A history of the Prescott Bradshaw mining districts
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Authors Henderson, Patrick Chester, 1922-
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Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/551323 A HISTORY OF THE PRESCOTT BRADSHAW MINING DISTRICTS
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Patrick Henderson
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A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY /.. In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements .. for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA
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This thesis has been submitted, in partial ful fillment of requirements for an advanced degree at the University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library,
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This thesis has been approved on the date shown below:
/ £ (££I_ Russell C. Ewing D ate Professor of History ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.
The completion of this thesis was greatly aided by the cooperation and interest of the staff of the Arizona Pioneer Historical Society, the State of Arizona Librarian and her librarians, the staff of the Sharlot Hall Museum of Prescott, and several personal interviews with residents of the Prescott - Bradshaw mining areas. . It is with regret that I note the death of James Cash, :.... ' • -- . Arizona Pioneer, who contributed so much to the story of Crowned King and the adjacent mining districts as he knew it. Senator Carl Hayden gave materials that were most pertinent to the Walker period.
i i ; TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Chapter • ■ - ...1.. •; iPa^e I . EARLY EUROPEANS AND AIvIERICANS IN ARIZONA. . . . 1 I I . THE WALKER PARTY, 1861 - 1863 ...... 21 I I I . THE A. H. PEEPLES PARTY ...... 42 IV. THE EARLY MINING CAMPS...... 55 7 . THE - DEVELOBUNT OF LODE MNES ’...... 66 VI. SILVER BONANZAS IN THE BRADSHAWS , 1869-75 • . . 90 VII. TEE PECK AND TIP TOP MINES 1875-84...... I l l VIII. THE CROWNED KING AND'BIG BUG: MINES, 1880-1920 .134 APPENDIX ...... •...... 149 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... : . ’ . . . .151 LIST OF FIGURES ■ i ; ■Vv Chapter I . Page : ■ ' -r . . Fig. 1- Espejo-Onate - Pattie Routes > Fig. 2- Heintzelman Mine 12 Fig. 3- Heintzelman Mine 12 Fig. 4- Heintzelman Mine 13 # » : ' ;*■ e ' ^■* *-1 1 -— >■ •! f5 v * s Fig. 5- Heintzelman Mine 13 Chapter I I. Fig. 1- Walker Expedition 1861-1863 22 Flg. 2- Topographical Map of Bradshaws 29 y - . Xj-';,.': “ : ' -j Chapter III. Fig. 1- Pauline Weaver's Trail to Antelope Peak 4^ -- y ■'' v.:: ::.L; X;- ^ X XvArx':" X 1 X Fig. 2- Miner's Cabin - Weaver D istr ic t £>3 ' : ■ -y.y: X:- X :X%; 0-/.;yIlf Fig. 3- Store and Saloon, Weaver, Arizona 53 Fig. 4- Hotel Stanton, (Weaver District) 53 y y -y y x iy . y n •, Fig. 5- Hotel Stanton Chapter IV. y . y , ' X -X:- y ■ cX X Fig. 1- Sam Miller's Trip Fig. 2- Miner's Cabin on Lynx Creek Fig. 3- Miner's Cabin on Lynx Creek F ig. 4- Lynx Creek ' '
Fig. 5- Mill Race, Lynx Creek 62 Fig. 6- Cabin, Walker District 63 Fig. 7- Cabin, Walker District 63
i v Chapter V. Page Pig. 1- Hassayampa and Turkey Creek Mines 89 Chapter VI. : . P i g . l - Blandy’a Map - 1882 92 Pig. 2- Bradshaw City 100 Fig. 3- Map o f Roads:to Bradshaw City 101
Fig. Ip- Bradshaw City ; - 102 Fig. 5- Diagram of Mining Claim 109 Fig. 6- Extralateral Tunnel 110 Chapter VII. Fig. 1- Silver Prince Mine 116 Fig. 2- Mill foundations at the Silver Prince 116 Fig. 3“ Miner* s Cabins at the Silver Prince 116 * Fig. Ij.- View into Crazy Basin from Peck Canyon 116 Fig. 5- Tiger-Peck Districts 121 Fig. 6- Aztlan Mill 123 Fig. 7- Remains of the Peck Mill 124
Fig. 8- Boiler at the Peck Mine 124
Fig. 9- Alexandra - 1878 12 Fig. 10- Road and site of Alexandra 126 Fig. 11- Headframe of Mine 126 Fig. 12- Peck Mill 127 Fig. 1> Peck Mill 128
Fig. 14- Only house remaining at the Peck 128 Fig. 15 -House at the Peck Mine 128
v Page Pig. 16- Third View of House 129 Chapter VIII. Pig. 1 - Big Bug District lt}.0 Pig. 2 - Poland Tunnel H|)| Pig. 3 - Crowned King Railroad H4.5 Pig. 4 - Switchback on the Crowned King Railroad llj.6 V’-' i e y t--e lo:\ ::■ 1 • y j . 7;iv:1
■■■■'■■ 7; J yy::" 'yy; - Ir: :vi, ^ - y ■.-•yy: y j-ororiz>; of " ‘"v ;yv;:'.yyy; jy-I ... ■ ^^APTER X : ^r
