them to be foundation and put the foundation works into the service used under the conditions and services, determined by of the deprived (Cezar, 1985). Developing rapidly during himself for the purpose of charity and good, forever. Foundation is an establishment, based upon the right of in the first place, grand viziers, all senior government landownership and is the use of this right for the benefit authorities and the wealthy could establish foundations in of the society (Veziroglu et al., 2000). Other concepts, accordance with their power (Malkoc, 2009). concerning the foundations are as follows: i. Endowment (Vakfiye in Turkish): Documents, The types of foundations during the Ottoman period containing the assests, foundation terms of the regular, appendant and community foundations and the requests It is possible to analyse the Ottoman period foundations in six groups, in terms of their entities, possessions, of the founder. ii. Charities (Hayrat in Turkish): Described as the property administrations, chartering patterns, utilization patterns or the service, presented by the regular, appendant, and their incomes (Figure 1). community and artisan foundations and new foundations, directly to the benefit of the society without any charge. iii. Real property (Akar in Turkish): Movables and In terms of their entities immovables, obliged to be evaluated in a way to yield a. Charity foundations: Foundations with incomes being money in order to accomplish the purposes and activities completely and partially allocated to various charity of the foundations. provisions and services. iv. Tithe (Asar in Turkish): The tax, collected from the b. Posterity foundations: Foundations with incomes being harvest products at the rate of tenth. completely allocated to the descents of the foundation Duties (Rusum in Turkish): The plural of duty. Duty without any charity provision. In case the descents of the means tax, here. foundation were dissolved, they could be allocated to a charity service. FOUNDATIONS IN THE TURKISH HISTORY In terms of their possessions The Old Turks gave place and importance to the establishment of foundation even during the civilisations, a. Precise foundations: Foundations with every kinds of they had founded before the acceptance of Islam. It is physical assets, whose landownership belongs to possible to see it on the scriptures, located at the Sou- themselves. In such foundations, the endowed movables thern front of Kül Tigin Monument, which is among and immovables constitute the property landownership of Orkhon Monuments (Ergin, 1973). As a result of the the foundation. excavations, carried out in the Eastern Turkistan, Uyghur b. Non-precise foundations: Foundations, established on Endowments of B.C 12th and 13th centuries were rev- the public land by the head of the state or with his ealed. The first Turkish Foundation in Anatolia was permission. If the right of utilization of tithe or duty from a established in Erzurum, Hasankale, in 1048 (Veziroglu et public land is endowed, then such foundations are given al., 2000). the name, Non-precise foundation. Here, the bare landownership of the land belongs to the government. Foundations during Ottoman period In terms of their administrations During the Ottoman empire period, all the services except of security and judicial services, from health to environ- a. Registered foundations: Foundations, established by ment, from substructure to urbanism, from education to the members of the palace and administered and social services, were carried out by foundations controlled by the charge of the pious foundations. (Yediyildiz and Ozturk, 1996). The cities in the Ottoman b. Appendant foundations: Foundations, conditioned to were generally established around foundation complexes the descendant of the endower, being administered by and the districts were founded around the structures like the administrators and controlled by the charge of the foundation mosques, Turkish baths, fountains and so pious foundations. forth. Nevsehir is a good example for the role, played by the foundations in the Turkish city life (Agmanvermez, 1999). The cities were deprived of the municipal organi- In terms of their chartering patterns zation until 1856. Examining the endowments, it is seen that the municipal services like water, transportation, a. Icare-i vahideli foundations: Foundations, leased in illumination, cleaning and public order were usually return for a certain leasing, temporarily. accomplished by the foundations before this date b. Icare-i vahide-i gradual foundations: Foundations, (Agmanvermez, 1999). The first foundation in the leased for an indefinite period of time. In such Ottoman belongs to Orhan Bey. The sultans, being in foundations, the right of tenancy is given for an 1 2 Figure 1. The types of foundations during the Ottoman period. Foundations, leased with a certain