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Endemic Breeding Birds of Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile

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Endemic Breeding Birds of Juan Fernández Archipelago, Chile Endemic breeding birds of Juan Fernández archipelago, Chile Hadoram Shirihai, Hernán A Díaz, Javier E Huichalaf & Vincent Bretagnolle his paper details the special avifauna of Juan As far as we know, our pelagic ‘mass chumming’ TFernández archipelago, off Chile. We visited expedition was the first of this type around Juan the archipelago from 3 to 15 March 2013, mainly Fernández archipelago since the Brewster-Sanford to study the local gadfly petrelsPterodroma at sea, Expedition in December 1913 and Rollo Beck’s namely Juan Fernández Petrel P externa, Stejneger’s visit in January 1914 (Murphy 1936). Bill Bourne Petrel P longirostris and De Filippi’s Petrel P defilip- (pers comm; see also Bourne 1983ab, in press) piana. While on land, we focused on the endemic also visited the archipelago in May 1983 recording landbird taxa of the archipelago, including three seabirds. full species. This expedition was undertaken by Hadoram Shirihai as part of the Tubenoses Project Methods & Extreme Gadfly Petrel Expeditions for the forth- To view petrels at sea, it is essential to perform coming book Albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters chumming sessions. During the c 1800 km (950 of the world (Shirihai & Bretagnolle in prep). nautical miles) voyage by vessel, we did 12 of Special interests included documenting plumage these for a total of 42.5 hours (for locations see variation, pelagic distribution and population figure 1), with sessions lasting two to six hours. We numbers, and feeding techniques and species as- used c 1 ton of ‘frozen chum-blocks’, with 70 sociations. In addition, we studied the petrels’ is- blocks in total. Each block consisted of 10-15 kg of land-return strategy of a number of species that fish cuts. We also used a good amount of very breed in ‘petrel-capital’ Masafuera. dense fish oil. The blocks were stored on board in 1 Robinson Crusoe Island, Juan Fernández archipelago, Chile, 7 March 2013 (Hadoram Shirihai/©Tubenoses Project) [Dutch Birding 37: 1-20, 2015] 1 Endemic breeding birds of Juan Fernández archipelago, Chile 2 Masafuera, Juan Fernández archipelago, Chile, 10 March 2013 (Hadoram Shirihai/©Tubenoses Project). Bizarre impression of melting ragged huge chocolate cake in middle of ocean, with summit nearly always to some degree covered by thick cloud. freezers at -20°C. With frozen blocks, the bait into account underwater topography (along con- floats longer permitting petrels to take food before tour lines and over seamounts). There was almost it sinks. Gadfly petrels are more easily attracted to constant observation en route between ‘hotspots’. floating material of a certain size, permitting pro- Photographs were made with a Canon 1DX longed and closer views. camera with ImageStabiliser 300 and 500 mm HS chose the chumming locations based on les- lenses. sons learned from previous similar work carried out elsewhere on the world’s oceans (eg, Shirihai et Characteristics of Juan Fernández archipelago al 2009, 2014). Chumming locations were chosen based on the islands’ structure, eg, in relation to Geology and geography suitable summits with forest, with constant cloud Juan Fernández archipelago lies c 700 km west cover, and with the direction of the islands’ deep from the central coast of Chile. The archipelago valleys (where such petrels are likely to congregate consists of three main islands, with several smaller on the way to their colonies). In addition, the ‘land- ones. In this paper, we use the names Masafuera, mass effect’ of the islands was used to determine Robinson Crusoe Island and Santa Clara Island for the most likely distance between the island and the the larger three islands. However, other names locations where the petrels are suspected to gather have been in use for the former two islands. (mainly to feed). Chumming locations also took Masafuera (meaning ‘farther away’) is also often FIGURE 1 Juan Fernández archipelago off central coast of Chile, with Robinson Crusoe Island and Masafuera. CH1-11: chumming positions during Juan Fernández archipelago expedition (see main text) (© 2014 Google) Masafuera Robinson Crusoe Island 2 Endemic breeding birds of Juan Fernández archipelago, Chile referred to as Alexander (or Alejandro) Selkirk tection from non-native predators. However, be- Island, while Masatierra (meaning ‘closer to main- cause goats roam the islands ever since they were land’) has been used for Robinson Crusoe. We introduced by the sailor Juan Fernández himself, it only visited Masafuera and Robinson Crusoe so is impossible to know how much of the islands we will not detail Santa Clara further. used to be covered with such vegetation. Today, Robinson Crusoe was the first island of the group not only the grazing by goats but also by cattle and to be discovered by the Spanish sailor Juan rabbits results in erosion and degradation