Dendroseris Litoralis Skottsb
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The Vegetation of Robinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan
The Vegetation ofRobinson Crusoe Island (Isla Masatierra), Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile1 Josef Greimler,2,3 Patricio Lopez 5., 4 Tod F. Stuessy, 2and Thomas Dirnbiick5 Abstract: Robinson Crusoe Island of the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, as is the case with many oceanic islands, has experienced strong human disturbances through exploitation ofresources and introduction of alien biota. To understand these impacts and for purposes of diversity and resource management, an accu rate assessment of the composition and structure of plant communities was made. We analyzed the vegetation with 106 releves (vegetation records) and subsequent Twinspan ordination and produced a detailed colored map at 1: 30,000. The resultant map units are (1) endemic upper montane forest, (2) endemic lower montane forest, (3) Ugni molinae shrubland, (4) Rubus ulmifolius Aristotelia chilensis shrubland, (5) fern assemblages, (6) Libertia chilensis assem blage, (7) Acaena argentea assemblage, (8) native grassland, (9) weed assemblages, (10) tall ruderals, and (11) cultivated Eucalyptus, Cupressus, and Pinus. Mosaic patterns consisting of several communities are recognized as mixed units: (12) combined upper and lower montane endemic forest with aliens, (13) scattered native vegetation among rocks at higher elevations, (14) scattered grassland and weeds among rocks at lower elevations, and (15) grassland with Acaena argentea. Two categories are included that are not vegetation units: (16) rocks and eroded areas, and (17) settlement and airfield. Endemic forests at lower elevations and in drier zones of the island are under strong pressure from three woody species, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmifolius, and Ugni molinae. The latter invades native forests by ascending dry slopes and ridges. -
Final Report
FINAL REPORT MAB‐UNESCO AWARD Establishing the bases for a long term study about endemic biodiversity in Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile Ana M. Abarzúa and Cecilia Smith‐Ramírez Centro de Estudios en Ecología y Biodiversidad (CASEB) Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile September 2010 UNESCO _ September 2010 Report Index Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………..……………………………………3 Invasion dynamics in forest gaps in Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile .......................................................................................4 Diet of Turdus falcklandii (TURDIDAE) in Robinson Crusoe, Juan Fernández Islands, Chile ..............................................................................................13 Gap size age in the endemic forest of Robinson Crusoe island, Chile .................................19 Pictures ................................................................................................................................21 Anexo I. Nuevos registros y antecedentes de especies en Estado Crítico de la flora de Robinson Crusoe y Santa Clara ..……………………………………………………………..…27 2 UNESCO _ September 2010 Report Introduction The Juan Fernandez Archipelago is located 650 km west of the Chilean Pacific coast and it is made up of three volcanic islands: Robinson Crusoe (48 km2), Alejandro Selkirk (50 km2), and Santa Clara (2.2 km2) that harbor a flora of remarkably high endemism (about 67%). In 1935, the Chilean Government declared these islands a National Park and in 1977 they became a UNESCO‐approved Biosphere Reserve. Due to the extraordinary biotic endemism that characterizes these islands, they are considered to be one of two of the world’s mini‐hotspots (along with the Galapagos) (Mitterier et al. 1999). The JF Archipelago presents the highest plant species richness in the smallest area on the planet (Arroyo et al. 1999) and is considered by WWF/IUCN as a Center of Plant Biodiversity. In July 2009 the researchers of this project traveled to Robinson Crusoe Island. -
Dendroseris Pinnata (Bertero Ex Decne.) Col De Juan Fernández Hook