value, temporarily. Foundations of 3 4 leasing during the Ottoman period. An organization that is based on charity. A temporary tax, collected by the Ottomans from the public. indefinite period of time, by getting the current price for b. Avariz foundations: Foundations, established to meet once only and a determined hire purchase year by year. the urgent needs of the public or occupational groups in a In case of the death of the tenant, the right of tenancy is district or a village. inherited to his inheritors. During the Republic period, the leasing method of icare-i vahide-i gradual was abolished and the possessions of the immovables, having already In terms of their incomes been leased, started to be given to the tenants against a determined remuneration and such kinds of immovables a. Movable: Foundations, constituted of movables like were called the concessional immovables (Veziroglu et money, gun, machine, horse, etc. al., 2000). b. Immovable: Foundations, constituted of immovable properties like house, land, orchard. In terms of their utilization patterns Foundations during the republic period a. Muessesat-i hayriye: Foundations like sanctuary, madrassa, library,
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Bakanliğimiz Insan Kaynaklari Genel Müdürlüğü Il Içi Atama Siramatiği Saat:13.30 Itibariyle Yeniden Çaliştirmasi Nedeniyle Oluşan Inha Taslak Listesi
    BAKANLIĞIMIZ İNSAN KAYNAKLARI GENEL MÜDÜRLÜĞÜ İL İÇİ ATAMA SIRAMATİĞİ SAAT:13.30 İTİBARİYLE YENİDEN ÇALIŞTIRMASI NEDENİYLE OLUŞAN İNHA TASLAK LİSTESİ HİZMET S.NO ADI SOYADI BRANŞI ESKİ GÖREV YERİ YENİ KADRO GÖREVİ PUANI FATIMA 1 Almanca 121 MAÇKA / (964365) - Maçka Mehmet Akif Ersoy Anadolu Lisesi AKÇAABAT / (758005) - Akçaabat Yıldızlı Anadolu Lisesi BETÜL KARAHAN 2 FATMA ÖZKURT Almanca 72 AKÇAABAT / (974950) - Akçaabat İMKB Anadolu Lisesi TONYA / (962510) - Trabzon Tonya Anadolu Lisesi 3 GİZEM AYDIN Almanca 33 ORTAHİSAR / (757079) - Yavuz Sultan Selim Anadolu Lisesi MAÇKA / (964365) - Maçka Mehmet Akif Ersoy Anadolu Lisesi SİNEM UZUN 4 Almanca 66 AKÇAABAT / (974950) - Akçaabat İMKB Anadolu Lisesi ORTAHİSAR / (757079) - Yavuz Sultan Selim Anadolu Lisesi KERİMOĞLU 5 ALİBEY YANAR Beden Eğitimi 80 ARSİN / (742761) - Atayurt Alparslan Ortaokulu ŞALPAZARI / (743184) - Simenli Ortaokulu 6 BARBAROS KOLOT Beden Eğitimi 236 DÜZKÖY / (743359) - Çal Ortaokulu ÇARŞIBAŞI / (743002) - Kadıköy Ortaokulu 7 BARIŞ BOZKURT Beden Eğitimi 85 OF / (742973) - Gürpınar ortaokulu OF / (742982) - İhsan Karadeniz Ortaokulu 8 DAVUT ŞEMŞEK Beden Eğitimi 220 HAYRAT / (720629) - Balaban Hacısalih Musaoğlu Ortaokulu SÜRMENE / (270049) - Halis Çebi Mesleki Eğitim Merkezi 9 MAHMUT YURDUSEVEN Beden Eğitimi 226 ARAKLI / (745261) - 25 Şubat Ortaokulu ARSİN / (751858) - Yeşilyalı İmam Hatip Ortaokulu 10 ORHAN ÇİNEMRE Beden Eğitimi 284 ARAKLI / (718547) - Atatürk Ortaokulu ARAKLI / (761605) - Hamit Özdağ İmam Hatip Ortaokulu 11 ŞÜKRÜ UÇAR Beden Eğitimi 387 ŞALPAZARI / (214458)
    [Show full text]
  • Polymorphism and Genetic Relationships Among Tea Genotypes from Turkey Revealed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Marker
    J. AMER.SOC.HORT.SCI. 134(4):428–434. 2009. Polymorphism and Genetic Relationships among Tea Genotypes from Turkey Revealed by Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism Markers Salih Kafkas1 Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cxukurova, 01330, Adana, Turkey Sezai Ercisxli Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, Ataturk University 25240, Erzurum, Turkey Yıldız Dog˘an Department of Horticulture, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Cxukurova, 01330, Adana, Turkey Yasxar Ertu¨rk Ispir_ Hamza Polat Vocational School, Department of Horticulture, Ataturk University 25900, Ispir, Erzurum, Turkey Ayhan Haznedar and Remzi Sekban Ministry of Agriculture, Ataturk Tea and Horticulture Research Institute, 55100 Rize, Turkey ADDITIONAL INDEX WORDS. similarity, Camellia sinensis, PCoA, UPGMA ABSTRACT. Individuals in most countries around the world drink tea (Camellia sinensis). Tea drinking has attained ceremonial status in many places as a social and medicinal beverage. Although tea is of great importance in Turkey’s economy, little is known about the pattern of genetic variation among the various tea genotypes grown in Turkey. A total of 32 tea genotypes found at the Ataturk Tea and Horticulture Research Institute in the eastern Black Sea region of Turkey were sampled. Fluorescent dye amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers and capillary electrophoresis were applied for molecular characterization. The AFLP analysis with six primer combinations generated 835 fragments of which 567 were polymorphic, corresponding to 69.8% polymorphism. Resolving powers of the AFLP primers ranged from 62.6 to 81.9, yielding a total of 437.8; the polymorphic information content (PIC) ranged from 0.76 to 0.83, with an average of 0.79.
