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Dendroseris-De- Folha-Estreita VIDA SELVAGEM MUNDIAL Crusoe. São árvores grandes (70 cm de diâmetro na base), provavelmente já com mais de cem anos e por isso muito decrépitas. Funcionários do Parque Nacional Archipiélago Juan Fernández DendroserisDendroseris--dede-- decidiram entretanto agarrar os troncos com cordas e arames, caso contrário poderiam já ter caído. A partir das sementes destas duas plantas, têm sido criados diversos exemplares em viveiro mas com reduzida taxa de sobrevivência. folhafolha--estreitaestreita Em pior situação se encontram duas espé- cies endémicas da ilha Alejando Selkirk: a den- droseris-de-folha-larga (Dendroseris macrophyla), apenas com 8 exemplares selvagens conhecidos e sem plantas em viveiro, e a dendroseris-gigante (Dendroseris gigantea). Esta última espécie este- ve até 2007 reduzida a um único exemplar muito envelhecido e de grande tamanho (4,5 m de altura), que cresce numa zona de difícil acesso da ilha. A partir de algumas das suas sementes, foi Uma das dezenas de plantas possível criar 8 plantas em viveiro que, em 2009, endémicas da ilha de Robinson Crusoe foram enraizadas perto da planta-mãe, tendo sobrevivido apenas 5, uma vez que as restantes Todos conhecem a história de Robinson ma da anterior, com 3 km2, e Masafuera foram depredadas por ratos. Crusoe, mas o que poucos saberão é que o (rebaptizada como ilha Alejandro Selkirk), com 50 romance de Daniel Defoe, publi- km2 e situada uns 160 km mais Dendroseris-de-folha-estreita cado em 1719, terá sido basea- a oeste. O seu isolamento no Reino: Plantae do em factos reais, embora algo meio do oceano propiciou uma Divisão: Magnoliophyta distorcidos. Uma das fontes grande diversificação genética Classe: Asteropsida Ordem: Asterales prováveis, embora longe de ser das poucas espécies vegetais e Família: Asteraceae a única, foi o caso do marinheiro animais que, entretanto, aí se Género: Dendroseris Espécie: Dendroseris neriifolia escocês Alexander Selkirk que, instalaram. Assim, 137 plantas no ano de 1704, em conflito com selvagens (64% das existentes) Caracterização o capitão de um navio corsário, são consideradas endémicas, Árvore muito ramificada com copa larga. Folhas coriáceas, estreitas e inteiras, atingindo 15x2 cm. Flores brancas e tentou convencer alguns dos incluindo 12 géneros e 1 família pequenas, agrupadas em inflorescências globosas. Fruto seus companheiros a desertar, únicos no mundo. São igual- (aquénio) ovóide e achatado. Altura: 2 a 4 m. aproveitando uma paragem de mente reconhecidas 3 espécies Distribuição reabastecimento em Masatierra, endémicas de aves e uma foca Espécie endémica da ilha Robinson Crusoe (Arquipélago de Juan Fernández, Chile). uma ilha perdida no Pacífico, autóctone deste arquipélago e 580 km a oeste da costa do do das ilhas Desventuradas, Protecção Chile. Selkirk acabou por ficar cerca de mil quilómetros mais a Considerada como espécie “em perigo crítico de extinção” pelo último relatório da IUCN (2008). sozinho nessa ilha durante 4 norte. anos e 4 meses, sobrevivendo à custa das plan- Dendroseris é um dos géneros botânicos Espécies semelhantes Existem mais 10 espécies de Dendroseris endémicas do tas selvagens e de cabras, aí introduzidas a conhecido apenas de Juan Fernández, sendo arquipélago Juan Fernández. Uma das mais conhecidas é a partir da sua descoberta em 1574 pelo navega- constituído por 11 espécies de árvores e arbus- árvore-couve (Dendroseris litoralis), com apenas dois indiví- dor espanhol Juan Fernández. tos, derivados de um antepassado continental de duos selvagens na ilha Santa Clara mas bastante cultivada. Outra é a dendroseris-gigante (Dendroseris gigantea), da ilha De origem vulcânica relativamente recente carácter herbáceo, semelhante às nossas serra- Alejandro Selkirk, reduzida a um único exemplar adulto. (1 a 4 milhões de anos), o arquipélago Juan lhas (Sonchus sp.). Uma das características mais Fernández é constituído pelas ilhas Masatierra significativas destas plantas, é o fruto (aquénio) (entretanto rebaptizada como ilha Robinson cujo papilho se apresenta curto e caduco, já não Crusoe), com 48 km2, Santa Clara, muito próxi- funcionando como pára-quedas capaz de ser transportado pelo vento a longas distâncias, como sucede justamente nas serralhas. A grande capacidade de dispersão destes frutos tornou-se obviamente inútil em plantas que se adaptaram a viver em ambientes insulares muito isolados. Todas estas espécies se encontram actual- Árvores-couve plantadas numa rua de San Juan Bautista, capital do arquipélago devastada em fins de Fevereiro de 2010 mente em perigo de extinção, sobretudo devido à pelo tsunami resultante do terramoto no Chile. acção de coelhos, ratos e cabras, para além da proliferação de plantas exóticas. Algumas estão mesmo reduzidas a um punhado de exemplares, refugiados nas zonas mais inacessíveis das ilhas, podendo a espécie extinguir-se a qualquer momento. Tal é o caso da dendroseris-de-folha- Único exemplar estreita (Dendroseris neriifolia), da qual subsis- selvagem de dendroseris- tem apenas dois exemplares selvagens, num gigante barranco situado a nordeste da ilha Robinson Bibliografia: Novoa, P. (2005) Proyecto Libro Rojo de la Flora de la V Région (http://otros.conaf.cl); Atwood, R. (1996) Chile fights to save worlld’s rarest plant (Reuters); Danton, P., Breteau, E. & Baffray, M. (1999) Les îles de Robinson, trésor vivant des mers du Sud entre légende et réalité (Nathan); Juan Fernández Islands (Wikipedia). Fotos: Patrício Novoa (www.chilebosque.cl); inflorescência: P. Danton (P. Danton et al., 1999); Dendroseris gigantea: CONAF Valparaíso. Textos: Almargem (2010). madressilva enciclopédia de biodiversidade (www.almargem.org) .
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