1. Evaluation of the Judicial Systems (2016-2018 Cycle) Germany Generated on : 29/08/2018 11:17
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The Federal of Republic of Germany Is a Democratic and Social Federal
The Federal Republic of Germany Jutta Kramer The Federal Republic of Germany “is a democratic and social federal state” (Basic Law, Art. 20I). It was founded in 1949, after the Western Allies gave the prime ministers of the Länder (i.e., the constituent states), which were reestablished after the Second World War, the task of drafting a new constitution with a federal character in order to prevent a strong central state from arising in Germany again. However, the federal order in Germany does not follow the example of the United States Constitution, which emphasizes a division of powers between governments, but rather the German tradition, which is characterized by mutual connections, interconnections, and overlapping of the centralized and decentralized state units.1 When it was founded, the Federal Republic of Germany consisted of 11 Länder (without Berlin, which was a city-state under Allied control) that did not conform to the boundaries of the former Weimar Republic. Since reunification in 1990, Germany has consisted of 16 Länder, including three city-states: Hamburg, Bremen, and Berlin. Germany’s population is spread across 357,000 square kilometres. The highest population density is in Berlin, which has 3,800 inhabitants per square kilometre; the lowest is in the Land Brandenburg, which has only 88 inhabitants per square kilometre. Länder sizes differ considerably as well. The smallest Land, Bremen, consisting of two cities (Bremen and Bremerhaven), has 680,000 inhabitants; the largest Land, North Rhine-Westphalia, has more than 17.9 million inhabitants. The ethnicity of Germany’s population of 82.1 million people is largely homogeneous. -
Germany (1950-2018)
Germany Self-rule INSTITUTIONAL DEPTH AND POLICY SCOPE Germany has two-tiered regional governance consisting of sixteen Länder and (Land)Kreise. Several Länder have a third tier between these two, Regierungsbezirke (administrative districts). Two Länder have a fourth tier of regional governance, Landschaftsverbände in North-Rhine Westphalia and Bezirksverband Pfalz in Rhineland-Palatinate.1 The 1949 Basic Law of the German Federal Republic granted eleven Länder extensive competences, which include legislative powers for culture, education, universities, broadcasting/television, local government, and the police (C 1949, Art. 74; Council of Europe: Germany 1999; Hrbek 2002; Swenden 2006; Watts 1999a, 2008). Länder also exercise residual competences (C 1949, Art. 70). In addition, the Basic Law states that Länder are responsible for the implementation of most federal laws (C 1949, Arts. 83–85). The federal government may legislate to preserve legal and economic unity with respect to justice, social welfare, civil law, criminal law, labor law, and economic law (C 1949, Art 72.2), and it has authority to establish the legislative framework in higher education, the press, environmental protection, and spatial planning (C 1949, Art. 72.3; Reutter 2006). The federal government exercises sole legislative authority over foreign policy, defense, currency, and public services (C 1949, Art. 73; Council of Europe: Germany 1999; Hrbek 2002; Swenden 2006; Watts 1999a, 2008). It also has exclusive authority over immigration and citizenship (C 1949, Arts. 73.2 and 73.3), though Länder administer inter-Land immigration and have concurrent competence on residence (Bendel and Sturm 2010: 186-187; C 1949, Arts. 74.4 and 74.6).2 However, this is not enough to qualify for the maximum score on policy scope.β The constitutional division of authority was extended to the five new Länder after unification in 1990. -
Commander's Guide to German Society, Customs, and Protocol
