EP Thompson, La Conciencia Crítica De La Guerra Fría. Democracia

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EP Thompson, La Conciencia Crítica De La Guerra Fría. Democracia UNIVERSIDAD DE GRANADA DEPARTAMENTO DE HISTORIA CONTEMPORÁNEA E. P. Thompson, la conciencia crítica de la Guerra Fría. Democracia, pacifismo y diplomacia ciudadana. AUTOR: José Ángel Ruiz Jiménez. DIRECTOR: Dr. Mario López Martínez. Enero 2005 1 AGRADECIMIENTOS. Quisiera expresar mi sincera gratitud a Michael Randle (University of Bradford), Johan Galtung (TRANSCEND), Lynne Jones (Cambridge University), Kate Soper (North London University), Alan Gilbert (University of Denver), Robert Bideleux y David Eastwood (University of Wales Swansea), Lyonell Trippett (London CND), Gabriel Jackson (historiador jubilado de la docencia afincado en Barcelona), Dorothy Thompson, Mary Kaldor (Helsinki Citizen´s Assembly), Rafael Grasa (Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona), Vicent Martínez Guzmán (Universidad de Castellón), y Todd Landman, Kevin Boyle y Kenneth Newton (University of Essex) por concederme entrevistas e incluso, en ocasiones, dedicarme su tiempo en posteriores tertulias que me fueron tan agradables como instructivas. Su ayuda resultó fundamental para esclarecer muchos de los aspectos más complicados de la investigación. También quisiera agradecer a Joanna Pietraszczyk (Universidad de Lodz), sus desinteresados esfuerzos por facilitarme información y materiales muy valiososos sobre el impacto del pacifismo en el Este de Europa durante la Guerra Fría. Debo mencionar especialmente a Mario López, que ha mostrado gran paciencia, interés y simpatía hacia mi trabajo a lo largo de estos años, prestando un apoyo contínuo durante su redacción y realizando numerosas sugerencias de gran valía que han enriquecido notablemente el resultado final. También debo expresar mi agradecimiento por su ayuda y amabilidad al personal de las bibliotecas del Centro de Documentación Científica, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras y Facultad de Ciencias Políticas y Sociología de la Universidad de Granada; de la British Library, la London School of Economics, la Karl Marx Library y los archivos del CND en Londres; de la University of Wales Swansea Library, de la Warwick University Library, de los archivos de la Warwick University y, finalmente, de la Albert Sloman Library de Essex. Finalmente, desearía agradecer a mis padres, Gerardo y Elvira, su inmejorable ejemplo en todas las facetas de la vida; a Marcela, por alentarme siempre con su entusiasta apoyo y confianza en mi; a Antonio J. Estrella por su ayuda y consejo como amigo e investigador; y a Andrés Rocamora, Cathy Lupo, Chema Pavón, Diana Britto, Emilio Sánchez, Érika Franco, Hannah Gurman, Manuel Carlos Molina y Rachel Paling por su amistad y constante ánimo e interés por el estado de la investigación. 2 INTRODUCCIÓN 3 ¿Cómo se ha forjado esta tesis doctoral? En el Verano de 1997, el profesor Mario López me sugirió la realización de un trabajo de investigación de postgrado sobre la figura de Edward P. Thompson, pues su destacada labor como activista por la paz y la democracia no era suficientemente conocida ni valorada en España, donde es ante todo reconocido como un brillante historiador. La posibilidad de llevar a cabo aquel trabajo enlazaba con la línea de investigación sobre sociedad civil, paz y noviolencia que, de modo incipiente, Mario López quería desarrollar y a la que existía la posibilidad de que pudiese incorporarme en el futuro. Mis inquietudes e intereses académicos se centraban precisamente en aquellos temas, por lo que abordé el trabajo con gran entusiasmo desde el primer día. Mi inminente viaje durante un año a Gran Bretaña como estudiante de doctorado me ofrecía la posibilidad de recopilar documentación y de realizar diversas consultas y entrevistas que hicieran posible el trabajo, pues las fuentes disponibles en nuestro país eran, ciertamente, muy limitadas. De este modo, me integré durante el curso 1997-98 en la Universidad de Swansea, donde tuve oportunidad de trabajar con David Eastwood, experto en la obra histórica y el marxismo de E. P. Thompson; con Grahan Evans, especialista en el estudio de la Guerra Fría, marco en el que se encuadra el activismo pacifista de Thompson; con Clive Ponting, un personaje clave en la denuncia de los abusos gubernamentales de los derechos y libertades civiles durante la administración Thatcher, al igual que Thompson (quien citó frecuentemente a Ponting); y, especialmente, con Robert Bideleux, experto en sociedad civil y en la historia reciente de Europa Oriental. Con él me uniría una amistad que ha ido creciendo con los años, y su ayuda resultó fundamental para conformar el enfoque teórico de dos cuestiones clave en esta tesis doctoral: la sociedad civil como agente histórico y el conocimiento de las peculiaridades de los países europeos al Este del Elba. Aquella estancia en Swansea me permitió crecer considerablemente como investigador y docente, pues se me dio la oportunidad de dictar una sesión en el Master en Política Europea organizado por el departamento de Ciencias Políticas de la Universidad, siendo también invitado a participar como ponente en el prestigioso ciclo de conferencias anual Gregynog, donde era, con diferencia, el más joven e inexperto de los oradores, compartiendo el estrado con políticos y académicos conocidos en toda Europa. 