' ' - - *:M-;'EAliY' EbRbEEi^; X'iro AMERICANS ^ " ' yy ... Icri ::.r pyn1?:;" py, Although the Spanish Conouiatadores entered^ Arizona -» - • ‘ # *• '■' *“ ■ * ^ ’•- -V» ^ .v '» » ^ ^ 6 —- » - ^ ' ' 1-' < > c*' -1 ■. . ■' - _ - * «*.'•■> -4«, " * , " . * r,.* 1 18 early aa 1543- r lth Franolsoo 7«Slue3: Coronado, and la te r eatabXlahed aettleBianta in the southern r.glcna of^he. state, the land north of the Gila .was, left almost unexplored untll the mid-nineteenth o.entury. The. few Spanish who did enter. ‘ " - ■ N ^ ^ >• » ^ ^r >' v v*> -r • f ' 1 ‘ ** central and;: northern Arizona, and search for mineral wealth, passed hack and forth along a route that parallels the thirty- fifth degree of latitude and then, went south down the Colorado ’ 1 c ■ * ■ . • *• « ».-• -■ £»'** - * v -, Lf 4 .;. "*V . ■ *• .. V, . Z ... *, V 1* V / 4 ^1, ^ K.* 4 River. jo f-ryyr'. y' yyy rf ■■y.vyreyv b'yy y:; c; 0 ; The first .white man to enter this area was Antonio • • •* /■ f * "• < «• •.*. '*■ ^ ■ ,v- -i ,0 - 0 %' ;v $ J.) '. Espejo. In 1582 Espejo was Tisiting the. Santa Barbara Mine, Chihuahua, aid learned p f a proposed ezpedition to search for Fray Rodri^ez ^ ha& gone north into .what is now. .i v . , New Mexico.., The search pe»ty aroused the interest of Espejo and he agreed to furnish money for equipping the men and he, . .. vU:; y..r-:y .M-yyyvyn = ‘,y x v:v,yyy8 Espejo, would, lead them. The authority, of. the church was rep- y% . y,;, . yyy v.=;y p vy-y-.,, % . d y ■ ; yy.-.r.y,:: y i:.-. resented in the person of Fray Bernaldino Beltran.1 0 -y iU'r, -o ’"‘.y-'y. >' ::::.; j c x : The group left San Bartolme November 10, 1582. In . , yj'yx. \..n. y oUy # cycy:;u" yi: l:'- ;" U y....C„N.;y y yyoyy New Mexico they found that Fray Rodrfguez had been martyred. ■ - ■ - 4: -* s W - - ,«4 w* W . w. ^ ;;r. »-v’. . , Si ■: < W y - j - y .» v-. . • j , "• * ' - f-' k •' W1 : ^
%. H. - Bancroft,. Arizona and New Mexico, ! 5 30-1888 (San Francisco: The History Publishing Company),pp. 7A-so. The primary .objeetiTe of the expedition had been jm tlafled by. obtaining.this info^titm,--teat Espe|o hear4: reports of friei^ ly -Indians and mineral .w^lth_ ^o ti^ west • .. ilt, .Puar&., the group aeoided ,to (Cwntlmie their journey with prospecting and exploration as their purpose. cri3 roim ded a t ti t ; Eventually, vEspe jo yisited -Ifoqiii,yillagea^nd went on west.,aloi^. a route. late^ called the Beale Trail {This roughly, follows ,the;^thirty-fifth parallel„and,,is now the route or the Sante Fe,.Baj#oa^>hTO^,OT*Wn;Ari%)na.) At some point,west of :the 8an yra^isco Peaks Espejo altered his western route and went in a southweaternly direction. He, followed the, Santa Marjfa River to /the fork# of the B ill •Wiliiams River and then west to the Colorado. Bspejo found r^gns„ of ^neyalizatiqn, bur-he. did not return after 1583,. to develop rthe region -for. Spain.; c In^ although ■;he,-did :not realize it,, ^paio.rphMed.:^ ^ een distriots rthah would ,become W port^t mining centers of.ort,.. Arizona,in the nineteenth»century: the Mohave D istrict and the Presqqtt-BradsMw region.T.r,- ir, !•; : i;The mert; European -to enter central :Ari»oaa .was vJuan de Onate. Onate had.beengranted permissionto colonize in New Mexico; and desiring to search for the water passageito the .South -Seav in C1604, crossed over to the Colorado .along approxim-tely;the same, route :as E sp e jo ^ x ltii tls 011^
■ m i - ‘154*55 •. '.4 n,,c f =* " ; * .Tu; v •' -v;:xt ? ••si-■ Hi.-. . ♦«.* c--: N* i: % -l. i-lirvo ! < 3 Both Bspejo and Onate had evidence that Arizona, north of the Gila, was mineralized, hut there were no attempts to follow up the original explorations and develop the mining resources of the area. To the south of the Gila, missions were founded at the turn of the eighteenth century at Tumacacori and San Xavier del Bac among the Papago Indians, but little effort was made to push the frontier northward among the hostile natives the Spanish had encountered. Missionaries crossed the Gila and mapped parts of the Gila Valley, but the strength of the Apaches and the lack of support from the mother country prevented the establishment of missions and presidios to the north. Arizona remained without (my further exploration in the country north of the Gila until a party of Americans from the east traveled along the Gila watercourse and discovered the tributaries of the Gila flowing from the north and north- ' ‘ ' ' 3 • east. This party was led by James 0. Pat tie of Kentucky. The Pattis party was in the Santa Rita copper area in New Mexico and decided to move west. They reached the head waters of the Gila and traveled along this stream for some time when they encountered a north-flowing stream they called the Black River. This was the Salt River, and it flows in a northeasterly direction from its confluence with the Gila.