Id especie: FICHA DE ESPECIE CLASIFICADA Nombre Científico Nombre Vernacular Dendroseris pinnata (Bertero ex Decne.) Col de Juan Fernández Hook. et Arn. En: Hook. et Arn. Comp. Bot. Mag. I. 32. 1835. Familia: Asteraceae tribu: Cichorieae (Muñoz 1973) subtribu: Sonchinae (Kim et al. 1996) subgénero: Phoenicoseris (Sanders et al. 1987) Sinonimia Rea pinnata Bert. en Hemsley (1884) Antecedentes Generales Especie perteneciente al género endémico Dendroseris. Endemismo de la isla Robinson Crusoe. Compuesta de porte arbóreo de hasta 3 m de altura, de aspecto de una pequeña palma. Monocárpico, con el tronco delgado, oblicuo u horizontal en su base, resto levantado y derecho, marcado por cicatrices foliares. Hojas reunidas a modo de plumero en la punta del tronco, peciolada, imparipinnada (con 9 a 16 pares de pinas, sésiles). Inflorescencia es una panoja lateral saliendo de la base del ramillete de hojas, compuesta, formada por 300 a 400 cabezuelas. Corola blanca, vilano blanco. Aquenios morenos, oblongos, comprimidos (Johow 1896). Especie monocárpica, es decir, produce flores a edad avanzada, reproduciéndose con abundancia y muriendo después (Johow 1896). Esta especie presenta alguna variabilidad genética (Crawford et al. 1998, Esselman et al. 2000), y se ha estudiado los mecanismos evolutivos del género (Crawford et al. 1992) La germinación comienza a los 30 días después de sembradas las semillas, llegando a solo un 2% al cabo de 6 meses (Ricci 1998) Distribución geográfica (extensión de la presencia) Desde Quebrada Piedra Agujereada hasta Cerro Chumacera; Cordón Salsipuedes; desde Puerto Inglés a Vaquería y Juanango y en Cerro Alto (Johow 1896; Skottsberg 1922, 1952; Ricci obs.). Se estima una extensión de la presencia aproximada, menor a 5 km2 Tamaño poblacional estimado, abundancia relativa y estructura poblacional Se contaron 96 individuos (Ricci 1990, 2005) en los distintos sectores de la isla, en todas las clases de tamaño, siempre individuos aislados, se infiere menos de 50% de individuos maduros. -
Barrett Unpubl
Plant evolution of islands 1. Islands as evolutionary laboratories – Darwin and the Galápagos 2. Colonization and establishment: the reproductive biology and genetics of island plants 3. A glimpse of Caribbean islands and cays 4. Island hopping: Juan Fernández, New Caledonia and Australia Island biology 1. Main influences on diversity: island age & size, distance from mainland, environmental heterogeneity and intensity of human disturbance 2. Geographical isolation & novel environments result in evolutionary diversification (= adaptive radiation) and high levels of endemism 3. Founder effects and genetic bottlenecks a prominent feature of island populations 4. Island novelty includes: evolution of woodiness, high incidence of dioecy, transitions to selfing and wind- pollination Islands as evolutionary laboratories Darwin Wallace Charles Darwin & Alfred Russell Wallace gained numerous insights into evolutionary diversification from studies of island biogeography Island exploration and the development of Darwins ideas on evolution • Voyage on H.M.S. Beagle around the world (1831-1836) as ships naturalist • Made numerous observations and collections of plants, animals & fossils • His observations on patterns of variation in the Galápagos islands were particularly influential • Darwin saw many ‘incipient species’ and geographical races and this caused him to doubt the ‘fixity’ of species and their origin by special creation H.M.S. Beagle sails to Galápagos Islands Galápagos Islands • 15 main islands of volcanic origin; oldest 5-10 million -
Doctorat De L'université De Toulouse
En vue de l’obt ention du DOCTORAT DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE TOULOUSE Délivré par : Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier (UT3 Paul Sabatier) Discipline ou spécialité : Ecologie, Biodiversité et Evolution Présentée et soutenue par : Joeri STRIJK le : 12 / 02 / 2010 Titre : Species diversification and differentiation in the Madagascar and Indian Ocean Islands Biodiversity Hotspot JURY Jérôme CHAVE, Directeur de Recherches CNRS Toulouse Emmanuel DOUZERY, Professeur à l'Université de Montpellier II Porter LOWRY II, Curator Missouri Botanical Garden Frédéric MEDAIL, Professeur à l'Université Paul Cezanne Aix-Marseille Christophe THEBAUD, Professeur à l'Université Paul Sabatier Ecole doctorale : Sciences Ecologiques, Vétérinaires, Agronomiques et Bioingénieries (SEVAB) Unité de recherche : UMR 5174 CNRS-UPS Evolution & Diversité Biologique Directeur(s) de Thèse : Christophe THEBAUD Rapporteurs : Emmanuel DOUZERY, Professeur à l'Université de Montpellier II Porter LOWRY II, Curator Missouri Botanical Garden Contents. CONTENTS CHAPTER 1. General Introduction 2 PART I: ASTERACEAE CHAPTER 2. Multiple evolutionary radiations and phenotypic convergence in polyphyletic Indian Ocean Daisy Trees (Psiadia, Asteraceae) (in preparation for BMC Evolutionary Biology) 14 CHAPTER 3. Taxonomic rearrangements within Indian Ocean Daisy Trees (Psiadia, Asteraceae) and the resurrection