    [Show full text]
  • The Case of Hazelnut Farms in Turkey
    Clemson University TigerPrints All Dissertations Dissertations 12-2007 The irF m Size, Farm Size, and Transaction Costs: The aC se of Hazelnut Farms in Turkey Ibrahim Demir Clemson University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations Part of the Economics Commons Recommended Citation Demir, Ibrahim, "The irF m Size, Farm Size, and Transaction Costs: The asC e of Hazelnut Farms in Turkey" (2007). All Dissertations. 135. https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/all_dissertations/135 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations at TigerPrints. It has been accepted for inclusion in All Dissertations by an authorized administrator of TigerPrints. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE FIRM SIZE, FARM SIZE, AND TRANSACTION COSTS: THE CASE OF HAZELNUT FARMS IN TURKEY A Dissertation Presented to the Graduate School of Clemson University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy Applied Economics by Ibrahim Demir December 2007 Accepted by: Dr. Michael T. Maloney, Committee Chair Dr. Robert D. Tollison Dr. John T. Warner Dr. Cotton M. Lindsey ABSTRACT This study analyzes the determinants of the size of the hazelnut farms in Turkey within the framework of the theory of firm and transaction costs. This study argues that, for a farm production function, land is a complex input with many transaction cost- increasing interactions with nature. Natural effects, such as land slope and variation in the weather conditions, can increase transaction costs. Transaction costs are the costs of using the inputs necessary for production. This study utilizes two separate data sets in order to test if the predicted relationship between transaction costs and farm size holds.
    [Show full text]
  • Baseline Assessment in Turkey April - July 2018
    ANALYSIS: BASELINE ASSESSMENT IN TURKEY APRIL - JULY 2018 INTERNATIONAL ORGANISATION FOR MIGRATION (IOM) Photo: Muse Mohammed/IOM 2016 Contact: DTM Turkey [email protected] migration.iom.int/europe @globaldtm 1 MIGRANTS’ PRESENCE MONITORING IN TURKEY BASELINE ASSESSMENT ROUND II APRIL - JUNE 2018 • Background • Province Based • AĞRI • KAHRAMANMARAŞ Analysis • AKSARAY • KIRKLARELİ • Methodology • AYDIN • SAKARYA • Coverage • ÇANAKKALE • TRABZON CONTENT • Key Findings • ISPARTA • YALOVA About DTM’s Baseline Assessment Baseline 1, the initial phase of province-based is recorded along with the figures and arrival date baseline assessment of DTM, was conducted for each nationality individually. As for the final in 10 selected provinces (Çanakkale, Yalova, part; the informant’s gender, contact information, Trabzon, Isparta, Ağrı, Aksaray, Kırklareli, Aydın, and type (i.e. religious leader, NGO worker, Kahramanmaraş, and Sakarya) of Turkey, from community leader, mukhtar, etc.) are processed the southeast to the northwest, in April 2018. herein based on his/her consent. Concurrently, Baseline 2 phase was performed in April-June 2018 in the same 10 provinces The baseline data collection provides valuable 5,339 interviews with key informants were with the involvement of 10 team leaders and 10 insight for tracking changes in mobility; and enumerators. identifying the migrant’s category and figures conducted between 1 April and 1 June 2018 including estimated figures for irregular migrants. Data collection phase of baseline assessment It has been designed to track migrants’ presence is carried out based on the assessment form in in Turkey, create a database of the same, and for Baseline 1 and Baseline 2. In Baseline 1 assessment reporting. This assessment aims to compile the form, the researcher, research site and date are data on migrants’ presence in Turkey and present first noted.