Headquarters Army in Europe United States Army, Europe, and Seventh Army Pamphlet 360-6* United States Army Installation Management Agency Europe Region Office Heidelberg, Germany 20 September 2005 Public Affairs Commanders Guide to German Society, Customs, and Protocol *This pamphlet supersedes USAREUR Pamphlet 360-6, 8 March 2000. For the CG, USAREUR/7A: E. PEARSON Colonel, GS Deputy Chief of Staff Official: GARY C. MILLER Regional Chief Information Officer - Europe Summary. This pamphlet should be used as a guide for commanders new to Germany. It provides basic information concerning German society and customs. Applicability. This pamphlet applies primarily to commanders serving their first tour in Germany. It also applies to public affairs officers and protocol officers. Forms. AE and higher-level forms are available through the Army in Europe Publishing System (AEPUBS). Records Management. Records created as a result of processes prescribed by this publication must be identified, maintained, and disposed of according to AR 25-400-2. Record titles and descriptions are available on the Army Records Information Management System website at https://www.arims.army.mil. Suggested Improvements. The proponent of this pamphlet is the Office of the Chief, Public Affairs, HQ USAREUR/7A (AEAPA-CI, DSN 370-6447). Users may suggest improvements to this pamphlet by sending DA Form 2028 to the Office of the Chief, Public Affairs, HQ USAREUR/7A (AEAPA-CI), Unit 29351, APO AE 09014-9351. Distribution. B (AEPUBS) (Germany only). 1 AE Pam 360-6 ● 20 Sep 05 CONTENTS Section I INTRODUCTION 1. Purpose 2. References 3. Explanation of Abbreviations 4. General Section II GETTING STARTED 5. -
Courts at a Glance
Courts at a Glance For Everyone From Students to Seniors Published by Iowa Judicial Branch Branches of American Government Separation of Powers The governmental system of the United States uses separation of powers. This means that the government has separate branches that deal with different as- pects of governing. These three branches are the legislative, executive, and judicial branches. This system is in place for both the federal (national) and state governments. The legislative branch, which on the national level is the U.S. Congress, passes new laws. The executive branch, headed by the president, enforces laws. The judicial branch, headed by the U.S. Supreme Court, inter- prets laws. While each branch has its own duties, the other branches of govern- ment have some control over its actions. These interactions are called checks and balances. Checks and balances keep one branch of government from being much stronger than the others. See the diagram below for U.S. checks and balances. U.S. Checks & Balances Confirms or rejects appointments by executive (including judges) Can veto legislation Apppoints judges È È È È Legislative Executive Judicial Writes laws Enforces laws Interprets laws Ç Ç Can declare acts of the legislative or executive branch to be unconstitutional Role of the Judicial Branch Every state and the federal government have an independent judicial branch to interpret and apply state and federal laws to specific cases. By providing a place where people can go to resolve disputes according to law, through a fair process, and before a knowledgeable and neutral judge or jury, the judicial branch helps to maintain peace and order in society. -
Federal Courts & What They Do
Federal Courts & What They Do Contents What Is a Court? 1 What Is a Federal Court? 2 What Kinds of Federal Courts Are There? 2 Map: Geographical Boundaries of U.S. Courts of Appeals and U.S. District Courts 3 Who Sets Up the Federal Court System? 4 What’s the Difference Between Civil Cases and Criminal Cases? 4 What Kinds of Cases Are Tried in State Courts? 5 What Kinds of Cases Are Tried in Federal Courts? 6 How Does a Case Come into a Federal Court? 7 Is There a Trial for Every Case? 8 Diagram: The Court Systems of the United States 9 May I Watch a Trial in Progress? 10 What Is the Purpose of the Trial? 10 Who Are the People in the Courtroom? 12 What Happens During a Trial? 15 What Happens After the Trial or Guilty Plea? 20 What Are Some of the Most Noteworthy Facts and Concepts You Should Remember About the Federal Courts? 24 Glossary 25 Federal Courts and What They Do elcome to the U.S. Courthouse. During your visit, you’ll see Wjudges and their staffs, jurors, lawyers, and people who are involved in court cases. This pamphlet answers some of the ques- tions visitors to the federal courts ask most often. It will help you understand what you see and hear in the courthouse. Of course, legal proceedings are often complex, and a pamphlet such as this may not answer all of your questions. In the back is a glossary of legal terms that you’ll find in this pamphlet. -