of Frappieria (in preparation for Taxon) 34 PART II: MYRSINACEAE CHAPTER 4. Phylogenetics of the Mascarene endemic genus Badula relative to its Madagascan ally Oncostemum (Myrsinaceae) (accepted in Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society) 43 CHAPTER 5. Timing and tempo of evolutionary diversification in Myrsinaceae: Badula and Oncostemum in the Indian Ocean Island Biodiversity Hotspot (in preparation for BMC Evolutionary Biology) 54 PART III: MONIMIACEAE CHAPTER 6. Biogeography of the Monimiaceae (Laurales): a role for East Gondwana and long distance dispersal, but not West Gondwana (accepted in Journal of Biogeography) 72 CHAPTER 7 General Discussion 86 REFERENCES 91 i Contents. -
(Asteraceae) on the Canary Islands
G C A T T A C G G C A T genes Article Evolutionary Comparison of the Chloroplast Genome in the Woody Sonchus Alliance (Asteraceae) on the Canary Islands Myong-Suk Cho 1, Ji Young Yang 2, Tae-Jin Yang 3 and Seung-Chul Kim 1,* 1 Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea; [email protected] 2 Research Institute for Ulleung-do and Dok-do Island, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea; [email protected] 3 Department of Plant Science, Plant Genomics and Breeding Institute, Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea; [email protected] * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +82-31-299-4499 Received: 11 February 2019; Accepted: 11 March 2019; Published: 14 March 2019 Abstract: The woody Sonchus alliance consists primarily of woody species of the genus Sonchus (subgenus Dendrosonchus; family Asteraceae). Most members of the alliance are endemic to the oceanic archipelagos in the phytogeographic region of Macaronesia. They display extensive morphological, ecological, and anatomical diversity, likely caused by the diverse habitats on islands and rapid adaptive radiation. As a premier example of adaptive radiation and insular woodiness of species endemic to oceanic islands, the alliance has been the subject of intensive evolutionary studies. While phylogenetic studies suggested that it is monophyletic and its major lineages radiated rapidly early in the evolutionary history of this group, genetic mechanisms of speciation and genomic evolution within the alliance remain to be investigated. We first attempted to address chloroplast (cp) genome evolution by conducting comparative genomic analysis of three representative endemic species (Sonchus acaulis, Sonchus canariensis, and Sonchus webbii) from the Canary Islands. -
Dendroseris Macrantha (Bertero Ex Decne.) Skottsb
Id especie: FICHA DE ESPECIE CLASIFICADA Nombre Científico Nombre Vernacular Dendroseris macrantha (Bertero ex Decne.) Skottsb. Colecillo En: Skottsberg. C. The phanerogams of the Juan Fernández Islands. 202. 1922. Familia: Asteraceae tribu: Cichorieae (Muñoz 1973) subtribu: Sonchinae (Kim et al. 1996) subgénero: Dendroseris (Sanders et al. 1987) Sinonimia Rea macrantha Bert. ex Decne. En Arch. Bot. (Paris) 1(6): 509-520, 2 lám 1833. Dendroseris macrophylla Don. Johow, Est. Flora Juan Fernández 70. 1896 Antecedentes Generales Especie perteneciente al género endémico Dendroseris Don (1832). Endemismo de la isla Robinson Crusoe. Compuesta arborescente de hasta 3 m de altura; tallo ramificado a modo de horca desde 1 m más o menos sobre el suelo. Hojas simples, cartáceas, oblongo – ovaladas, borde dentado, regularmente lobadas, grandes (hasta 30 cm de largo por 14 cm de ancho), pecioladas. Inflorescencia con numerosas flores, color naranja. Aquenios mas anchos que largo (Skottsberg 1922). Se ha estudiado los mecanismos evolutivos del género (Crawford et al. 1992) La germinación comienza a los 10 días después de sembradas, llegando a un 96% a los 21 días. (Ricci 1998) Distribución geográfica (extensión de la presencia) En La Torre y Morro Juanango (Ricci 1990, Danton & Lesouef 1998), también en la vecindad del Portezuelo de Villagra (Skottsberg 1922). Se estima extensión de la presencia menor a 0,1 km2. Tamaño poblacional estimado, abundancia relativa y estructura poblacional 7 individuos en la Torre y más de 15 individuos en Morro Juanango (Ricci 1990, 2005). Tendencias poblacionales actuales En disminución (Ricci. Obs.) Preferencias de hábitat de las especies (área de ocupación) En roqueríos costeros (morros) y acantilados sobre los 350 m.s.n.m. -
Conservation, Restoration, and Development of the Juan Fernandez Islands, Chile"
Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 74:899-910, 2001 DOCUMENT Project "Conservation, Restoration, and Development of the Juan Fernandez islands, Chile" Proyecto conservaci6n, restauraci6n y desarrollo de las islas Juan Fernandez, Chile JAIME G. CUEVAS 1 & GART VAN LEERSUM 1Corresponding author: Corporaci6n Nacional Forestal, Parque Nacional Archipielago de Juan Fernandez, Vicente Gonzalez 130, Isla Robinson Crusoe, Chile ABSTRACT From a scientific point of view, the Juan Fernandez islands contain one of the most interesting floras of the planet. Although protected as a National Park and a World Biosphere Reserve, 400 years of human interference have left deep traces in the native plant communities. Repeated burning, overexploitation of species, and the introduction of animal and plant plagues have taken 75 % of the endemic vascular flora to the verge of extinction. In 1997, Chile's national forest service (Corporaci6n Nacional Forestal, CONAF) started an ambitious project, whose objective is the recovery of this highly complex ecosystem with a socio-ecological focus. Juan Fernandez makes an interesting case, as the local people (600 persons) practically live within the park, therefore impeding the exclusion of the people from any 2 conservation program. Secondly, the relatively small size of the archipelago (100 km ) permits the observation of the effects of whatever modification in the ecosystem on small scales in time and space. Thirdly, the native and introduced biota are interrelated in such a way that human-caused changes in one species population may provoke unexpected results amongst other, non-target species. The project mainly deals with the eradication or control of some animal and plant plagues, the active conservation and restoration of the flora and the inclusion of the local people in conservation planning. -
Taxonomic Treatment of Cichorieae (Asteraceae) Endemic to the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands (SE Pacific)
Ann. Bot. Fennici 49: 171–178 ISSN 0003-3847 (print) ISSN 1797-2442 (online) Helsinki 29 June 2012 © Finnish Zoological and Botanical Publishing Board 2012 Taxonomic treatment of Cichorieae (Asteraceae) endemic to the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands (SE Pacific) José A. Mejías1,* & Seung-Chul Kim2 1) Department of Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Seville, Avda. Reina Mercedes 6, ES-41012 Seville, Spain (*corresponding author’s e-mail: [email protected]) 2) Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-Gu, Suwon, Korea 440-746 Received 29 June 2011, final version received 15 Nov. 2011, accepted 16 Nov. 2011 Mejías, J. A. & Kim, S. C. 2012: Taxonomic treatment of Cichorieae (Asteraceae) endemic to the Juan Fernández and Desventuradas Islands (SE Pacific). — Ann. Bot. Fennici 49: 171–178. The evolutionary origin and taxonomic position of Dendroseris and Thamnoseris (Cichorieae, Asteraceae) are discussed in the light of recent molecular systematic studies. Based on the previous development of a robust phylogenetic framework, we support the inclusion of the group as a subgenus integrated within a new and broad concept of the genus Sonchus. This approach retains information on the evolutionary relationships of the group which most likely originated from an adaptive radiation process; furthermore, it also promotes holophyly in the subtribe Hyoseridinae (for- merly Sonchinae). Consequently, all the former Dendroseris and Thamnoseris species must be transferred to Sonchus. A preliminary nomenclatural synopsis of the proposed subgenus is given here, including the new required combinations. Introduction Within the tribe Cichorieae, the most prominent cases occur on the Canary Islands Adaptive radiation on oceanic islands has (NE Atlantic Ocean), and on the Juan Fern- yielded spectacular and explosive in-situ diversi- ández Islands (SE Pacific Ocean) (Crawford fication of plants (Carlquist 1974: 22–23), which et al. -
The Tribe Cichorieae In
Chapter24 Cichorieae Norbert Kilian, Birgit Gemeinholzer and Hans Walter Lack INTRODUCTION general lines seem suffi ciently clear so far, our knowledge is still insuffi cient regarding a good number of questions at Cichorieae (also known as Lactuceae Cass. (1819) but the generic rank as well as at the evolution of the tribe. name Cichorieae Lam. & DC. (1806) has priority; Reveal 1997) are the fi rst recognized and perhaps taxonomically best studied tribe of Compositae. Their predominantly HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Holarctic distribution made the members comparatively early known to science, and the uniform character com- Tournefort (1694) was the fi rst to recognize and describe bination of milky latex and homogamous capitula with Cichorieae as a taxonomic entity, forming the