^James q. Pattie, The Personal Narrative of James 0. P attie of Kentucky, ed. Timothy F lin t tCincinnati: pub. John Wood, 1831}. Fig. 1-The Pattie party entered Arizona from-the east on the Gila River and traveled to the junction of the Gila and Salt Rivers. They doubled back on the Salt and divided at the junction of the Salt and Verde. The Verde enters rough, mountainous terrain as it crosses the parallel of 34. The Verde flows south and to the east of the future gold and silver discoveries of central Arizona. The Hassayampa and Agua Fria Rivers are seasonal streams flowing into the Gila, but the early explorers seem to have avoided them. Later, they would be important water sources in the development of the mines. The route of Espejo and Onate came within fifty or sixty miles of Prescott and almost the same distance from Jackson McCrackin’s famous discovery in Mohave County. Prescott is almost directly southeast from the junction of the 113° meridian and the 35° parallel. The Mohave Mines are northeast of this same point. Fit i 5 Tke trappers explored this Wteroourse scbh rhaohed another ifork. f he west f ork was the Verdhi * The party s p lit 1 a t ‘ th is second fork, and half follow# the Salt and" half the Verde. Those who were on the Verde reported that th eir stream headed in snow covered mountains that. presumably were "the1 hoard e for the river.^ - :n it is donhtfnl they rwiohed 'the "headwaters' of "the Veitie, for the river rises in Williamson Valley, a long f la t p la in ‘ north of Prescott. It is quite possible the Patties saw' the 6 lofty mountains that rise to the ehst of the Verde; or they may have gone up the river fa r enough north to sight Mihgiis : Mountain. However3, this is the earliest recorded exploration of Arizona between the thirty*fdurth and tM rty-fifth p&fallels n and along the one hundred arid eleventh-line:of ibrigitude 1 After -the Patties,: hhere wwe others to enter the Arizona A territory. ; This » . the period In tie! West tfiat brought forth the mountain meu^ " There was lit t le of: the We^t" that lone or '■ 1. ,. anbther of’.'these resourceful trappers hadlriotseeri. Following "
» - •'- • - f * --'i * )•- T ' - »•, ^ " f r", V .r \ ' T ’• * . . s V 0^°:a®:L7 :behln Gila: route west. As a member of this party, :he made the east- J west crossing arid later penetrated northern Arizona airing trie % v ]'AnAU;d ' -vizA, r-?.,;V ’vr a !'Ai ->r. V : Kvn.ir: 4ibid.V p. HO.: I::..;-.;}-/. «-■ n: ^Bancroft, op. p it., p. 338. 6 7 thirty-fifth parallel* Carson was a valuable .guide for United States Armies on the Gila during the Mexican War as :a result^v of this knowledge of the area. Young madeihis jtrips across Li e Arizona from 1829 to 1831* _x v-: > r* i':* ’ro-v) P ossibly, about the time Young was.;making.h is ila s t trip along the Gila, and before he settled-down in-the Oregon Territory, another trapper •was on the Gila, and left at least one tangible sign of his presence. This was Pauline Weavers Weaver*s name was found inscribed on a w all of the"Casa Grande ruin with the date 1832. • Later, during the Mexican War,- Weaver served;as a scout for the army. Weaver settled in California and spent the decade following the Mexican War in that-state, ; but his name was to be seen again in Arizona in the:early I8601 s when he led famous p arties, of discovery in to mineral viands. - ...... ^There has been doubt as-to the.authenticity.of the Weaver inscription at Casa Grande. One theory is that it could not be Weaver1s own inscription, as he could not write.. How ever, the Arizona Pioneer Historical Society (hereafter referred to as APBS) has a letter from Arthur Woodward of the:Los Angeles Museum, citing letters from Weaver to his brother Duff, how possessed by the museum. Also, :laaoroft»: eg. o^t., rP^ 407 i „ writes that Weaver was known to have been in the Gila Valley at an early date. Bancroft - also mentions a statement in Ingersoll 0enturv Annals. 1796-1901. that places Weaver with Swing Young in 1831-on the G ila. Weaver served as a - scout ^with General George Cooke in the Mexican War. Cooke did not care for him, as he told Cooke that he (Weaver) had sold Indians into slavery in Mexico because the Indians bothered his traps. General P h ilip S t. George Cooke. Conquest of New Mexico and C alifornia (New York: G. P. Putnam Sons, 18?8) n. January 13, 1846. Judge Edmund Wells, an early settler in.Prescottjwfao had known Weaver, has included much, of Weaver * s life iin .Arizona rint;his book, r; Edmund W. W eils, Argonaut Tales (Men* York: iJd B.7#teheo#n, 1927) • : : . . c 7 After these first parties on the Gila, word must have passed about