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No. 14: the WILSFORD SITE, COAHOMA COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI

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No. 14: the WILSFORD SITE, COAHOMA COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI Archaeological Report No. 14 THE WILSFORD SITE (22-Co-S16) COAHOMA COUNTY, MISSISSIPPI A Late Mississippi Period Settlement in the Northern Yazoo Basin of Mississippi John M. Connaway Mississippi Department of Archives and History Jackson 1984 MISSISSIPPI DEPARTMENT OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY Archaeological Report No. 14 Patricia Kay Galloway Series Editor Elbert R. Hilliard Director Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 84-620008 ISBN: 0-938896-40-7 Copyright 1984. All Rights Reserved Mississippi Department of Archives and History TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures, Plates, Tables ii-vi Acknowledgements vii Introduction 3 1969 Excavation 5 House Patterns and Miscellaneous Features 10 Burned Daub and Clay 25 House Reconstruction 40 Biophysical Environment 50 Parchman Phase Site Plans and Settlement Pattern 82 Artifacts 86 Radiocarbon Dates 91 Conclusions 93 Figures, Plates, Tables 95 Appendix A: Parchman Phase Site Comparisons 163 References 209 ii FIGURES 1. Wil[s]ford site sketch map made by Philip Phillips, 95 November 19, 1940. 2. Wilsford site surface features and house locations. 96 3. Plan of excavated areas showing relationship between 97 test units (based on grid A) and house features (based on grid B). 4. Plan of House 1 area showing ten-foot excavation grid 98 and postmold pattern. 5. Plan of House 1 area showing ten-foot excavation grid 99 and various feature locations. 6. Plan of House 1 area showing postmolds most likely 100 associated with House 1 wall trench pattern. 7. Plan of House 1 area showing postmold least likely 101 associated with House 1 wall trench pattern. 8. Vertical profiles and cross-sections of House 1 wall 102 trenches and postmolds. 9. Plan of House 2 area showing ten-foot excavation 104 grid, postmold pattern, and wall trenches of Houses 2, 3, and 4. 10. Plans of Houses 2, 3, and 4 (top to bottom) showing 105 probable existing associated postmolds. 11. Cross-sections of house centerposts and posthole 106 abutment trenches. 12. Relative levels of features. 107 13. Unusual daub objects. 108 14. Possible architectural styles of House 1. 109 15. Possible architectural styles of House 2. 110 16. Artist's concept of the Wilsford site showing 111 platform houses surrounding a plaza and pyramidal mound. iii FIGURES (continued) 17. U.S. General Land Office 1842 survey plat of the 112 Wilsford site locality. 18. Nodena Red and White var. Nodena bottle from 113 House 2 area, Feature~ 19. Ceramic vessels. 114 20. Distribution of Parchman Phase sites in the 115 Upper Sunflower - Coldwater River area, Mississippi. iv PLATES 1. View of Wilsford mound on November 19, 1940, 116 facing north (courtesy of Peabody Museum). 2. View of Wilsford mound on November 19, 1983, 117 facing north. 3. Aerial view of excavated house patterns (after 118 Connaway and McGahey 1970: Plate 15). 4. Aerial photograph of the Wilsford site locality 119 (U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Stabilization and Conservation Service). v TABLES 1. Summary of test excavations. 120 2. Postmold and trench depths in House 1. 122 3. Wall trench and house dimensions. 124 4. Wall trench depths. 125 5. House 1 postmold data. 126 6. House 2 postmold data. 127 7. House 3 postmold data. 128 8. House 4 postmold data. 129 9. Daub types. 130 10. Trees reported on three types of drainage-related 131 land in 1836-1842 county land surveys. 11. Charred wood samples from excavated houses. 132 12. (a) Other trees possibly available in the Wilsford area. 133 (b) Less common trees and shrubs possibly available 134 in the Wilsford area. 13. Plants and trees indicated by other carbonized 135 floral remains from the Wilsford excavation. 14. Measurements of certain carbonized cultigen remains 137 from Wilsford. 15. Uses of certain plants recovered from the Wilsford 138 excavation. 16. Selected edible understory plants possibly available 143 in the Wilsford area. 17. Wilsford site faunal remains. 146 18. Wilsford site faunal species analysis. 148 19. Allometric constants for biomass computation. 149 20. Faunal species possibly available for subsistence 150 in the northern Yazoo Basin. vi TABLES (continued) 21. Provenience of the Nodena vessel. 159 22. Dimensions of vessel an color motifs. 159 23. Dimensions of miniature vessel. 159 24. Wilsford site artifacts. 160 25. Radiocarbon dates. 162 26. Dickerson site (22-Co-502): Mississippian Ceramic Counts. 170 27. Salomon site (22-Co-504): Mississippian Ceramic Counts. 173 28. Carson site (22-Co-505): Mississippian Ceramic Counts. 180 29. Prowell site (22-Co-506): Mississippian Ceramic Counts. 183 30. Barbee site (22-Co-510): Mississippian Ceramic Counts. 184 31. Parchman Phase site (22-Co-511) : Mississippian Ceramic 187 Counts. 32. Hull Brake site (22-Co-515): Mississippian Ceramic 189 Counts. 