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Of the Tecuamburro Volcano Area Uf' Guaterrilalu

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Of the Tecuamburro Volcano Area Uf' Guaterrilalu LA-11906-MS Central American Energy and Resources Project An. Evaluation of'the Geothermal Potential of the Tecuamburro Volcano Area uf' Guaterrilalu Alamos National Laboratory Alamos,New Mexico 87545 LA-11906-MS uc-000 Issued: September 1990 An E valuation of the Geothermal Potential of the Tecuarnburro Volcano Area of Guatemala Edited by G. Heiken W. Duffield" I I *USGeological Survey, 2255 N.Gemini, Flagsto#, AZ 86001 I Los Alamos National Laboratory os Alamos,New Mexico 87545 CONTENTS ABSTFWCT ................................................................................................ vii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ............................................................................. vii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ ix I . GEOLOGY AND GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL OF THE TECUAMBURRO VOLCANO AREA OF GUATEMALA ...................................................... 1 A . INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 1 B . REGIONAL GEOLOGIC SE'ITING ................................................. 2 C . STRATIGRAPHYAND PETROLOGY .............................................. 7 D . STRUCTURALFRAMEWORK ....................................................... 31 E . DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS .............................................. 34 F . REFEmNCES ............................................................................. 36 I1 . THE USE OF RADON EMAN0ME"IXY IN THE TECUAMBURRO GEOTHERMAL PROSPECT ................................................................. 38 A . INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 38 B. BACKGROUND ............................................................................ 40 C . EMPLACEMENT ........................................................................... 40 D . DATA ........................................................................................... 41. E . RESULTS ..................................................................................... 45 F. REFERENCES ............................................................................. 46 I11 . HYDROGEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION OF THE TECUAMBURRO VOLCANO REGION. GUATE. MAWI 48 I ...................................................... A . INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 48 B . GEOHYDROLOGY ........................................................................ 53 C . GEOCHEMISTRY ......................................................................... 60 D . RESERVOIR MODEL ................................................................... 86 E . EXPLORATION WELLS ................................................................ 88 F . REFEWNCES ............................................................................. 88 IV. ELECTRICAL GEOPHYSICAL STUDIES OF THE TECUAMBURRO . GEOTHERMAL AREA. GUATEMALA ................................................... 93 A . INTRODUCTION .......................................................................... 93 B . GEOPHYSICAL METHODS ........................................................... 93 C . PRESENTATION OF DATA ........................................................... 96 D . DISCUSSION OF DATA ................................................................ 120 E . SUMMARY ................................................................................... 125 F . REFERENCES ............................................................................. 125 Tecuanburro 11 APPENDIX A. CROSS-SECTIONS THROUGH THE TECUAMBURRO GEOTHERMAL AREA ........................................................ 127 APPENDIX B. PETROGRAPHIC ANALYSES .............................................. 135 APPENDIX C. TABULAR DATA FOR THERMAL AND NONTHERMAL WATERS, TECUAMBURRO VOLCANO, GUATEMALA ......... 187 APPENDIX D. TABULATED SELF-POTENTIAL (SP) AND AC VOLTAGE MEASUREMENTS .............................................................. 199 APPENDIX E. TABULATED TELLURIC DATA FOR TRAVERSES 1 THROUGH 8, CHUPADERO CRATER, GUATEMALA...,...... 207 APPENDIX F. TABULATED AMT SOUNDING DATA FOR TELLURIC TRAVERSES 1 THROUGH 8, CHUPADERO CRATER, GUATEMALA ..................................................................... 