that Arizona possessed some untrapped country, for several parties of trappers were working the Gila early in the ■ 1 : : ■ "■■■'' ' ■ ' . :"'r ;-0': ' : • 1830*8. Some of the men known to have been on the river were induced by a trapper, James Jackson, to make a scalp raid against the Apaches. Arizona was to suffer from this foolish and bruteul act for many years. , ca-i-.'ro’ - Jackson and M s companions were tempted by the bounty V A / -■ - ' - T': ■ . money on;: scalps the junta of Chihuahua offered in 1837. The '■ ■ ' ■ . . y . ' y-:vj • Junta promulgated a nroveoto de guerra. that is, a bounty law ' A' ■ ; : . ' ' ■ ■ ' ■ ■ ■' 'A - ' v ' ' . A::. for scalps. This was not an unusual procedure. The state of Sonora already had a bounty law, and north of the present inter- ' . ■ ' A: ^ ..L i \ ' ' . ■ :;.'v ■ national border, scalp bounties were offered at later dates, when Indian opposition to the wMte man caused serious losses in commerce and industry on the plains. Jackson and Ms com- panions massacred a group of Warm Springs Apaches after the Indians had partaken of a feast offered by the trappers. This was in the Santa Rita region of New Mexico. One of the Apaches who escaped the ambush and massacre was Mangus Colorado. Filled with a desire for revenge, Mangus Colorado uMted the loosely associated Apaches of the Warm Springs and Membrenos tribes and took vengeance on the American intruders.? ?The details of this disgraceful incident are given in Bancroft, on. c l t . , p. 407 and Paul I . Wellman, Death in the Desert (Garden C ity, New York: Doubleday and Company, 1956), PP. 2$0-55. The Wellman account is quite complete. \ V, ,AvA , • ‘ •: d 8 The first Americans to suffer from the Apache wrath were two parties then oamped pn the Gila. One party of twenty- two men, led by Charles Kemp, was ambushed and k ille d to a man. A. second.and much smaller group of three men was ambushed. but Benjamin Wilson survived and later wrote the story of his ez- - ' - - V:, 'Xrvrnc' . :v\z a r r y perience. From th is, time on, much of Arizona would liv e in ! ; • ■ - -■ 1 v:.; *:• l.c r'v- K;.'. 0 •• constant fear of Indian raids until the Apaches had been ' ' : : ' ' . ' : . • ■ t.3 \L ^ c- gathered onto reservations under army control. ' " — - . • ; - i/v:-,-;' i-xcivh '.'ax/oi. ’ r.; At approximately the time Johnson was planning his '; ■' : ■ .Voilcv.'i massacre, two men were trapping in northern Arizona along the ' ' ' : ; ' Le a. cf L ittle Colorado River. Joe Ralston and Joseph Reddeford Walker : - ' " ' • - -- : ■ ■: ;.y y-ur .5 . were working in northern Arizona during the fa ll and winter of _ ■■■■ : • / / :,hx -rny, cr ty . 1837-38. Both men were experienced mountain men and trappers, * ' M;~:: ;:1-' :: ' I : "'CX U;,/, cv v- ! but the dissolution of the Bonneville Company and the market in peltry’s drastic plunge turned these two mountain men to ' G" ln/-vnxtl c:/l '/ui;co; on i/-y. working independently. Beaver was becoming scarce, and the trappers who continued to ply their trade, were forced into the more remote areas. Ralston and Walker l e f t Arizona in 1838. • ' ": -G X ho x: rr;, « y-r:v, Ralston would never return, but owing to a story of h is in re- gard to the mineralization of the country he had seen, his com- “ panion, Walker, would come back to lead one "of the most famous of - ' X ^ y.'-';.; ' V : V . a ll Arizona expeditions.? *9 ^Bancroft, op. o it., p. 4 0 7 .Bancroft writes that he obtained his information from an unpublished MS, ”Observations’* written by Wilson, pp. 2-18. Wilson was later a mayor ofGLosv Angeles and served In the California legislature# 9James M. Barney,"The Story of th#''1tojAer:Piffty"of ^ArDiiona ? § unpublished MS., Arizona State Archives and Library. Barney’s MS. has an excellent documented story of the early days of Walker and la te r , the Walker Party. Parish et a l have depended upon the Fish MS. for the Walker story and th eir m aterial is more dependent upon hearsay than the Barney MS. 9 The mountain men had made th eir contribution to a know ledge of Arizona, and the next important force in the territory was the army. When the Mexican War started in 1846, it was necessary for United States Army groups to cross from New Mexico to C alifornia. General Stephen W. Kearney led h is army along the Gila. While he was traveling west he met Kit Carson coming from California, with dispatches for the east.. Carson was ordered to give up his eastern mission (much to Carson's disgust) and guide Kearney into.California following the Gila T rail. Carson was fam iliar with the country because of his experiences with Young many years before. ; Along with Kearney and the army, headed for the co n flict in California, was William H. Emory. Emory took th is,opportunity to survey some of the Gila watercourse and later used his know ledge as a member of the international boundary commission that defined the border between the United States and Mexico at the conclusion of the war; Other military units, such as the Mormon Batallion, crossed Arizona during the Mexican War, but they merely followed ■ , .. i . i. • •. 