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Perspektif Ekoregional Kawasan Tanaman Rempah Di Maluku Utara

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Perspektif Ekoregional Kawasan Tanaman Rempah Di Maluku Utara Perspektif Ekoregional Kawasan Tanaman Rempah Di Maluku Utara PERSPEKTIF EKOREGIONAL KAWASAN TANAMAN REMPAH DI MALUKU UTARA Muhammad Assagaf dan Andriko Noto Susanto PENDAHULUAN Secara umum ekoregional didefenisikan sebagai suatu bentang wilayah yang memiliki karakteristik khusus. Karakteristik khusus dimaksud disini adalah wilayah yang memiliki kesamaan berdasarkan batasan tertentu. Pasal 1 butir 29 UU No.32 Tahun 2009 Tentang Perlindungan dan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup (PPLH), menyatakan ”ekoregion adalah wilayah geografis yang memiliki kesamaan ciri iklim, tanah, air, flora, dan fauna asli serta pola interaksi manusia dengan alam yang menggambarkan integritasi sistem alam dan lingkungan hidup. Dengan demikian pengelolaan yang dilakukan tidak ditentukan oleh batasan politik dan administrasi, tetapi oleh batasan geografi, komunitas manusia serta system ekologi dan selanjutnya pembangunan pertanian dengan pendekatan ekoregional didasarkan pada prioritas ekosistem dan habitat alami setempat. Wilayah provinsi Maluku Utara memiliki luas wilayah sebesar 140,2 ribu km2, dengan luas wilayah perairan 76,3 persen dan daratan 23,7 persen. Sebagai wilayah kepulauan, Maluku Utara memiliki 805 buah pulau besar dan kecil, dengan 82 pulau di antaranya telah dihuni. Adapun secara umum, karakteristik pulau-pulau sedang dan kecil di Maluku Utara. Dari sejumlah pulau-pulau tersebut, pulau yang tergolong besar adalah Pulau Halmahera, sedangkan pulau yang ukurannya sedang adalah Pulau Obi, Pulau Taliabu, Pulau Bacan, dan Pulau Morotai. Pulau-pulau yang lebih kecil antara lain Pulau Ternate, Tidore, Makian, Kayoa, dan Gebe. Adakalanya satu pulau hanya terdiri dari satu kecamatan, namun dapat juga terdiri dari beberapa kecamatan berdekatan. Sebagian besar wilayah Maluku Utara bergunung-gunung dan berbukit-bukit yang terdiri dan pulau-pulau vulkanis dan pulau karang, sedangkan sebagian lainnya merupakan dataran. Pulau Halmahera mempunyai banyak pegunungan yang rapat mulai dan Teluk Kao, Teluk Buli, Teluk Weda, Teluk Payahe dan Dodinga. Disetiap daerah terdapat punggung gunung yang merapat ke pesisir, sedangkan pada daerah sekitar Teluk Buli (di Timur) sampai Teluk Kao (di Utara), pesisir barat mulai dan Teluk Jailolo ke utara dan Teluk Weda ke selatan dan utara ditemui daerah dataran yang luas. Karakteristik ini mengakibatkan sebagian besar wilayah Maluku Utara memiliki kemiringan lahan yang sangat bervariasi dengan topografi yang dominan adalah cukup curam (Arifin dan Susanto, 2014). Dengan kondisi georafis kepulauan yang dominan dengan gunung dan berbukit memerlukan tanaman tahunan untuk konservasi, tanaman tahunan yang sudah sejak beratus tahun tumbuh di kepulauan Maluku Utara adalah tanaman rempah seperti pala dan cengkih.Tanaman rempah terutama tanaman pala dan cengkih adalah tanaman tahunan atau tanaman keras (perenial crops). Sebagian besar produk tanaman rempah berorientasi ekspor dan diperdagangkan dipasar internasional, sebagai sumber devisa. Disamping sebagai sumber devisa, beberapa produk komoditas tanaman