WHICH COURT IS BINDING?1 Binding Vs
WHICH COURT IS BINDING?1 Binding vs. Persuasive Cases © 2017 The Writing Center at GULC. All rights reserved. You have found the perfect case: the facts are similar to yours and the law is on point. But does the court before which you are practicing (or, in law school, the jurisdiction to which you have been assigned) have to follow the case? Stare decisis is the common law principle that requires courts to follow precedents set by other courts. Under stare decisis, courts are obliged to follow some precedents, but not others. Because of the many layers of our federal system, it can be difficult to figure out which decisions bind a given court. This handout is designed to help you determine which decisions are mandatory and which are persuasive on the court before which you are practicing. Binding versus Persuasive Authority: What’s the Difference? • Binding authority, also referred to as mandatory authority, refers to cases, statutes, or regulations that a court must follow because they bind the court. • Persuasive authority refers to cases, statutes, or regulations that the court may follow but does not have to follow. To get started, ask yourself two questions: 1) Are the legal issues in your case governed by state or federal law? and 2) Which court are you in? Once you know the answers to these questions, you are well on your way to determining whether a decision is mandatory or persuasive. Step 1: Are the Legal Issues in Your Case Governed by Federal or State Law? First, a lawyer needs to know the facts and issues of the case. -
Annual Report 2018/19 of the German Council of Economic Experts (GCEE)
1 © 2019 Institute for Monetary and Financial Stability Goethe University Frankfurt House of Finance Theodor-W.-Adorno-Platz 3 60323 Frankfurt am Main Tel.:+49 (0)69 798-33805 www.imfs-frankfurt.de PHOTOS IMFS / Hannelore Förster, German Council of Economic Experts, Hoover Institution / Tim Griffith, Kronberger Kreis DESIGN www.werbe-freiheit.com 2 Table of Contents 5 Highlights 2018 10 Institute and Staff 11 I. The Institute 15 II. The IMFS in Numbers 16 III. Macroeconomic Model Comparison Initiative (MMCI) 18 IV. External Research Funding 21 V. Member of the European Banking Institute 22 VI. The Researchers 35 VII. Organization Chart 36 Conversations with IMFS Researchers and Alumni 42 Teaching Concept and Activities 51 Publications and Presentations 52 I. IMFS Working Papers 54 II. IMFS Interdisciplinary Studies 55 III. Publications 60 IV. Speeches and Conference Presentations 67 Events 69 I. Conferences 82 II. Working Lunches 86 II. Distinguished Lectures 88 Research-Based Policy Advice 91 Public Outreach and Press 3 Editorial Dear friends of the IMFS, Having obtained financing for another 10-year At the same time, this open platform, where period in the preceding year, the IMFS made scientists can share formulas and code and another leap forward in 2018: Roland Broemel replicate models, represents the nucleus of and Alexander Meyer-Gohde were appointed a key international research initiative: the as IMFS professors and now contribute their Macroeconomic Model Comparison Initiative expertise in public law and financial regulation (MMCI), a joint project led by the Hoover and in macroeconomics and financial markets, Institution at Stanford University and the IMFS. -
The Concept of Stare Decisis in the German Legal System – a Systematically Inconsistent Concept with High Factual Importance
Pobrane z czasopisma Studia Iuridica Lublinensia http://studiaiuridica.umcs.pl Data: 01/10/2021 21:41:15 Part 4. Studia Iuridica Lublinensia vol. XXVII, 1, 2018 DOI: 10.17951/sil.2018.27.1.121 Peter Stainer Attorney-at-law, Frankfurt am Main, Germany [email protected] Dominik König Inhouse legal counsel, Bad Homburg, Germany [email protected] The Concept of Stare Decisis in the German Legal System – A Systematically Inconsistent Concept with High Factual Importance Koncepcja stare decisis w systemie prawa niemieckiego – niespójna systemowo koncepcja posiadająca wysoką realną wartość SUMMARY It is worth mentioning that the German legal system is based on the codified law. This system lacks in stare decisis and precedentsUMCS in general, which – in principle – does not raise doubts. The role of precedent in the decisional process is relative and dependent on the question as to whether the case may be resolved pursuant to a legal act. In that case, precedents would not play any or almost any role at all. However, the role of precedents increases, when there is a lack of appropriate legal rights, or if legal rights require inter- pretation. It should be emphasised that stare decisis understood as a formally binding precedent refers only to rulings issued by the Federal Constitutional Court, whereas precedents of higher courts have a significant meaning to everyday judicial practice in Germany, despite the fact that they are not formally binding. Keywords: stare decisis; precedent; German legal system; Federal Constitutional Court INTRODUCTION Stare decisis is an abbreviation of the Latin phrase stare decisis et non quieta movere, meaning “to stand by decisions and not to disturb settled matters”1. -
86A Stgb Im Spiegel Der Rechtsprechung
Wissenschaftliche Dienste Infobrief Das strafbare Verwenden von Kennzeichen verfassungswidriger Organisationen § 86a StGB im Spiegel der Rechtsprechung Roman Trips-Hebert © 2014 Deutscher Bundestag WD 7 - 3010 - 028/14 Wissenschaftliche Dienste Infobrief Seite 2 WD 7 - 3010 - 028/14 Das strafbare Verwenden von Kennzeichen verfassungswidriger Organisationen § 86a StGB im Spiegel der Rechtsprechung Verfasser: Oberregierungsrat Dr. Roman Trips-Hebert Aktenzeichen: WD 7 - 3010 - 028/14 Abschluss der Arbeit: 28. Februar 2014 Fachbereich: Fachbereich WD 7: Zivil-, Straf- und Verfahrensrecht, Umweltschutzrecht, Verkehr, Bau und Stadtentwicklung Ausarbeitungen und andere Informationsangebote der Wissenschaftlichen Dienste geben nicht die Auffassung des Deutschen Bundestages, eines seiner Organe oder der Bundestagsverwaltung wieder. Vielmehr liegen sie in der fachlichen Verantwortung der Verfasserinnen und Verfasser sowie der Fachbereichsleitung. Der Deutsche Bundestag behält sich die Rechte der Veröffentlichung und Verbreitung vor. Beides bedarf der Zustimmung der Leitung der Abteilung W, Platz der Republik 1, 11011 Berlin. Wissenschaftliche Dienste Infobrief Seite 3 WD 7 - 3010 - 028/14 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung 4 2. Tatbestand, Systematik und Geschichte 5 2.1. Tatbestand 5 2.2. Systematik 6 2.3. Geschichte 6 3. Detailbetrachtung und Rechtsprechung 7 3.1. Erfasste Organisationen 7 3.1.1. Vom Bundesverfassungsgericht für verfassungswidrig erklärte Partei oder eine Partei oder Vereinigung, von der unanfechtbar festgestellt ist, dass sie Ersatzorganisation einer solchen Partei ist (§86Absatz1Nummer1StGB) 8 3.1.2. Vereinigung, die unanfechtbar verboten ist, weil sie sich gegen die verfassungsmäßige Ordnung oder gegen den Gedanken der Völkerverständigung richtet, oder von der unanfechtbar festgestellt ist, dass sie Ersatzorganisation einer solchen verbotenen Vereinigung ist (§ 86 Absatz 1 Nummer 2 StGB) 8 3.1.3. Ehemalige nationalsozialistische Organisation (§ 86 Absatz 1 Nummer 4 StGB) 10 3.2. -
A Guide to the Federal Magistrate Judges System
A GUIDE TO THE FEDERAL MAGISTRATE JUDGES SYSTEM Peter G. McCabe A White Paper Prepared at the Request of the Federal Bar Association Hon. Michael J. Newman, United States Magistrate Judge Chair of the Federal Bar Association’s Magistrate Judge Task Force (2013-14) President of the Federal Bar Association (2016-17) Hon. Gustavo A. Gelpí, Jr., United States District Judge President of the Federal Bar Association & Creator of the FBA’s Magistrate Judge Task Force (2013-14) August 2014 Updated October 2016 Introduction In the United States District Courts, there are two types of federal judges: United States District Judges (confirmed by the Senate with life tenure); and United States Magistrate Judges (appointed through a merit selection process for renewable, eight year terms). Although their precise duties may change from district to district, Magistrate Judges often conduct mediations, resolve discovery disputes, and decide a wide variety of motions; determine whether criminal defendants will be detained or released on a bond; appoint counsel for such defendants (and, in the misdemeanor context, hold trials and sentence defendants); and make recommendations regarding whether a party should win a case on summary judgment, whether a Social Security claimant should receive a disability award, whether a habeas petitioner should prevail, and whether a case merits dismissal. When both sides to a civil case consent, Magistrate Judges hear the entire dispute, rule on all motions, and preside at trial. There are now 531 full-time Magistrate Judges in the United States District Courts. According to the Administrative Office of the U.S. Courts, in 2013, Magistrate Judges disposed of a total of 1,179,358 matters.1 The importance of Magistrate Judges to the day-to-day workings of the federal trial courts cannot be overstated. -