223 PLATE 1. GEOLOGIC MAP OF TECUAMBURRO VOLCANO AND SURROUNDING AREA, GUATEMALA PLATE 2. TECUAMBURRO HYDROGEOCHEMICAL SAMPLING LOCATIONS Tecuamburro vi AN EVALUATION OF THE GEOTHERMAL POTENTIAL OF THE TECUAMBURRO VOLCANO AREA OF GUATEMALA Edited by 0. Heiken and W. Meld ABSTRACT Radiometric ages indicate that the 'l'ecuamburro Volcano and three adjacent lava domes grew during the last 38300 years, and that a 360-m- wide phreatic crater, Laguna Ixpaco, was formed near the base of these domes about 2900 years ago. Laguna Ixpaco is located within the Chupadero crater, from which pyroxene pumice deposits were erupted 38300 years ago. Thus, the likelihood is great for a partly molten or solid-but-still-hot near-surface intrusion beneath the area. Fumaroles and hot springs issue locally from the Tecuamburro volcanic complex and near Laguna Ixpaco. Analyses of gas and fluid samples from these and other nearby thermal manifestations yield chemical-geothermometer temperatures of about 150' to 3OO0C, with the highest temperatures at Ixpaco. The existence of a commercial-grade geothermal reservoir beneath the Ixpaco area seerris likely. EXECUTIVE SUMNIARY Field studies of the Tecuamburro Volcano geothermal area were conducted by scientists from the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), the US Geological Survey (USGS), and the Instituto Nacional de Electrification (INDE) in 1988 and 1989. The program included geologic studies with an emphasis 011 the history of volcanism, thermal sources and structural framework: a soil-radon survey aimed at identifying zones of enhanced permeability: hydrogeochemical studies that include analysis and interpretation of fumarolic gases and thermal and nonthermal waters; and geophysical surveys with emphasis on measurements of electrical resistivity; The results of the integrated surveys indicate that there is a substantial crustal heat source beneath the area of youngest volcanism, especially at the Laguna Ixpaco phreatic crater. The young volcanism (e100000 years), the high chemical geothermometer fumarolic gas temperatures at Ixpaco (-3OO0C), and the presence of a highly conductive, WNW-trending zone that passes through Laguna Ixpaco all indicate the intersection between a fault zone with several craters, along which there is upflow of geothermal fluids. The Laguna Ixpaco and fumarole fields all lie within the 4-km-diameter Chupadero crater that may be the source for 38000-year-old pyroxene pumice deposits. Tecuamburro lies within the southern end of a N-S-trending, 20- km-wide graben. The Jalpatagua strike-slip fault zone terminates the northern end of the graben and the Pacific coastal plain sediments bury the southern end. Andesitic composite cone complexes flank the graben, with Pueblo Nuevo Vifias on the west and Ixhuatan on the east: these Tecuamburro v it volcanic complexes have ages of 2.6 Ma and 1.2 Ma, respectively. Ages of some of the volcanic rocks erupted within the graben may partly overlap those of the relatively older flanking volcanoes. Most of the volcanoes within the graben decrease in age from north to south: exceptions are the scoria cones near Barberena and Cuilapa. Radiometric ages range from 1.18 Ma in the north-central part of the graben to 38300 years for a pyroclastic unit farther south to somewhat younger for Tecuamburro summit eruptions that overlie this pyroclastic unit. Tecuamburro and adjacent lava domes represent the youngest magmatic eruptions in the area and consist of several km3 of lava. We estimate that about 55 km3 of magma was erupted from closely spaced vents in the Tecuamburro area during the last 100000 years. North- and WNW-trending normal faults are common within the Tecuamburro graben with many thermal manifestations located along them. Vents of the Tecuamburro dome complex are aligned along the WNW trend and the electrical resistivity survey defines a WNW-trending conductive zone that passes through Laguna Ixpaco and fumaroles located west of the laguna. The WNW-trending faults are important zones of permeability for geothermal fluids. Chemical and isotopic analyses of thermal and nonthermal waters and gases collected at springs and fumaroles of the Tecuamburro geothermal area provide information about possible geothermal reservoir temperatures and such processes as mixing and boiling. Three types of thermal waters have been identified: (1) steam-heated, (2) acid-sulfate, and (3)neutral-chloride. These waters are restricted to the northern highlands within the graben, the Laguna Ixpaco (Chupadero crater) area, and along the course of the Rio Los Esclavos. The steam-heated waters are relatively dilute and are composed mostly of near-surface ground water heated either by condensation of steam from an underlying boiling reservoir and/or from elevated crustal heat flow. Acid-sulfate waters have pH 53, are high in sulfate, and presumably form from HzS, which rises from a boiling, high-temperature reservoir and oxidizes in ground water to form sulfuric acid. These waters are associated with fumaroles at Laguna Ixpaco, Fumaroles of similar gas composition issue from the sulfur mine at the base of the Pefia Blanca and San Francisco domes. Neutral-chloride springs typically have pH 7 and relatively high chloride
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