rempah merupakan bahan baku sejumlah industri dalam negeri yang juga berorientasi ekspor dan banyak menyerap tenaga kerja. Dengan peranan seperti diatas, maka masalah kualitas dan kontinuitas penyediaan bahan baku menjadi sangat penting. Disamping memberikan benefit ekonomi, tidak bisa diabaikan tuntutan agar usaha tanaman rempah dapat memelihara bahkan meningkatkan kelestarian lingkungan. Produk tanaman rempah Maluku Utara merupakan salah satu produk yang potensial untuk diperdagangkan. Indonesia cukup diperhitungkan di dunia internasional karena merupakan salah satu negara penghasil rempah-rempah. Rempah-rempah yang asli berasal Pembangunan Pertanian Berbasis Ekoregion 299 Perspektif Ekoregional Kawasan Tanaman Rempah Di Maluku Utara dari Indonesia adalah pala dan cengkih. Luas area perkebunan pala milik perkebunan rakyat di Indonesia seluas 117,300 ha (BPS 2012). Luas lahan perkebunan di Maluku Utara pada tahun 2014 yang mencapai 391,661.41 ha (BPS, 2014), sedangkan luas lahan untuk tanaman pala adalah seluas 36,711.58 ha atau 31,3% dari luas tanaman pala rakyat di Indonesia atau 9,4 % dari luas areal perkebunan yang ada Maluku Utara. Dari produksi pala dalam bentuk biji pala kering, produksi Nasional mencapai sebesar 15,700 ton (BPS, 2012), sedangkan produksi biji pala kering Maluku Utara pada tahun yang sama mencapai 7,875.68 ton atau 50,16% dari produksi Nasional. Untuk tanaman cengkih, dari data luas lahan perkebunan rakyat mencapai 85,468.32 ha atau 21,8% dari luas lahan perkebunan di Maluku Utara dengan total produksi bunga cengkih kering sebesar 10,057.95 ton (BPS, 2014). Sektor Pertanian saat ini menyumbang 35,6% produk domestik regional bruto (PDRB) dengan total tenaga kerja yang bergerak di sektor ini sebesar 244,167 jiwa atau 55% dari total tenaga kerja di Maluku Utara(BPS, 2014). Artinya bahwa banyak rumah tangga yang menggantungkan hidupnya pada pertanian. Meskipun nilai tukar petani saat ini di bawah standar terutama masing – masing untuk subsektor tanaman pangan, hortikultuta, dan peternakan yaitu sebesar 93,79; 93,86; dan 93,75. Sedangkan sektor perkebunan merupakan sektor andalan dengan nilai tukar petani tertinggi sebesar 114,75 terutama yang berasal dari tanaman rempah.Tujuan dari tulisan ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran bahwa system usahatani tanaman rempah di Maluku utara telah menerapkan pendekatan ekoregion. EKOREGIONAL WILAYAH KEPULAUAN MALUKU UTARA Wilayah provinsi Maluku Utara memiliki luas wilayah sebesar 140,2 ribu km2, dengan luas wilayah perairan 76,3 persen dan daratan 23,7 persen. Sebagai wilayah kepulauan, Maluku Utara memiliki 805 buah pulau besar dan kecil, dengan 82 pulau di antaranya telah dihuni. Adapun secara umum, sebaran pulau-pulau besar dan kecil di Maluku Utara ditampilkan pada Tabel 1. Dari sejumlah pulau-pulau tersebut, pulau yang tergolong besar adalah Pulau Halmahera, sedangkan pulau yang ukurannya sedang adalah Pulau Obi, Pulau Taliabu, Pulau Bacan, dan Pulau Morotai. Pulau-pulau yang lebih kecil antara lain Pulau Ternate, Tidore, Makian, Kayoa, dan Gebe. Adakalanya satu pulau hanya terdiri dari satu kecamatan, namun dapat juga terdiri dari beberapa kecamatan berdekatan. Secara geografis, posisi Maluku Utara berada pada posisi strategis karena terletak di bibir Pasific (pasific