Advocatedvocate
82 STATESTATE BARBAR LITIGATIONLITIGATION SECTIONSECTION REPORTREPORT THE THE THEADVOCATE AADVOCATEDVOCATE FROM MY SIDE OF Judges Talk THE BENCH by Hon. Randy Wilson 157th District Court, Harris County, Texas MOTION PRACTICE ✯ THE ADVOCATE ✯ FALL 2015 83 FROM MY SIDE OF THE BENCH Judges Talk BY HON. RANDY WILSON HIS COLUMN WILL BE SHORT AND TO THE POINT. concerning this particular lawyer. Imagine the impression this made on those judges who hadn’t yet had the good TIn the time that I’ve been a judge, I’ve been surprised by fortune to have this particular advocate appear before them. any number of things. One in particular deserves mention. And imagine how wary one of these judges will be when that Judges talk. More important, they talk to each other. I’ve lawyer does make that first appearance. been impressed with the amount of discussion that takes places between colleagues as we look at motions and cases. The point is that your reputation will proceed you. Even if But, more to the point, we also talk about lawyers—the good, you’re appearing before a judge for the first time, there’s a the bad and ugly. decent chance that the judge has heard of you and may have an impression of you, be it good or bad. Just as lawyers Since judges can’t really discuss cases and issues with talk endlessly about judges, judges talk about lawyers. Your friends and other lawyers, we talk to each other. When a reputation for candor is fleeting and can be quickly lost. particularly knotty issue is presented, we walk across the Assume that your statements and conduct in court will spread hall and chat. -
The Comparative Law of Flag Desecration: the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany, 15 Hastings Int'l & Comp
Hastings International and Comparative Law Review Volume 15 Article 2 Number 4 Summer 1992 1-1-1992 The ompC arative Law of Flag Desecration: The United States and the Federal Republic of Germany Peter E. Quint Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/ hastings_international_comparative_law_review Part of the Comparative and Foreign Law Commons, and the International Law Commons Recommended Citation Peter E. Quint, The Comparative Law of Flag Desecration: The United States and the Federal Republic of Germany, 15 Hastings Int'l & Comp. L. Rev. 613 (1992). Available at: https://repository.uchastings.edu/hastings_international_comparative_law_review/vol15/iss4/2 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by the Law Journals at UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Hastings International and Comparative Law Review by an authorized editor of UC Hastings Scholarship Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. The Comparative Law of Flag Desecration: The United States and the Federal Republic of Germany By PETER E. QUINT* I. INTRODUCTION I In the American constitutional system, as in many others, freedom of speech generally is viewed as an individual right. Yet, even though the initial focus is on individuals, definition of this right often depends on the weight of governmental interests and the implications of related political and social structures. Because the relationship between speech and poli- tics is particularly close, the definition of "freedom of speech" is often intertwined with the underlying presuppositions of the political system and past or present assessments of its stability. This relationship between speech and political structures is particu- larly evident in the case of political speech, which may stir individuals and groups to action or which may exert a more subtle influence on the nature and continuity of political processes.