33. Wilsford site (22-Co-516): Mississippian Ceramic 190 Counts. 34. Lula site (22-Co-517): Mississippian Ceramic Counts. 191 35. Posey Mound site (22-Qu-500): Mississippian Ceramic 193 Counts. 36. Whiting site (22-Qu-511): Mississippian Ceramic 194 Counts. 37. Aldison site (22-Qu-514): Mississippian Ceramic Counts. 196 38. West Mounds site (22-Tu-520): Mississippian Ceramic 198 Counts. 39. Canon site (22-Tu-523): Mississippian Ceramic Counts. 200 vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Special thanks are due Mr. C. M. Allen for his interest in the project. Not only did he grant permission for excavation, he also generously gave up a portion of his cotton crop on the site and provided mechanized equipment for the removal of the plow zone and for backfilling the excavation. Appreciation is also extended to the University of Mississippi Department of Anthropology and the summer (1969) field students who ably assisted in the excavation. They included Angela Rodrigue, Don Browning, John Bowen, Terry Stone, Richard Winterholler, John Poulsen, and Rupert Chapman, as well as Harold Hill, Lisa Larson, Beth Gillis, and Byron Inmon, who remained at the site an extra month to help complete the work. Thanks are also extended to Sam McGahey of the Mississippi Department of Archives and History for his assistance in the field, Leonard Blake of the Missouri Botanical Garden and Richard Yarnell of the University of North Carolina for identifying the plant re~ins, Dr. Betty Lee Brandau and Dr. John Noakes of the University of Georgia Geochronology Laboratory for the radiocarbon dates, Dr. B. F. Kukachka of the U.S. Forest Service's Forest Products Laboratory for identifica­ tion of charred wood, Dr. Jeffrey P. Brain of the Peabody Museum for Lower Valley Survey records of the site, Dr. James B. Griffin of the University of Michigan for information on the first survey of the site, Robert C. Wilson of the University of Florida for identification of faunal remains, Coahoma Electric Power Association for the use of their truck for photographs, and the office of the Mississippi Secretary of State, Public Lands Division, for the 1833-1842 land survey plats and notes. Special thanks are extended to Dr. Pat Galloway and Mrs. Mary H. Mingee for their indispensable support and assistance in the editing and production of this publication, and to Mary Evelyn Starr for the many voluntary hours spent in preparing the Appendix. This publication is dedicated to the memory of Thomas H. Koehler, assistant professor of anthropology at the University of Mississippi and director of the 1969 summer field school, and John E. Warren, photographer and amateur archaeologist from Clarksdale, Mississippi. THE WILSFORD SITE (22-Co-S16) Coahoma County, Mississippi 3 INTRODUCTION The Wilsford Site was first reported by Phillips, Ford, and Griffin in their Archaeological Survey of the Lower Mississippi Alluvial Valley as "Wilford" (1951: 52), misnamed after the Wilsford family upon whose land the site was situated. This error is hereby corrected. The site was located and collected from in November, 1940, by Philip Phillips, who described it on the Peabody Museum site card as a small site with one small perfectly preserved rectangular mound and one small area with abundant daub and some pottery. The mound is in astonishing shape in spite of the small size, the corners and ramp can be made out and measured with considerable precision. There is a large stump squarely on the ramp which precludes its being anything in the nature of a recent addition. Small amounts of daub were seen in the cotton field on all sides of the mound for a limited distance but very little pottery. This small collection comes entirely from a small rise north of the mound which judging from the abundance of daub was probably a small house mound (James B. Griffin, personal communication). In the Phillips, Ford, and Griffin volume (1951:52), the site was given the Peabody Museum number 15-0-10, and was described as a "village site with small rectangular platform mound and small mound." Phillips' sketch map of the site (Figure 1) shows the position and orientation of the larger mound. Plate 1 is a view of the mound taken by Phillips on November 19, 1940. Plate 2 shows the same view (facing north) taken by the author on November 19, 1982, 42 years later, showing essentially little change. The ramp and corners have probably eroded somewhat, since they do not appear as pronounced as Phillips described them. His sketch map depicts a composite split-level mound, the larger portion with ramp being slightly higher than that to its rear. Presently, the mound shows a more gradual change in surface contour and is more ovoid in shape, all due no doubt to gradual erosion. Phillips, Ford, and Griffin give its height as 10 feet and refer to it as a "Type A" mound (square with ramp and apron) oriented northeast (1951:320). Basal dimensions are presently ca. 160 feet long by 120 feet wide, essentially the same length but-about 20 feet wider than the dimensions shown on Phillips' map (Figure 1).
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