2 * ' •* - • ' • • • ' ' ' " " routes already known from Kearney1s passage, or marched through the southern part of the territory. More important than the army,, at this time, in the history of the territory, were the various boundary and road surveys initiated at the end of the Mexican War. John R.Bartlett was in charge of the first international boundary survey begun 10 10 in 1850. Emory and A. W. Whipple were both prominent in th is survey. Emory, at least, had a wealth of experience on the Gila to offer the commission. To the north, several expeditions were sent out to find a direct route to California across the unknown areas of Arizona. Captain Lorenzo Sitgreaves explored west along the thirty-fifth parallel to California in 1851. He was followed on the same general route by Whipple in 1853-54. Whipple may ■ • " ' , ' ... V , , 1 - * • i •• < * "* ; have gone south of Sitgreaves and entered into the Prescott ■ ' Vi:' V . :: '' . ' v v.-:V V ■ . area. In 1857 Edward F. Beale pioneered a wagon route along the thirty-fifth parallel, drawing upon the experience of his . : C VV. V V'.- V : : . ' . : 11"-:-' two predecessors to guide his men and equipment* The military surveys had been necessary because of the exigencies of war, and the establishment of international bound aries in 1848. But, after the war, financial interests in the east, and the pressure of gold-seekers traveling to California, demanded that military posts should be established in the Arizona territory. The financiers were interested in a railway through Arizona, while the overlanders wanted protection from the Indians as they used the Gila Trail for passage into California. Many of them preferred to dare the dangers of the all-weather route to the south, rather than take a chance on snows to t he north. 10John R. Bartlett, Personal Narrative. 2 Vole. (New York; D. Appleton and Company, 1854). V, v w v ' ■■■; :v . - :• • ' . V"-: ' . :V'.- " ' ' . : •■■■' - - : ; •L*kBancroft, 0£. c it., p. 444-45• - 11 Despite the travel on the Gila Trail and the compara tively quiet attitude of the Indians, there was dissatisfaction with the international boundary to the south. Railroad in terests had found that the best route to connect the east with California would run through the Mesilla Valley to the south of the Gila. Therefore, in 1853/ James Gadsden, the United States M inister to Mexico, negotiated a purchase of land south of the Gila, V ' which not only procured a 4satisfactory railroad route, but also provided the new owners with preciotts minerals. Americans were quick to exploit this new mineral re source. One of the first to develop mining interests in the Gadsden Purchase was Charles D. Poston. Poston heard of the Gadsden negotiations while he was in San Francisco. He l e f t that c ity with Herman Ehrenburg .in 1853 and, after a shipwreck and adventures of various types in Sonora, Mexico, the two men arrived in the Papago country in 1854.. Poston and Ehrenburg f: located the old A jo copper mines, then traveled east .to Tubao and found favorable signs of silver in the valley of the Santa Cruz River. Ehrenburg stay^l on in %Wo to prospect and de velop the claims while Poston went: east to organize a mining company.12 Poston spent the year 1855 gathering backers and returned to Arizona by way of Texas in 1856. His mining com pany was named the Sonora Mining and Exploring Company. Evi dently sensing a possible source of revenue, the Texas-Pacific 12Frank C. Lockwood, Arizona Characters (Los Angeles: The Times-Mirror Press, 1928) pp. 29-47• 12 The Heintzleman Mine Fig. 2 Fig. 3 These ruins are twenty miles west ot the Nogales High way from the Kinsley cut-off* The settlement is surrounded by tailings and exploratory shafts of old workings. J. Ross Brown sketched the site in 1868 and the town seemed to be formed in a square. The mine was to the west of the pictures. Mr. J. D. Mitchell, a resident of Arivaca, has made a detailed study of the history of the mine and the adjoining town. Judging from the nails in the door frames, and the planed timbers in the windows and doors, this structure has been reno vated, but the walls and basic structure appear to be the origi nal buildings. The Heintzlemail Mine Fig. 4 Fig. 5 The picture to the left shows the entry to the mess hall. It is a massive structure and has the appearance of a mission. To the right of the mess hall is the strong room as shown in the picture to the right. The strong room was actually a room within a room. It did not prove to be abso lutely safe as the room was rifled of its contents. The looters were former employees of the mining company and supposedly buried their take in the vicinity. Treasure hunt ers are still much in evidence digging up the area in an attempt to find the Heintzleman Silver. 