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Negotiating the Borders of the Gender Regime

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Negotiating the Borders of the Gender Regime Adrian de Silva Negotiating the Borders of the Gender Regime Gender Studies Adrian de Silva completed his doctorate at Humboldt University in Berlin. He holds a postdoc position at the Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education at the University of Luxembourg. His research and teaching interests are in queer and transgender studies and 20th-century political theory. Adrian de Silva Negotiating the Borders of the Gender Regime Developments and Debates on Trans(sexuality) in the Federal Republic of Germany This study was submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences at Humboldt-University Berlin as a doctoral thesis in 2015. The publication of this book was funded by the Faculty of Language and Literatu- re, Humanities, Arts and Education at the University of Luxembourg. An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access for the public good. The Open Access ISBN for this book is 978-3-8394-4441-2. More information about the initiative and links to the Open Access version can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche National- bibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http:// dnb.d-nb.de This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDeri- vatives 4.0 (BY-NC-ND) which means that the text may be used for non-commercial pur- poses, provided credit is given to the author. For details go to http://creativecommons. org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ To create an adaptation, translation, or derivative of the original work and for commercial use, further permission is required and can be obtained by contacting rights@transcript- publishing.com Creative Commons license terms for re-use do not apply to any content (such as graphs, figures, photos, excerpts, etc.) not original to the Open Access publication and further permission may be required from the rights holder. The obligation to research and clear permission lies solely with the party re-using the material. © 2018 transcript Verlag, Bielefeld Cover layout: Maria Arndt, Bielefeld Typeset by TIESLED Satz & Service, Köln Printed by Majuskel Medienproduktion GmbH, Wetzlar Print-ISBN 978-3-8376-4441-8 PDF-ISBN 978-3-8394-4441-2 https://doi.org/10.14361/9783839444412 Printed on permanent acid-free text paper. In loving memory of Harm Dunkhase and Elisabeth Rösch Contents Acknowledgements | 13 1 INTRODUCTION | 15 1.1 Research interest and research questions | 15 1.1.1 Research interest | 15 1.1.2 Research questions | 17 1.2 State of the art and contextualisation of the project | 18 1.2.1 State of the art | 18 1.2.2 Contextualisation of the project | 22 1.3 Sources and approaches | 29 1.4 Perspectives on trans and the trans movement | 38 1.4.1 Perspectives on trans(sexuality) | 38 1.4.2 Perspectives on the trans movement | 40 1.5 Theoretical considerations | 40 1.5.1 Sex, gender, sexuality, the subject and gender regime | 40 1.5.2 The liberal-democratic state | 45 1.6 Structuring the argument | 51 2 CONCEPTS OF GENDER AND TRANSSEXUALITY PRIOR TO, AND DURING THE LEGISLATIVE PROCESS LEADING TO THE TRANSSEXUAL ACT | 55 2.1 Developments and debates on transsexuality in sexology in the 1970s and early 1980s | 55 2.1.1 Approaches to transsexuality in the West German sexological debate | 57 2.1.2 Developments in the treatment of transsexual individuals | 62 2.1.3 Establishing sexology as the authoritative voice on transsexuality | 69 2.1.4 Reorganising marginalised genders | 74 2.1.5 Summary: Sexological constructions of gender and transsexuality in the pre-legislative decade | 79 2.2 Legal developments and debates on transsexuality in the 1960s and 1970s | 80 2.2.1 Principles in law on gender | 81 2.2.2 Legal provisions for a revision of first names and the entry of gender in the register of births prior to the Transsexual Act | 83 2.2.3 Medical knowledge in jurisdiction and legal scholarship on transsexuality | 93 2.2.4 Pre-legislative jurisdiction on transsexuality | 97 2.2.5 Summary: Legal constructions of gender and transsexuality in the pre-legislative phase | 105 2.3 Devising the Transsexual Act | 107 2.3.1 Outline of the legislative process | 108 2.3.2 Sexological and trans concepts and interventions | 115 2.3.3 Negotiating transsexuality and trans rights during the parliamentary debate | 124 2.3.4 The Transsexual Act | 137 2.3.5 Summary: Legislative constructions of gender, transsexuality and gender regime | 143 2.4 A note on the trans movement from the 1970s to the mid-1990s | 144 2.4.1 Basic structural and conceptual features of the trans movement | 145 2.4.2 Factors leading to a homogeneous image and the isolation of transsexual individuals | 146 2.4.3 Discussing the contribution of the trans movement to formal gender recognition | 148 2.4.4 Assessing