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Explanatory Variables of Road Traffic in Portugal Industrial Engineering

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Explanatory Variables of Road Traffic in Portugal Industrial Engineering Explanatory Variables of Road Traffic in Portugal João Diogo Martins Lopes Barata Dissertation submitted to obtain the Master Degree in Industrial Engineering and Management Jury Chairman: Prof. Rui Miguel Loureiro Nobre Baptista Supervisor: Prof. Maria Margarida Martelo Catalão Lopes de Oliveira Pires Pina Member: Prof. João Manuel Marcelino Dias Zambujal de Oliveira November 2012 2 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my supervisors, Professor Margarida Catalão and Engineer Francisco Esteves, for their invaluable assistance throughout this dissertation. Without their insight, vision, effort, knowledge and moral support this dissertation would have been a difficult task. 3 Abstract During the last years Portuguese passenger and goods transport has been growing at a larger rate than GDP. Also, road traffic has increased its market share as compared with other transportation means. Several factors may justify this evolution, being some on transport supply while others on transport demand. For supply, improved accessibility conditions (modals, quality, time, and cost), while for demand socioeconomic factors (population, employment, GDP, income, fuel price) seem to play a key role. Although there exists several evidence concerning which factors have been shaping demand evolution, quantification lacks research. One difficulty for this task is the nonexistence of a unique database with Portuguese road traffic statistics. Also, available data do not have the same time horizon or statistical confidence. In this study a characterization of demand evolution based on fuel sales statistics is suggested, given that his information is available for broad time horizons and is territorially disaggregated. These statistics are also compatible with socioeconomical official ones published by official entities. Model results point out per capita values of gross domestic product, gross value added, compensation of employees and employment, alongside with fuel price, as key determinants for road traffic in Portugal. Keywords: Road traffic, Demand, Fuel demand, Road sector, Externalities 4 Resumo O transporte de passageiros e de mercadorias em Portugal tem tido, nos últimos anos, um desenvolvimento acima do nível de crescimento económico, com o transporte rodoviário a ganhar quota de mercado relativamente aos restantes modos de transporte. Esta evolução pode ser justificada por inúmeros fatores, estando uns do lado da oferta de transportes e outros do lado da procura. No primeiro, encontram-se as alterações das condições de acessibilidade (modos, qualidade, tempo, custo), do lado da procura apontam-se fatores socioeconómicos como tendo um papel determinante (população, emprego, PIB, rendimento, preço dos combustíveis). Apesar de existirem evidência diversa sobre quais os fatores que têm vindo a influenciar a procura no transporte rodoviário, a sua quantificação carece de estudo. Uma das dificuldades prende-se com a caracterização da própria evolução da procura, dado não existir um repositório único com as estatísticas do tráfego nas estradas nacionais, nem os dados disponíveis terem o mesmo nível de confiança estatística e período temporal. Para realizar este estudo sugere-se assim uma caracterização da evolução da procura baseada nas estatísticas de venda de combustíveis rodoviários, que estão disponíveis para períodos temporais alargados e são territorialmente desagregadas. Estas estatísticas são também facilmente compatíveis com as estatísticas socioeconómicas publicadas pelas entidades oficiais. Os resultados dos modelos indicam para o poder explicativo do tráfego rodoviário em Portugal de valores per capita do produto interno bruto, do valor acrescentado bruto, empregabilidade e renumerações a empregados, além de preços de combustível. Palavras-Chave: Tráfego Rodoviário, Procura, Procura de combustíveis, Sector rodovário, Externalidades 5 Index 1. Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 10 2. Brisa – Auto-Estradas de Portugal, S.A. ....................................................................................... 12 2.1. Company ............................................................................................................................... 13 2.2. Motorway Network History ..................................................................................................... 13 3. Literature Review ........................................................................................................................... 15 3.1. Basic Economic Concepts ..................................................................................................... 15 3.1.1. The Supply and Demand Model ........................................................................................ 15 3.1.2. Elasticity ............................................................................................................................. 16 3.1.3. Pricing ................................................................................................................................ 17 3.1.4. Cost ................................................................................................................................... 17 3.1.5. Externalities ....................................................................................................................... 18 3.1.6. Pigouvian Tax .................................................................................................................... 19 3.2. Review of Road Transport Policies ....................................................................................... 19 3.2.1. Negative Externalities of Road Transport .......................................................................... 20 3.2.2. Corrective Instruments ...................................................................................................... 22 3.2.3. Taxes and subsidies in the road transport sector .......................................................... 29 3.3. Fuel Demand ......................................................................................................................... 37 3.3.1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 37 3.3.2. Determinants of Fuel Demand ....................................................................................... 37 3.3.3. Price elasticity of fuel ..................................................................................................... 39 3.4. Summary ............................................................................................................................... 40 4. Research Methodology and Data .................................................................................................. 41 4.1. The Model ...................................................................................................................................... 41 4.2. Data organization .................................................................................................................. 43 4.2.1. Region Selection............................................................................................................ 43 4.2.2. Time Horizon ................................................................................................................. 45 4.2.3. Dependent Variable ....................................................................................................... 45 4.2.4. Independent Variables ................................................................................................... 46 Gross Domestic Product .................................................................................................................... 46 Gross Value Added ........................................................................................................................... 47 6 Employment ....................................................................................................................................... 47 Compensations .................................................................................................................................. 47 Inhabitants ......................................................................................................................................... 47 Weighted Fuel Price .......................................................................................................................... 47 Interest Rate ...................................................................................................................................... 48 5. Descriptive Statistics ..................................................................................................................... 48 5.1. Fuel Consumption ................................................................................................................. 48 5.2. GDP ....................................................................................................................................... 50 5.3. GVA ....................................................................................................................................... 51 5.4. Compensations ...................................................................................................................... 53 5.5. Inhabitants ............................................................................................................................
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