14 Railroad baqked the two, men and the company claimed a capitali zation of one million dollars, of which one hundred thousand d®ll«rs had teen »aid in, ; Po»ton arriTed la ■ Tuoeon in Ai^sust. - By September of , 1856 th e7eoittpaDy, o ffle e r sra ^ 7nd.nera:were:.e8tabllahe8 In the old presidio,at Tubae. ,The building was-in good repair, although i t needed windcwa, doors and furnishings# Soon the miners were billeted in one.of:therfinest domiciles in ,the Ar1zona Territory. Poston .was- not a man to stint himself _in the way of .personal. comfort, and the company accomodations gained a reputation for hospitality throughout the west * T cn%; .v.. T - or.-2 One,of the ^richest of the Tubae mines was celled the Heiatzlmaan. ■ In ,1856 General Samuel P. Heintzleman hadv pur- chased land in-the Arivaea region west of Tubas* •? Eight miles east of Arivaea and twenty miles west of .Tubae. they located,, a;.r4-<$li. silver body at .the foot of the Cerro Colorado Mountains. The mine and,settlement that, grew, up there were .named after . the General. At- fir st, ore shipments were mMle. to San. Francisco through the port of; Guaymas, Mexico. Hpwever, th e ..company. sought other outlets,for their, ores and succeeded in arranging a *" * ’ . *• - - •>. K* • ‘ i- «X. • » ■ V / x ._ - r» - '• ‘ . T » .. , . ! .V «, •* » X-. *f . " " ’ 1 - ' J ' ■' *♦ ' profitable shipment east. ’?rr. ■•''ixi- :. In the autumn of 1857, Colonel Blake,, entered the Santa Cruz Valley with a .detachment of, the First Dragoons to establish Fprt Buchanan., Santiago Hubbell, the freighter- for .the army, % oris Bent, “The History of Tubae" (unpublished Master*s thesis, University of Arizona, 1948), p. 90. 15 to®k a return lia t of ore from the Heintzlema'n Mine to tlie Missouri liv e r ; where the ore was sent :t6 csevefal eastern financial ©eater^' Th^e':iere twelW w^gon-loads of ore/- each carrying a ton of fifteen^Mndreft-aaiiar bro'. This was - " the first shipment of mineral wealth fi X Vj* V* i. >■ -- ' — , A. ^ •- < b id ., p. A96. . 0 : - c : 2 i 2 Xot. l 6The Weekly Arizonian. March 3% 1859 (Tubac, Arizona J ^Bancroft, op. c it., p. 496. ^^The Weak-iy Arizonian. March 3, 1859 (Tubao, Arizona). 18 19 new s e ttle r s from the Apache Indians. For the most part the other southern Arizona Indians were peaceful, and had lived with" their Spanish and Anglo neighbors without any un usual conflict. Frequently the Papago and Maricopa Indians would join with the white settlers in joint expeditions ' against the Apaches.* 20 But this peaceful and prosperous life could only con tinue as long as the military posts were manned and the miners and ranchers received protection from the army. With the out break of the Civil War, troops were withdrawn from Arizona, and the Apaches once again took control of the whole region. ^Bancroft, o&. cit. . p. 497 n. lb , In 1856 the United States took military possession of the land south of the Gila. The First Dragoons were brought into Arizona and stationed first at Tucson and later at Calabezas. Fort Buchanan was es tablished on the Sonoita tw enty-five m iles east of Tubac, but la ter abandoned. B a n cro fts figures show a force of from 120 to 375 soldiers in the area over the period 1856-61. Al though such a small force could not be one hundred per cent effective in controlling a large area they were effective enough to protect Anglo industry and business so that it flourished up to the time the soldiers were withdrawn. 