thirteenth 5-dentate, ligulate fl owers, makes the members easy to class of the plant kingdom and, remarkably, did not in- identify. Consequently, from the time of initial descrip- clude a single plant now considered outside the tribe. tion (Tournefort 1694) until today, there has been no dis- This refl ects the convenient recognition of the tribe on agreement about the overall circumscription of the tribe. the basis of its homogamous ligulate fl owers and latex. He Nevertheless, the tribe in this traditional circumscription called the fl ower “fl os semifl osculosus”, paid particular at- is paraphyletic as most recent molecular phylogenies have tention to the pappus and as a consequence distinguished revealed. Its circumscription therefore is, for the fi rst two groups, the fi rst to comprise plants with a pappus, the time, changed in the present treatment. second those without. -
Endemic Breeding Birds of Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile
Endemic breeding birds of Juan Fernández archipelago, Chile Hadoram Shirihai, Hernán A Díaz, Javier E Huichalaf & Vincent Bretagnolle his paper details the special avifauna of Juan As far as we know, our pelagic ‘mass chumming’ TFernández archipelago, off Chile. We visited expedition was the first of this type around Juan the archipelago from 3 to 15 March 2013, mainly Fernández archipelago since the Brewster-Sanford to study the local gadfly petrelsPterodroma at sea, Expedition in December 1913 and Rollo Beck’s namely Juan Fernández Petrel P externa, Stejneger’s visit in January 1914 (Murphy 1936). Bill Bourne Petrel P longirostris and De Filippi’s Petrel P defilip- (pers comm; see also Bourne 1983ab, in press) piana. While on land, we focused on the endemic also visited the archipelago in May 1983 recording landbird taxa of the archipelago, including three seabirds. full species. This expedition was undertaken by Hadoram Shirihai as part of the Tubenoses Project Methods & Extreme Gadfly Petrel Expeditions for the forth- To view petrels at sea, it is essential to perform coming book Albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters chumming sessions. During the c 1800 km (950 of the world (Shirihai & Bretagnolle in prep). nautical miles) voyage by vessel, we did 12 of Special interests included documenting plumage these for a total of 42.5 hours (for locations see variation, pelagic distribution and population figure 1), with sessions lasting two to six hours. We numbers, and feeding techniques and species as- used c 1 ton of ‘frozen chum-blocks’, with 70 sociations. In addition, we studied the petrels’ is- blocks in total. -
Plant Conservation in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile Tod F
Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany Volume 16 | Issue 2 Article 4 1997 Plant Conservation in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile Tod F. Stuessy lnstitut fur Botanik Ulf Swenson Uppsala University Daniel J. Crawford Ohio State University Gregory Anderson The University of Connecticut, Storrs Mario Silva O. Universidad de Concepcion Follow this and additional works at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Stuessy, Tod F.; Swenson, Ulf; Crawford, Daniel J.; Anderson, Gregory; and O., Mario Silva (1997) "Plant Conservation in the Juan Fernandez Archipelago, Chile," Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany: Vol. 16: Iss. 2, Article 4. Available at: http://scholarship.claremont.edu/aliso/vol16/iss2/4 Aliso, 16(2), pp. 89-101 © 1998, by The Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden, Claremont, CA 91711-3157 PLANT CONSERVATION IN THE JUAN FERNANDEZ ARCHIPELAGO, CHILE TOD F. STUESSY lnstitut for Botanik Universitiit Wien, Rennweg 14, A-1030 Vienna, Austria ULF SWENSON Department of Systematic Botany Uppsala University, Uppsala 752 36, Sweden DANIEL J. CRAWFORD Department of Plant Biology Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210 GREGORY ANDERSON Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology The University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269 AND MARIO SILVA O. Departamento de Botanica Universidad de Concepcion, Concepcion, Chile ABSTRACT Oceanic archipelagos often hold very specialized floras with high degrees of endemism. These floras are frequently highly vulnerable to disturbance by natural causes and human intervention. The Juan Fernandez Islands (Chile) in the Pacific Ocean are a small archipelago of only three islands. Since discovery in 1574 by Juan Fernandez, human activities have altered floristic composition and survival circumstances of the endemic species.