4 Asimismo, aquel viaje a Gran Bretaña me permitió visitar Londres y recopilar mucha de la abundante y diversa información sobre la faceta de E. P. Thompson como pacifista y activista político disponible en la British Library, la Karl Marx Library, la London School of Economics Library y en los archivos y biblioteca del CND en Holloway Road. También aproveché la estancia en Londres para entrevistarme con Kate Soper, profesora en la North London University y antigua colaboradora de Thompson, que además de ofrecerme sus impresiones me obsequió con documentación de gran valor sobre el paso de Thompson por el END y el CND. En el curso siguiente, 1998-1999, terminé los cursos de doctorado en el Instituto de la Paz y los Conflictos de la Universidad de Granada, profundizando en mi conocimiento de la Investigación para la Paz como disciplina académica y consolidando mi relación con el grupo de trabajo de Mario López. Aquel período resultó imprescindible para enriquecer el marco teórico en el que, necesariamente, debía enmarcarse una tesis de estas características. En este sentido, me fue especialmente útil e interesante el contacto con el profesor Vicent Martínez Guzmán, cuyas aportaciones acabarían siendo fundamentales en el capítulo quinto de este trabajo. A lo largo de aquel curso también fui traduciendo y ordenando la copiosa documentación recopilada durante el anterior. Otra de las cuestiones fundamentales a la hora de abordar la relevancia en el movimiento social por la paz, la democracia y los derechos humanos de Thompson pasaba, precisamente, por perfeccionar mis conocimientos en esas materias. Por otra parte, las exigencias de mi integración en el equipo investigador de Mario López así lo aconsejaban. Tras un duro proceso de selección, tuve la oportunidad de cursar el European Master in Human Rights and Democratisation, el más prestigioso de Europa en su género. Tras los preceptivos cinco meses de intensa preparación teórica y exigentes exámenes en Italia, y tras un breve paréntesis de ocho días de trabajo de campo en Bosnia-Herzegovina, el Master contemplaba la elaboración de una tesis. El programa brindaba la oportunidad de realizarla como becado en cualquier país de la Unión Europea, de modo que invertí desde Enero a Julio de 2000 en la Universidad de Essex -partner inglés en el Master-, realizando un trabajo de investigación sobre el pacifismo británico en la década de los 80: Seeds of Change. The British Peace 5 Movement and its Influence in the Expanding Universe of Peace, Democracy and Human Rights. Aquella tesis me permitió conocer detalladamente el movimiento por la paz en el Reino Unido durante la Guerra Fría, situar mucho mejor a la figura de Thompson en ese contexto, y empezar a dilucidar el impacto de las campañas pacifistas antinucleares de los 60 y 80 en el final de la Guerra Fría y en el desarrollo posterior del movimiento por la paz, los derechos humanos y la democracia en general. Los excelentes fondos bibliográficos sobre paz, democracia y derechos humanos de la Universidad de Essex, así como el profundo conocimiento sobre estas cuestiones y la excelente disposición de sus expertos (Kevin Boyle, Todd Landman, Kenneth Newton, etc.) facilitaron muchísimo la realización de la tesis. Además, aquella segunda estancia en el Reino Unido me permitió completar mi acopio documental sobre Thompson con nuevas visitas y consultas en archivos y universidades en Londres y Warwick –donde el historiador trabajó, existiendo en la actualidad un abundante fondo de material sobre su vida y obra. También tuve la oportunidad de contactar e intercambiar impresiones con figuras tan relevantes para el pacifismo británico como Mary Kaldor (Sussex University), Michael Randle (Bradford University), Lynne Jones (Cambridge University) y Dorothy Thompson, completando la recopilación de datos y la realización de entrevistas con prolongadas visitas, de nuevo, a la oficina del CND en Londres. Sin embargo, el pacifismo de E. P. Thompson ofrecía una valiosa aportación cuya trascendencia apenas se había investigado y valorado suficientemente: su iniciativa de diplomacia civil noviolenta a través del END. Tanto por su riqueza como por su significación dentro del pacifismo thompsoniano, se trataba de un terreno que precisaba, en si mismo, casi de realizar una investigación paralela. Para preparar esa parte de la tesis, realicé
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