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Verstehen Durch Vergleichen Verstehen durch Vergleichen Eine transkulturelle Studie des Freiheitsbegriffs bei Zhuang Zhou und bei Ernst Cassirer Lin-Po Li Verstehen durch Vergleichen Eine transkulturelle Studie des Freiheitsbegriffs bei Zhuang Zhou und bei Ernst Cassirer Dissertation zur Erlangung des akademischen Grades Doctor philosophiae (Dr. phil.) eingereicht an der Philosophischen Fakultät I der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin am 16. 12. 2010 von Lin-Po Li Der Präsident der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Professor Dr. Jan-Hendrik Olbertz Der Dekan der Philosophischen Fakultät I Professor Michael Seadle, PhD Gutachter: 1. Privatdozent Dr. Jens Heise Institut für Philosophie Philosophische Fakultät I Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin 2. Professor Dr. Michael Lackner Lehrstuhl für Sinologie Institut für Außereuropäische Sprachen und Kulturen Philosophische Fakultät und Fachbereich Theologie Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Disputation am 27. 07. 2011 meiner Lehrerin 吳碧霞 ( Wu Pi-hsia ) gewidmet Vo r wo r t Die vorliegende Dissertation soll ein Beitrag zur Verständigung zwischen den Kulturen sein, insbesondere zwischen der chinesischen und der abendländischen, sowohl inhaltlich als methodisch. Was den Inhalt betrifft, geht es um einen Begriff, der grundlegend für diese Verständigung sein kann, nämlich Vorstellungen von der Freiheit am Beispiel der Philosophie von Zhuang Zhou und von Ernst Cassirer. Die aufmerksamen Leser, wenn sie das erste Kapitel dieses Buchs aufschlagen, werden wahrscheinlich Erläuterungen zum Motiv, zur Gliederung, zur Methode u.Ä. vermissen, wie das bei einer Dissertation üblich ist. Stattdessen wird dieser methodische Teil in § 5, dem letzten Kapitel, behandelt, in dem ich meine Zielsetzung und Methode ausführlich zu erklären versucht habe. Denn die methodologische Reflexion, wie ein Verfahren zum interkulturellen Dialog anhand des Schrifttums zu gestalten ist, dient erst als eigentliche Schlussfolgerung meiner Arbeit. Wenn man sich zuerst eine Vorstellung von meiner Arbeit machen will, kann man jenes Kapitel, das auch eine Zusammenfassung enthält, als erstes lesen. An dieser Stelle möchte ich Prof. Dr. John Michael Krois, meinem ursprünglichen Doktorvater, meine wärmste Dankbarkeit erweisen. Er hatte mein Promotionsvorhaben trotz der großen Komplexität des Themas angenommen, mir großzügigen Freiraum gewährt und in den langen Jahren, die ich für diese Arbeit gebraucht habe, mich stets ermutigt, weiterzumachen. Um so schwerer trifft es mich, dass er leider im letzten Jahr verstorben ist. Denn ich bedauere sehr, dass ich ihm das Endergebnis nicht mehr überreichen kann, zumal er meine Arbeit immer mit lebhaftem Interesse verfolgt hatte. Außerdem hat er mir noch ein wahres Glück verschafft, indem er mir seinen Freund, Prof. Dr. Michael Lackner, zum zweiten Gutachter empfahl. Prof. Lackner verfügt über umfangreiche Kenntnisse in der Sinologie und interessiert sich vor allem noch für Ernst Cassirer, was für mich sehr hilfreich ist. Er verdient selbstverständlich meinen besten Dank. PD Dr. Jens Heise, mein jetziger Betreuer, hat nach dem Tod von Prof. Krois das Erstgutachten für meine Arbeit unverzüglich übernommen und mir aus der Schwierigkeit herausgeholfen. Bei ihm möchte ich mich hier ganz herzlich bedanken. Und meine beiden Bundesbrüder in Berlin, Prof. Dr. Jürgen Hengstmann, Dr. Frerk Petersen sowie ihre liebvollen Frauen Ruth und Elke haben mich in meiner Berliner Studienzeit wie ein Familienmitglied aufgenommen und Hilfe bei der Einarbeitung in die deutsche Sprache geleistet. Auch ihnen habe ich viel zu verdanken. Inhaltverzeichnis Vo r w o r t § 1. Einleitung: Das Problem kultureller Differenz am Beispiel des Begriffs der „Freiheit“ ..... 1 § 2. Die Bestimmung des Freiheitsbegriffs bei Zhuang Zhou ..... 11 § 2-1 Der Ausgangspunkt: das Unabhängigsein ..... 11 § 2-2 Frei von Namen – über das Wissen ..... 21 § 2-3 Frei von Leistung – über das Handeln ..... 46 § 2-4 Frei von Selbst – über das Ich ..... 71 § 3. Die westliche Freiheitsidee – der Weg zur Autonomie ..... 94 § 4. Ein Versuch zum interkulturellen Dialog: Vergleich der Freiheit bei Zhuang Zhou mit der bei Cassirer ..... 116 § 4-1 Universalität mit oder ohne Individualität? ..... 116 § 4-2 Tun oder Nichttun, das ist die Frage! ..... 127 § 4-3 Das unbestimmte Ich und das zu bestimmende Ich ..... 137 § 4-4 Freiheit: die Möglichkeit zur Verwirklichung der Möglichkeiten ..... 147 § 5. Schluss für einen neuen Anfang ..... 160 § 5-1 Motiv, Zusammenfassung und Ergänzung ..... 160 § 5-2 Methodologische Reflexion: Verstehen durch Vergleichen ..... 165 Verzeichnis zitierter Literaturen ..... 