20The agricultural Indians of the Gila and Salt River Valleys were as much in fear of the Apache as the Anglos and Mexicans. It is interesting to note these valley Indians were sturdy foes of the Apache and proved themselves to be worthy allies as the settlers fought the Apache. ^Bancroft, op. cit. , p. 417• "At the outbreak of the war in 1860-1, a ll the fo rts were destroyed or abandoned and a ll the troops removed•* 19 Tuba® ws^abaB4one4' the populatloa of Weson deoreasea con siderably Mines were forced to close as the Indian# controlled the roads and prohibited the shipment of ore. Sylvester Howry said that (the .'Indians were not a menace%te the centers of popu lation but they were a definite menace oh 4he roads, mid serious ly curtailed’ transportation Of persons end -products.Thi mines and settlements of s#ithern Arleoha went into ah eclipse until^United States troops were once more available to control the Indians. Although things were going badly for the residents south of the Gila, there was a new influx of miners and in creased development to the west when gold was discovered at La Paz, in 1862, near the Colorado and north of Arizona City or Yuma, as i t is now known. Pauline Weaver had farmed and ranched in California for a time but, in 1861, he decided to return to Arizona. Weaver had trapped the Gila and Salt as much as, or perhaps more than, any of the mountain men. He knew the Gila and was well acquainted among the Indians. ? In 1862 Weaver went north along the Colorado and cutting in east, at about the present site of Ihrenburg, he discovered gold some distance from the river. He returned to Arizona City with the ore and i^ ed iatelyJL h 0 .miamka .began_.to move, up ,th e ..... *2 r i i ; T>-' ' • ' ; ' ' : ’ ■' 22Ibld;V p; U7, n. o? A: 23Wells, 0£. o it., Judge W ells w rites of Weaver’s l i f e in California and his ultimate desire to return to Arizona. 20 river to La Paz. For the remainder of the year 1362, and part of I863, the focal point for mining activity was in the La Paz region* Bancroft says, there were between fifteen hundred and fiv e hundred men in the La Paz camp*^ Hamilton raises the figure to two thousand. ^ Whichever it may have been, it; w s a convenient smiroa of lab^ for the sdnes that ^central. Arizona in Yavapai 1 i - - ; County*, r v v*!' -.hi’ iu^or , f. •'. >• m l CL. o C C'"c-i*Lor In. - :. o ... ; ' •- v.ue prI;' . ' •v iv o , d d vo'; :.r;.,l n :..,d. *7 r* f- \ : c ■:v; t:: i a .'■ri.'" ^ ^ T C' % ' " * '-if 4 ' * ' .-r dO: ' H.„ i / r ; ^ r - of0 -; rev n o oT ".v.. : Cv lor'-'.up -r... r. •. rr - i ■'dr-i ovo tfd i: nooooolo, roro Vt. x o z l s r o f y o o o a J :;.:. ^r.. ^% " , v::. .0 OOOO'O 000.10 tiro; In oh.C. irryor fvroiocoy, nr 1 ■ d '.. o d r o - o.- :-c o:.r onirooro. fd r - V'.rc idol ‘fr . or fn:: r. ; . ■ v >. nn. : Lf ..; c l o r d - or - ■’* v..." ■ •' ’ ■ ' - •f 'r "v' T -''ddT. i *♦ l.'fd- frrnt ; vr f v f d; o ■• ■or d;. ' ’x r : / d lo 0, nlerovfr o. ? y d vf d d-u -O'IT' r r ; C . : /; 0.1 , ’ -Ion- o I.n ' fj •.*" ; ;r : • ; . o ; cc.:\ vorv;, o.o rr 0 3 - « *r * rnv.. H al ;r'; or., :_'d •on- * T . - . . . . ■ ^Afiaaoroft,, og. ci^., p.o58Q . rhc Old 1881) 2^^^r^ol£: Haaiilfeon‘ The Resources of Arizona (Prescott: ■ -‘■oov Tordjoo'' r to ' -v V o:'..V...■■: ;,;o:o ■t-.o. 3 o rrrv •o ■ ... 0 '0 .0 :': t ': 1 t. I n V V V:,0 l-OOu 'd .-"0 r o r o ••vt to-, /.if ;-o;' ’ ;d o .r trdm. c lr. :do del] ! cy CHAPTER I I THE WALKER PARTY, 1861 - 1863 About the time La Paz became productive, Walker was working hia way along the Gila on a trip that would eventually end in one of the most important mineral discoveries in Arizona. As was previously mentioned. Walker and Ralston had been trapping in Arizona 1837-38. Ralston at that time picked up a mineral sample in Arizona he claimed came from the gorge of the Little Colorado. Ralston retained this sample, and a number of years later, after he had spent some time in the Oregon Territory, he showed the specimen to some miners. The ore was high grade gold. News of Ralston*s orej and his source for the ore, reached George Lount, a Kern River miner. In 1856 Lount urged Ralston to organize a party to prospect the Little Colorado where Ralston supposedly picked up the gold. Neither Lount nor Ralston was immediately able to form a company of pros pectors, but the idea was kept alive by Lount. Ralston, mean time, died and, finally, in 1861, Lount contacted Walker, who was then living in Martinez, California. Perhaps, the old mountain man fancied one last trip into the vast region he had once explored and known years before. Whatever motive may have prompted Walker to enter upon th is la s t exploration, his return to Arizona will remain a tribute to his ability Fig. 1-A map of Arizona showing the Walker Party crossing from west to east in 1862 and from east to west in 1863. An exact route is impossible to show as Mr. Conner has stated the party took wide swings away from the river and then, when water and provisions were low, they would cut back for the water course. As they traveled north on the Eassayampa River the water was scarce to the 34th parallel. After that point water is comparatively plentiful. Water tables along the Eassayampa, esp ecially the upper river, have not been depleted, as in many areas of Arizona, by reckless farming so the stream flows much the same today as i t did a hundred years ago. Walker Route F » <-. i 23 and ^nduranee# ; • ^ i tf:r: > In 1861 Walker 1 eft the San Francisco area with■- a com- ■ - .