    [Show full text]
  • DOİ:10.5578/Fmbd.67647 Trabzon İlinde Tarımsal Arazi Kullanımındaki
    Afyon Kocatepe Üniversitesi Fen ve Mühendislik Bilimleri Dergisi Trabzon İlinde Tarımsal Arazi Kullanımındaki Zamansal Değişimin CBS ile Belirlenmesi, ÇolakAfyon ve Memişoğlu Kocatepe University Journal of Science and Engineering AKÜ FEMÜBİD 18 (2018) 015501 (946-958) AKU J. Sci. Eng.18 (2018) 015501(946-958) DOİ: 10.5578/fmbd.67647 Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article Trabzon İlinde Tarımsal Arazi Kullanımındaki Zamansal Değişimin CBS ile Belirlenmesi H. Ebru ÇOLAK1, Tuğba MEMİŞOĞLU1* 1 Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi, Mühendislik Fakültesi, Harita Mühendisliği Bölümü, Trabzon. e-posta: [email protected], [email protected] *Sorumlu yazar/ Corresponding author Geliş Tarihi: 18.01.2018 ; Kabul Tarihi: 08.11.2018 Özet Tarım arazileri, insanların yaşamsal faaliyetlerini sürdürme noktasında geçmişten günümüze önemli olmuştur. Özellikle yüksek verimin elde edildiği alanlarda insanlar, tarım topraklarını geçim kaynağı olarak kullanmışlardır. Bu durum gerek toplumsal fayda sağlanmasına gerekse de ülke ekonomisinin canlanmasına katkıda bulunmaktadır. Ancak gelişen teknolojiler, nüfus artışı, yaşam alanlarına ihtiyacın günden güne artması gibi etkenlerden dolayı tarım toprakları giderek niteliğini yitirmekte ve tarım dışı kullanımların ortaya çıkmasına sebep olmaktadır. Dolayısıyla bu durum sürdürülebilir tarım toprağı kullanımını olumsuz yönde etkilemektedir. Genel olarak verimli tarım arazileri incelendiğinde, en çok tarımsal verime sahip olan topraklar I. sınıf araziler olarak sınıflandırılmakla birlikte, diğer önemli verimli Anahtar kelimeler tarımsal topraklar ise II. ve III. sınıf araziler vasfında yer almaktadır. Tüm bu topraklar, korunması Tarımsal arazi; Arazi gereken alanlar niteliğinde kabul edilmiş, bu toprakların kullanımında çeşitli sınırlamalar getirilmiştir. Bu kullanım kabiliyeti bağlamda, Kalkınma Bakanlığının 2023 hedeflerinde, Tarım Arazilerinin Sürdürülebilir Kullanımı Çalışma sınıfı(AKKS); Kentsel Grubu Raporu bulunmaktadır. Bu raporda; toprağın korunması, dengeli kullanılması, ayrıca gelişen bilim gelişim, CBS; Trabzon.
