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Darwin’s Poisoned Tree: Atheistic Advocacy and the Constitutionality of Teaching in Public Schools

By Casey Luskin M.S., J.D., ESQ

Trinity Law Review Fall, 2015 Volume 21, Issue 1, Pp. 130-233

Published by Trinity Law School lawschool.tiu.edu

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My bones proclaim a story of incompetent design. / My back still hurts, my sinus clogs, my teeth just won’t align. / If I had drawn the blueprint, I would cer-tain-ly resign. / Incompetent Design! / Evo-Evo-Evo- lution! Design is but a mere illusion. / Darwin sparked our revolution. / Science SHALL prevail!

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