169 § 1. Einleitung: Das Problem kultureller Differenz am Beispiel des Begriffs der „Freiheit“ Die markantesten Schritte zur chinesisch-abendländische Begegnung bis zu Beginn der europäischen Moderne lassen sich mit drei Symbolen skizzieren: Seidenstraße diente zum Handelsverkehr zwischen China und Europa seit der Antike, wodurch die beiden Seiten die Existenz von einander mittelbar erfuhren. Wegen seines Reiseberichts Il Milione wurde Marco Polo (ca. 1254 – 1324 n. Chr.) „den Aufschneider“, der China für das mittelalterliche Europa wieder entdeckte. Durch den Anpassungskurs an die konfuzianistischen Sitten etablierte Matteo Ricci (1552 – 1610 n. Chr.) die christliche Mission in China und stellte somit die ersten geistigen Kontakte zwischen den beiden Kulturen zur Neuzeit her. Nach dem Erfolg der Jesuiten erlitt die chinesisch-abendländische Beziehung im 18. Jahrhundert aber einen Rückschlag, aufgrund der in dem Ritenstreit1 zum Ausdruck gekommenen kulturellen Differenz. Der erste Versuch zum gegenseitigen Verstehen war somit unterbrochen. Während das von Matteo Ricci und seinen Nachfolgern vermittelte chinesische Gedankengut Resonanz bei den europäischen Aufklärern fand, hinterließen die durch Missionare in China eingeführten westlichen Wissenschaften leider keine gleichbedeutende Wirkung. Seit der Aufklärung errang die Modernität des Abendlandes nun allmählich neue Qualitäten, welche vor allem durch die Demokratisierung und Industrialisierung zu kennzeichnen sind. Die folgende kolonialistische Expansion der Westmächte konfrontierte das alte China also dann mit einem doppelten Konflikt, sowohl der interkulturellen Auseinandersetzung, als auch der Spannung zwischen der Tradition und Modernisierung. Missverständnisse, Erniedrigungen und die Reaktionen darauf bestimmten seitdem das historische Bild Chinas zur Moderne: 1840-1842 Erste Opiumkrieg zwischen Großbritanien und China 1857-1860 Zweiter Opiumkrieg (Großbritanien und Frankreich gegen China) 1861-1895 Selbststärkungsbewegung 1 Brockhaus: Ritenstreit: Kontroverse innerhalb der kath. Kirche im 17./18. Jh. um die in O-Asien angewandte Missionspraxis des Jesuitenordens, die zum Zwecke der dauerhaften Befestigung der christl. Botschaft in der jeweiligen Kultur deren Sitten und Gebräuche, bes. deren religiöse Riten respektierte und den neu bekehrten Christen die weitere Teilnahme an ihnen gestattete. Als Missionsmethode wurde die Akkommodation erstmals von M. Ricci in China praktiziert, der den Ahnenkult und die Konfuziusverehrung natürlich-religiös bzw. (als familiäres Brauchtum) religiös neutral interpretierte und tolerierte. Nachdem sich bereits unter Riccis Nachfolger Niccolò Longobardi (* 1566 ?, + 1655) Widerstände gegen diese Missionsmethode gebildet hatten, kam es im 18. Jh. zum päpstl. Verbot einer Teilnahme an nichtchristl. Riten. 1 1883-1885 Chinesisch-französischer Krieg 1894-1895 Chinesisch-japanischer Krieg 1898 Hunderttägige Reformbewegung 1900-1901 Boxer-Aufstand und Eingreifen der acht Mächte 1911 Republikanische Revolution und Ende des chinesischen Kaiserreiches 1919 Unterzeichnung des Versailler Friedensvertrags und Bewegung vom 4. Mai 1937-1945 Sieg über Japan im Zweiten Weltkrieg Anfangs waren sich die Chinesen, mit wenigen Ausnahmen wie Lin Zexu2 (1785 – 1850 n. Chr.) und Wei Yuan3 (1794 – 1857 n. Chr.), der einschneidenden Bedeutung des ersten Opiumkriegs noch nicht wirklich bewusst. Erst nachdem die großbritannischen und französischen Soldaten während des zweiten Opiumkriegs in Peking einmarschiert waren, unternahm die mandschurische Regierung die Selbststärkungsbewegung, die sich aber fast ausschließlich auf die Aneignung der westlichen, besonders militärischen Technik konzentrierte. Als die chinesische Südmeer- und Nordmeer-Marine, deren Bildung das Schlüsselprojekt jener Bestrebung war, jeweils im Krieg gegen Frankreich und gegen Japan zerschlagen wurden, erwies sich diese einseitige Transplantation der Technik, ohne die erforderliche institutionelle und kulturelle Basis, als Fehlschlag. Die verheerende Niederlage gegenüber Japan ist außerordentlich bedeutsam in zweierlei Hinsicht: Erstens war der Erfolg Japans, das ebenfalls ein asiatisches Land ist und bis dahin von dem Reich der Mitte für Inselbarbaren gehalten wurde, für die Chinesen Demütigung und Ermutigung zugleich, weil er den Misserfolg Chinas sichtbar machte, aber dazu auch einen vorbildlichen Weg zeigte; zweitens weckte Japan, aus seiner geopolitischen Position, in kolonialen Mächten neben der anfänglichen wirtschaftlichen Aggression noch das Interesse am chinesischen Territorium. Die Gefahr, dass China aufgeteilt werden könnte, rückte bedrohlich nahe und verdeutlichte die Notwendigkeit und die Dringlichkeit einer politischen Reform. Aber die von Kang Youwei4 (1858 – 1927 n. Chr.) unter dem jungen Kaiser Guangxu5 (1871 – 1908 n. Chr.) betriebene Hunderttägige Reformbewegung, gezielt auf die konstitutionelle Monarchie nach dem 2 林則徐。 Der Familienname
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