    [Show full text]
  • TRABZON'da,C;:AY TARIMININ COGRAFI ESASLARI Yrd,Do~,Dlserkan DOGANA Y'
    Geographical Features Of Tea Plantation in Trabzon TRABZON'DA,C;:AY TARIMININ COGRAFI ESASLARI Yrd,Do~,DL Serkan DOGANA Y' Gzet Turkiye fay tartnunda basta gelen illerimizden birisi de Trabzon'dur. Nitekim Trabzon ili, gerek ('ay dikili alanlar ve gerekse de Iiretim miktarlari bakuntndan, Rize'den sonra ikinci sirada bulunur. Trabzon'da taruna elverisli arazinin (107417,5 hektar) % 14,7'si (15 832 hektar) fay tartmtna ayntmtstir. Tiirkiye fay bahcelerinin P6 631 hektar} yaklastk % 21 (15 832 hektar) kadari Trabzon'da bulunmaktadtr. 2003 yill Turkiye kuru fay iiretiminin (155 000 ton) ise, % 17,2'sini (26660 ton) Trabzon karsilanusur. Ayn{ yil Trabzonda fay tarnrn iLe ugrasan fiftfi saY'SI 49 776 kisidir. Cay, sanayi sektoriine hammadde olusturan tarim uriinlerinden birisidir. Guruunus: itibariyLe Trabzon'da, 8'i Caykur'a ait olmak uzere 32 fay fabrikasi bulunmaktadir. Ytlitlc 65 654, ton kuru fay tiretim kapasitesine sahip alan btl Jabrikalarda, 3 648 personel istihdani edilmektedir. Trabzon 'un temel tarun urunlerinden olan gay, hem yetistiriciligi, hem sanayisi ve hem de pazarlanmasi yonuyle cok. saysda insanui gecitn kaynagi durumundadtr. Anahtar Kelimeler: Tarim, Cay, Cay Sanayisi ~ Ataturk Universitesi, Kazirn Karabekir Egitim Fakultesi. Sosyal Bilgiler Egitimi Anabilim Dali, Erzururn. Eastern Geographical Review 16 • 89 Trabzon'da Cay Tartmmm Cograft Esaslan Abstract One of the leading cines in tea plantation in Turkey is Trabzon. The city is the second, after Rize: as regards the area of tea fields and the yield. 14.7 % (15 832 hectares) ofthe cultivable land (107 417.5 hectares) is used for tea plantation ill Trabzan. Almost 21% (15 832 hectares} ofthe total tea plantation arm (76 fB I hectares) is ill Trabzon.
    [Show full text]
  • DDOOKKAAPP--TTAARRIIMM Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Küçük
    Haberler No.05 DDOOKKAAPP---TTAARRIIIMM Newsletter No.05 Doğu Karadeniz Bölgesindeki Küçük Ölçekli Çiftçilerin Yaşam Seviyelerinin İyileştirilmesi Projesi Project for Improvement of Livelihood for Small-scale Farmers in Eastern Black Sea Region Haberler No.05 - 2008 Bahar Newsletter No.05 - 2008 Spring DOKAP-TARIM İlk Ders Semineri yapıldı DOKAP-TARIM Seminar on Appraisal Course Carried out for Selected Agricultural Engineers DOKAP-TARIM 2A semineri 5-9 Mayıs tarihleri arasında DOKAP-TARIM Seminar 2A was carried out during 5 - 9 gerçekleştirildi. 5 gün süren seminer Temel Dersleri May. The 5-day seminar was rural appraisal course for içeren Seminer 1’i tamamlayan katılımcılara the graduates of Seminar 1 (basic course), which was uygulandı. 5 il koordinatörünün de içinde bulunduğu 6 already implemented 3 times. The 26 technical staffs ilden toplam 26 teknik çalışan seminere katıldı. in the 6 provinces attended the Seminar 2A, including 5 provincial coordinators. Bu seminerde proje oluşturma konusundaki kırsal değerlendirme ile ilgili uygulamalar yapıldı. This seminar included several kinds of practices Katılımcılar deneme amaçlı olarak Maçka ilçesinin relating to rural appraisal for project formation. The Hamsiköy köyünde atölye çalışması ve soru anketi participants made trials on discussion workshop and uygulamalarında bulundu ve aldıkları sonuçları rapor questionnaire survey in Hamsiköy of Maçka district haline getirdi. and prepared short reports of those results. Seminerde katılımcılara kırsal değerlendirme ve pazar In this seminar, some useful tools for rural appraisal araştırması konularında önemli bilgiler verildi. Ayrıca, and food marketing research were introduced for tatlı patates konusunda bilgi vermesi için Hatay’dan their references. In addition, the Turkish pioneer on bir uzman davet edildi.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey: National Progress Report on the Implementation of the Hyogo
    Turkey National progress report on the implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2013-2015) Name of focal point: Dr. FUAT OKTAY Organization: Prime Ministry, Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency Title/Position: Director General E-mail address: [email protected] Telephone: +903122582323 Reporting period: 2013-2015 Report Status: Final Last updated on: 14 March 2015 Print date: 23 April 2015 Reporting language: English A National HFA Monitor update published by PreventionWeb http://www.preventionweb.net/english/hyogo/progress/reports/ National Progress Report - 2013-2015 1/165 Outcomes Strategic Outcome For Goal 1 Outcomes Statement Prime Ministry Disaster and Emergency Management Presidency (AFAD) and a national public administration institution; Public Administration Institute for Turkey and Middle East (TODAIE) have signed a protocol as a part of preparations for “Turkey: National Progress Report on the Implementation of the Hyogo Framework for Action (2013-2015)” and preparations have been completed by ensuring the participation of related institutions and stakeholders. During this process firstly information forms, based on the HFA Monitor Template have been applied to central government, local administration agencies, NGOs, private sector organizations and professional chambers in order to determine the levels of accomplishment of the targets set in connection with the disaster risk reduction of the period of 2011-2013 by Turkey. In order to evaluate the responses of 3000 organizations to the information forms obtained from central and local administrations and determine the future strategies, "Turkey's Disaster Risk Reduction Preparation Workshop" was organized on 17 - 18 November 2014 at TODAIE with the participation of the members of the Turkey Platform for Disaster Risk Reduction (National Platform) and other stakeholders.