of the Fernández in November 1574. Today, the human natural vegetation. This results in problems for the population is c 600 people during winter, mostly endemic landbirds (Colwell 1989, Hahn & Römer living in the main village of San Juan Bautista. The 2002). Furthermore, also introduced plant species population can dramatically grow during the aus- cause havoc on the natural ecosystem of the is- tral summer with the arrival of tourists and local lands. Exotic invasive plant species radically students. The island has a volcanic origin and the changed the original natural forest conditions and short geological time since formation makes the the landscape of the archipelago. The changed soil vulnerable for wind and water erosion. More habitat supports the presence of highly destructive than the 70% of the island, especially the west, animals, like rats, cats and Coatis Nasua nasua, looks like desert landscape. Forests and green which readily adapted to the modified ecological vege tation are found only higher up, mostly in the conditions. Examples of invasive plants include extreme east, close to the village in Cumberland Acaeria argentea, Aristotelia chilensis, Rubus ulmi- Bay. The endemic flora and fauna are of great inter- folius and Ugni molinae (Dirnböck et al 2003). The est but are almost only present near the nearly ver- presence of blackberry Rubus furthermore facili- tical wall at the top of El Yunque Mount, the high- tated a successful colonization of Austral Thrush est site of the island at 916 m above sea level. The Turdus falcklandii to first Robinson Crusoe and wall and its forests allow water condensation and then to Masafuera. The thrush is suspected to raid provide the only sources for fresh water above the nests of endemic landbird species (Hahn et al village. In 2010, following a strong earthquake, a 2011b). Furthermore, with the thrush, blackberry tsunami hit the island in the middle of the night. and other invasive plant species can also spread to Almost all of the houses close to the coast were Masafuera (Smith-Ramírez et al 2013). destroyed, killing a number of people. Not only the endemic landbirds suffer, however, From a distance, Masafuera looks like a large but also the petrels (Hahn & Römer 2002). For cake in the middle of the sea. Approaching from these, the main danger apparently comes from the east, big foothills can be seen descending from predation by rats and cats as well as by the ongo- the top of one of the hills down to the coast, which ing decrease of breeding habitat linked to the in- is a narrow belt at this side of the island. From the crease in erosion caused by feral goats. For in- west side, the island looks imposing; a big V-shape stance, not long ago, Juan Fernández Petrel may gorge marks the southwest side of the island which, have bred at much lower elevations. Only in re- as a whole, appears like a big and massive piece of cent times it has been forced to breed closer to the volcanic rock elevating to the clouds. Only the last summit where it is relatively safe for the pressures 300 metres or so show some green vegetation. The by goats and cats. The breeding population of Juan rest of the island is covered by yellow thatch, Fernández consequently seems to be lower than it which is the product of almost 500 years since the used to be. Being the smaller of the two, the prob- first goats were left here for food by sailors (see lem for Stejneger’s Petrel may be even more ur- below). Masafuera is not permanently inhabited. gent, as this species may be the favoured prey by Fishermen live on the island from September to rats, mice and cats in the mixed-species colonies May-June, when the fishing season ends. They fol- that it forms with the larger Juan Fernández (Brooke low the tradition of their ancestors, catching lob- 1987b). The colony habitat also suffers from land- sters at the same sites inherited from their parents. slides and fires, although the effects of these on the species are not clear. Conservation issues The National Forestry Corporation (CONAF) and Juan Fernández archipelago fights a battle against the Service for Agriculture and Cattle (SAG) of extinction, both on land and at sea. The top of the Chile started a determined combat against these islands is covered by clouds which allow the problems, as evidenced by a concerted effort for growth of a particular habitat dominated by mid- forest restoration during the last decade. Worryingly, to large-sized tree fern forests. Here, the soil is suf- however, there have been only limited efforts to ficiently soft for petrels to dig burrows to give pro- eradicate non-native predators from Masafuera. 3 Endemic breeding birds of Juan Fernández archipelago, Chile 3 Juan Fernández Firecrown / Juan-Fernándezkolibrie 4 Juan Fernández Firecrown / Juan-Fernándezkolibrie Sephanoides fernandensis, male, Robinson Crusoe Sephanoides fernandensis, male, Robinson Crusoe Island, Island, Chile, 7 March 2013 (Hadoram Shirihai/ Chile, 7 March 2013 (Hadoram Shirihai/©Tubenoses ©Tubenoses Project).
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