reem) yang secara langsung berhadapan dengan negara-negara Asia Timur dan negara-negara Pasific. Wilayah ini juga merupakan lintasan antara dua benua Asia dan Australia dan dua samudra Hindia dan Pasifik. Provinsi Maluku Utara sebagai wilayah pemekaran dari provinsi Maluku merupakan kepulauan dengan agro-ekosistem yang beragam. Secara resmi, provinsi ini terbentuk melalui UU No. 46 tahun 1999 tanggal 4 Oktober 1999 dan hingga saat ini, Maluku Utara terbagi secara administrasi menjadi 8 wilayah kabupaten dan 2 wilayah kota. Sebagian besar wilayah Maluku Utara bergunung-gunung dan berbukit-bukit yang terdiri dan pulau-pulau vulkanis dan pulau karang, sedangkan sebagian lainnya merupakan dataran. Pulau Halmahera mempunyai banyak pegunungan yang rapat mulai dan Teluk Kao, Teluk Buli, Teluk Weda, Teluk Payahe dan Dodinga. Disetiap daerah terdapat punggung gunung yang merapat ke pesisir, sedangkan pada daerah sekitar Teluk Buli (di Timur) sampai Teluk Kao (di Utara), pesisir barat mulai dan Teluk Jailolo ke utara dan Teluk Weda ke selatan dan utara ditemui daerah dataran yang luas. Karakteristik ini mengakibatkan sebagian besar wilayah Maluku Utara memiliki kemiringan lahan yang sangat bervariasi dengan topografi yang dominan adalah cukup curam. Keberadaan pulau-pulau kecil dengan karakteristik yang khas memberikan peluang pengembangan yang sangat besar baik dari aspek ekologi, ekonomi/investasi dan pertahanan keamanan. Sebagian besar dari pulau-pulau kecil yang tidak berpenghuni, merupakan potensi 300 Pembangunan Pertanian Berbasis Ekoregion Perspektif Ekoregional Kawasan Tanaman Rempah Di Maluku Utara untuk pengembangan kegiatan ekonomi dan investasi baik wisata bahari maupun perikanan yang berkelanjutan. Tabel 1. Jumlah Pulau Berpenghuni dan Tidak Berpenghuni di Wilayah Maluku Utara Pulau Pulau Tidak Jumlah No. Kabupaten/Kota Berpenghuni Berpenghuni Pulau 1 Tidore Kepulauan 4 7 11 2 Halmahera Utara 11 103 114 3 Kepulauan Sula 10 76 86 4 Halmahera Selatan 35 336 371 5 Halmahera Barat 2 123 125 6 Halmahera Timur 12 29 41 7 Ternate 5 4 9 8 Halmahera Tengah 2 40 42 9 Pulau Bermasalah 4 4 10 Pulau Provinsi 1 1 2 Jumlah Total 82 723 805 Sumber : Hasil Rapat Verifikasi ke II, Pembinaan dan Pembakuan Nama Pulau di Provinsi Maluku Utara, DKP Prov. Maluku Utara Tahun 2008. Renstra DKP Maluku Utara, 2012 Secara topografis wilayah Maluku Utara sebagian besar bergunung dan berbukit-bukit serta banyak memiliki pulau-pulau vulkanis dan pulau karang, sedangkan sebagian lainnya merupakan dataran biasa. Pulau Halmahera mempunyai banyak pegunungan yang rapat – mulai dari Teluk Kao, Teluk Buli, Teluk Weda, Teluk Payahe dan Dodinga. Di setiap daerah terdapat punggung gunung yang merapat ke pesisir, sedangkan di daerah sekitar Teluk Buli (di timur) sampai Teluk Kao (di utara), pesisir barat mulai Teluk Jailolo ke utara dan Teluk Weda ke selatan dan utara ditemui daerah daratan yang luas. Pada bagian lainnya terdapat deretan pegunungan yang melandai dengan cepat ke arah pesisir. Pulau-pulau yang relatif sedang (Obi, Morotai, Taliabu, dan Bacan) umumnya memiliki dataran luas yang diselingi pegunungan yang bervariasi. Keadaan topografi Provinsi Maluku Utara secara spasial disajikan pada Gambar 1. Gambar1. Peta Topografi
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