    [Show full text]
  • Lichen Flora of Trabzon*
    Tr. J. of Botany 23 (1999) 97–112 © TÜBİTAK Research Article Lichen Flora of Trabzon* Kenan YAZICI Karadeniz Technical University, Fatih Education Faculty, Biology Dept., 61335 Akçaabat, Trabzon-TURKEY Received: 09.10.1997 Accepted: 19.11.1998 Abstract: This study was performed between May 1993 and November 1995 in Trabzon. A total of 230 species and 1 variety, which belongs to the 35 families in Ascomycotina, were defined. A total of 39 species were understood to be new records for Turkey. Key Words: Lichen, Flora, Trabzon, Turkey Trabzon İli Likenleri Özet: Bu çalışma Mayıs 1993–Kasım 1995 tarihleri arasında Trabzon il sınırları içerisinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Ascomycotina sınıfı içerisinde 35 familyaya ait 230 tür ve 1 varyete tesbit edilmiştir. Bu türlerin 39’u Türkiye için yeni kayıttır. Anahtar Sözcükler: Liken, Flora, Trabzon, Türkiye Introduction Pseudomacchie and pure or mixed stands of Carpinus Although lichens are often treated as a separate plant L., Castanea Miller, Quercus L., Fagus L. and Picea Dietr. division most lichenologists now consider them part of were observed to be the dominant vegetation in the the fungi (1). Lichens have been used in monitoring district (11). surveys for radioactive pollution (2–4). After giving a collection number to each one of the The studies on lichens in Turkey are not as extensive samples collected, they were stored by putting them into as in other countries. So the lichen flora of Turkey is still paper purses and envelopes. largely unknown. In Trabzon, the first sudies on lichens A stereo microscope, light microscope and a color were performed by Steiner, Szatala and Anşin (5–7).
    [Show full text]
  • Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Atatürk University Journal of Agricultural Faculty
    Atatürk Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi Atatürk University Journal of Agricultural Faculty Atatürk Üniv. Ziraat Fak. Derg., 52 (1): 67-80, 2021 Atatürk Univ. J. of Agricultural Faculty, 52 (1): 67-80, 2021 ISSN: 1300-9036, E-ISSN: 2651-5016 Araştırma Makalesi / Research Article http://dergipark.gov.tr/ataunizfd Trabzon İline Ait Bazı Yerel Mısır Popülasyonlarının Agronomik Performansları* Ali ÖZTÜRK1,**,a Ahmet BÜYÜKGÖZ2,b 1 Atatürk Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi, Tarla Bitkileri Bölümü, Erzurum, Türkiye 2 ÇAYKUR Karaca Çay Fabrikası Müdürlüğü, Of, Trabzon, Türkiye ** Sorumlu yazar e-mail: [email protected] doi: 10.17097/ataunizfd.768620 Geliş Tarihi (Received): 13.07.2020 Kabul Tarihi (Accepted): 21.10.2020 Yayın Tarihi (Published): 26.01.2021 ÖZ: Bu araştırma, 18 yerel mısır popülasyonu ve iki tescilli mısır çeşidi kullanılarak, tesadüf blokları deneme planına göre 2015 yılında Akçaabat, 2017 yılında Of lokasyonunda yürütülmüştür. Lokasyonların ortalamasına göre, dekara bitki sayısı hariç, incelenen özellikler yönünden genotipler arasında önemli farklar belirlenmiştir. Genotiplere göre koçan püskülü çıkış süresi 52.7- 66.5 gün, olgunlaşma süresi 101.0-116.0 gün, bitki boyu 166.3-293.9 cm, ilk koçan yüksekliği 64.8-163.7 cm, sap çapı 12.53-23.45 mm, dekara bitki sayısı 5963.0-7533.3, bitki başına yaprak sayısı 7.73-13.38, bitki başına koçan sayısı 1.00-1.13, koçan uzunluğu 10.85-21.95 cm, koçan çapı 3.34-4.71 cm, koçanda tane sırası sayısı 8.57-14.03, koçandaki tane sayısı 193.1-534.5, bin tane ağırlığı 270.6-397.0 g, tane verimi 319.3-1167.1 kg/da, ham protein oranı ise % 9.89-14.50 arasında değişmiştir.