the future of the trans movement | 149 2.4.5 Summary: Concepts of transsexuality in the trans movement | 150 3 CONCEPTS OF GENDER AND TRANS(SEXUALITY) PRIOR TO, AND DURING THE LAW REFORM DEBATE | 151 3.1 Developments and debates on trans(sexuality) in sexology from the 1990s to 2010 | 151 3.1.1 Approaches to transsexuality in the sexological debate | 152 3.1.2 Reconceptualising transsexuality | 161 3.1.3 Diagnosing transsexuality and assessing transsexual individuals | 178 3.1.4 The medical management of transsexuality | 193 3.1.5 Summary: Sexological constructions of gender and transsexuality in the reform period | 205 3.2 Developments and debates in the trans movement from the mid-1990s to 2010 | 206 3.2.1 Structural change | 207 3.2.2 Conceptual change and differentiation | 212 3.2.3 Trans perspectives on legal rules, procedures and practices and psycho-medical premises, procedures and practices | 225 3.2.4 Trans organising for social change | 235 3.2.5 Summary: Concepts of gender, trans and gender regime in trans lobby organisations | 255 3.3 Legal developments and debates on transsexuality from the 1980s to 2010 | 256 3.3.1 Jurisdiction on transsexuality in health insurance law | 258 3.3.2 Federal Constitutional Court decisions on age limits and the eligibility of foreigners with permanent residency in the Federal Republic of Germany to an application under the Transsexual Act | 272 3.3.3 Jurisdiction and legal scholarship on marriage and registered life partnership under the Transsexual Act | 282 3.3.4 Jurisdiction and legal scholarship on somatic requirements for a revision of gender status under the Transsexual Act | 296 3.3.5 Summary: Legal constructions of gender, transsexuality and gender regime in the reform period | 318 4 CONCEPTS OF GENDER AND TRANS(SEXUALITY) AFTER THE ACT TO AMEND THE TRANSSEXUAL ACT | 319 4.1 Legal developments with respect to the Transsexual Act in 2011 | 319 4.1.1 The Federal Constitutional Court decision on somatic requirements for a revision of gender status under the Transsexual Act | 320 4.1.2 Sexological knowledge in Federal Constitutional Court reasoning on somatic requirements | 323 4.1.3 Trans movement reactions and reactions in legal scholarship to the Federal Constitutional Court decision on somatic measures | 324 4.1.4 Initial lower court interpretations of the Federal Constitutional Court decision on somatic measures | 325 4.1.5 Summary: Legal constructions of gender, transsexuality and gender regime in the immediate aftermath of the Act to amend the Transsexual Act | 326 4.2 Developments in trans politics from 2011 to 2014 | 327 4.2.1 The dgti e. V. key issues paper for a reform of the Transsexual Act | 328 4.2.2 The catalogue of demands for transsexual law reform by the Nationwide Workgroup Transsexual Law Reform | 330 4.2.3 The Waldschlösschen declaration by the nationwide network Trans*Aktiv | 335 4.2.4 Summary: Concepts of gender, trans and gender regime in trans politics since the Act to amend the Transsexual Act | 338 4.3 Developments and debates in sexology on trans(sexuality) from 2011 to 2014 | 339 4.3.1 The debate on reconceptualising transsexuality | 341 4.3.2 Diagnosing gender dysphoria | 348 4.3.3 Rethinking the psycho-medical management of trans(sexuality) | 359 4.3.4 Rethinking psycho-medical involvement under the Transsexual Act | 369 4.3.5 Summary: Sexological constructions of gender, trans(sexuality) and gender regime from 2011 to 2014 | 375 5 CONCLUSIONS | 377 6 ABBREVIATIONS AND TRANSLATIONS | 385 7 REFERENCES | 391 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This study developed in a supportive, encouraging and inspiring environment. I would like to thank my supervisors Prof. Dr. Eveline Kilian and Prof. Dr. Kon- stanze Plett, LL-M for their continuous interest, deep commitment, encourage- ment and insightful comments as my project evolved. Thanks also goes to the Centre for Transdisciplinary Gender Studies for providing a welcoming place to pursue transgender studies and the graduate research training group »Gender as a Category of Knowledge« at Humboldt University, Berlin for providing an intel- lectually stimulating environment. I would like to thank the German Research Foundation for funding my pro- ject; Humboldt University for a granting a completion scholarship and Prof. Dr. Eveline Kilian for supporting my application; the archivists of the Parliamen- tary Archives in Berlin for assisting my research and the Federal Home Office for allowing me to photocopy submissions to the government. This book is a slightly revised version of my dissertation. I am grateful to my supervisor Prof. Dr. Georg Mein at the University of Luxembourg for giving me time for revisions and for thoughtful guidance and unyielding support, and to the Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education of the University of Luxembourg for kindly funding the publication.
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