    [Show full text]
  • Politics and Religious Orders in Turkey Türkiye'de Tarikatlar Ve Siyaset
    POLITICS AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN TURKEY / TÜRKİYE’DE European Union This project is co-funded by the European Union, Norwegian MFA, and Irish Aid / Bu proje Avrupa Birliği, Norveç Dışişleri Bakanlığı, ve Irlanda Yardım tarafından ortaklaşa finanse edilmektedir POLITICS AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN TURKEY TÜRKİYE’DE TARIKATLAR VE SIYASET TARIKATLAR VE SIYASET Ferda Balancar Ferda Balancar August/ Ağustos 2019 European Union This project is co-funded by the European Union, Norwegian MFA, and Irish Aid / Bu proje Avrupa Birliği, Norveç Dışişleri Bakanlığı, ve Irlanda Yardım tarafından ortaklaşa finanse edilmektedir POLITICS AND RELIGIOUS ORDERS IN TURKEY Ferda Balancar August 2019 7 Published by / Yayınlayan Democratic Progress Institute / Demokratik Gelişim Enstitüsü 11 Guilford Street London WC1N 1DH www.democraticprogress.org [email protected] + 44 (0) 20 7405 3835 First published / İlk Baskı, 2019 ISBN – 978-1-911205-33-3 © DPI – Democratic Progress Institute / Demokratik Gelişim Enstitüsü DPI – Democratic Progress Institute is a charity registered in England and Wales. Registered Charity No. 1037236. Registered Company No. 2922108 DPI – Demokratik Gelişim Enstitüsü İngiltere ve galler’de kayıtlı bir vakıftır. Vakıf kayıt No. 1037236. Kayıtlı Şirket No. 2922108 This publication is copyright, but may be reproduced by any method without fee or prior permission for teaching purposes, but not for resale. For copying in any other circumstances, prior written permission must be obtained from the publisher, and a fee may be payable. Bu yayının telif hakları saklıdır, eğitim amacıyla telif ödenmeksizin yada önceden izin alınmaksızın çoğaltılabilir ancak yeniden satılamaz. Bu durumun dışındaki her tür kopyalama için yayıncıdan yazılı izin alınması gerekmektedir. Bu durumda yayıncılara bir ücret ödenmesi gerekebilir.
    [Show full text]
  • Real Estate Valuation Report
    REAL ESTATE VALUATION REPORT TRABZON NOVOTEL HOTEL, 2019_AKFENGYO_19 “HOTEL EVALUATION” 1 INDEX 1. REPORT SUMMARY ............................................................................................................................................................................ 3 2. REPORT INFORMATION .................................................................................................................................................................... 4 3. INFORMATION ON REAL ESTATE APPRAISAL COMPANY AND THE CUSTOMER ............................................................... 5 4. GENERAL ANALYSIS AND DATA .................................................................................................................................................... 5 4.1 ANALYSIS OF THE REGION WITH THE REAL ESTATE AND THE DATA USED: ...................................................................... 5 4.2 ANALYSIS OF EXISTING ECONOMIC CONDITIONS, REAL ESTATE MARKET, EXISTING TRENDS AND BASED DATA . 7 5. INFORMATION ABOUT REAL ESTATE OF VALUATION SUBJECT ......................................................................................... 15 5.1 THE PLACE AND LOCATION OF REAL ESTATE ........................................................................................................................... 15 5.2 DESCRIPTION AND PROPERTIES OF REAL ESTATE ................................................................................................................... 16 5.2.1 STRUCTURAL CONSTRUCTION FEATURES OF THE REAL
    [Show full text]