• *. i. - , ^ pany, ©f eight men,; a ll h^ided for the gold* regions of the L ittle Colorado.^:, In Kernville, Kern County, California, they met 2 with another group of prospectors.consisting of twelve men. This was to her known; as t he M iller: Party, which was to; J oia , with Walkers It is not surprising that;Mil 1 erLayd his people would w illin g ly .goralong with Walker, because the old mountain , man;had an enviable reputation among the frontiersmen and miners of .that; day. , ; t,/ ih- i.v.:rr.v .>;c V :, - They left Eernville and traveled east .through tha Sierra Nevada Mountains, by-way of. Walker Pass.? ,As, soon as., the party crossed the Colorado into Arizona they .were,, in . con tact with,Indians• all-1he we^ and there was no opportunity to ^Barney, 0£. b it .' p.'~2." Captain Joseph Walker. George Lount, John Dickson; Arthur C lothier, Joseph Rutherford Walker Jri, a nephew of the Captain, Egbert Porsyth, Oliver fflillett,' Frank Finney and Dutch John.- .r-v, r.n- thm ...::.U; C ,,, • •. i .• r . ' I:: -;. : ^T. F.: Farish, History of Arizona (San Francisco:iFilmer Re-others, -1915) i1 H I; ’443. feiere is a difference in the nneteer* of - meh in the combined parties according to the source read. Parish names 17 men to cross into Arizona; while Barney: lis ts 21. The following lis t of the Miller Party iis from Barney: :John J. Miller , Samuel C . Miller . Jacob L. Miller (the last two named were sons of • John M iller); George Coulter, George Blosser, .Colonel Hardin; Felix Buxton or Burton, Albapt Jacob ^ Linn; Mart in Lewis, Luther Paine and: J ohn Walkto .> Barney, op. cit., p. 3. The last named w%s no relative of the Captain and his nephew; There is a record of John Walker aotive in : the affairs of southed Arlmma in the decade following' the Walker expedition. Possibly this is when he entered the territo ry . 3This is not surprising as Walker was the discoverer of Walker's Pass. He knew the route well and had passed that way while working for Benjamin L. E. Bonneville in the fur trade about 1834. Bernard De Voto, Across the Wide Missouri (Boston: Houghton M ifflin Company, 1947)» P* 24: travel far. to the south to explore, nupon reachlng the desired spot upon; the L ittle Colorado, - theyj.foundno evldenee"1 of the ©re Ralston.had claimed he picked up on:the banks of:the river. In fact, It wasvnot:likelycore-?bearlag country. - ; After , a conference among thcmselvt## the miner# de*: elded to keep .traveling east to Albuquerque, Hew Mexico, and thence north ito Den^r f Soloiad© i Whstev«pl they may h a # done during the spring'ofil862,:the fact remains that the mihers-re organized at Pueblo^ Colorado, in the summer of 1@62%- :i-'- i$heiroster,: of the second party contains many of the names of those who came east from Kernville -in the previous year. ; They decided to’ call themselves the Walker Prospeotlhg u and Mining. Company. Their intention was-to explore Arizona once„ again,, although this time they chose a different routes ■ ho ;h hV. ft . : ^tt this pbimt of the trip authors who have written of'' the Walker.;party differ-.‘as' to the courses the individual miners took. Barney *says the1 miners' -paesM oh into the east and them to Colorado with the exception of Sam Miller . '' Miller -iblhed ; the Third Regiment:, of Hew Mexico Volunteers and served* with; ; this.* organization' until he was discharged - April - 291 1862. 'After his release from the’armyv Miller- went north to join his; oom-% . panions in Colorado. Barney, 'onV-e it.'. p* 4; Parish has a different. aoeount: of the suae period.—' He1 elaimsi the- whole ': company of miners joined with Kit - ^Mrsoh* and5 # r y ed:; uM er him as Indian fighters, ^pon reaching Hew Mexico the party main tained its existence and'enlisted against the'Indians. Captain Walker,retained his ^nk.*'Parish, bt; citi. Ill, 243 ; v; 7 ' U; , T O: : 1 X V --'V<:ZV H » i " le t uO :;h.r.:^Ar 1 zona. Statewld# A rchivaland1 ReSjtods Jhehjeoti 3d^mal of the Pioneer and Walker-Districts. 1863-65. ’Works Project Mministration, 1941, B• •‘iv*-*rtP;:/ .. : ' ’ O . 7s” * * ,r / > -jr • ■ ‘ ?*■ ^ l - ' f. - .\ , ' l V v i i \ r'. >• 7- ' y -v 7:, ren.“-\x'7ii - n ■ •h'-y 7: • v . i7. X X. U j""":'-, j.A ^ c k 1 n :i c L; ?t v.X.n-T.? -.' v. L a .1 ^ Li re" irf'u (.hr /hi. i rtab.llryAif on vivc*:y 11. IV.c 25 The experience of the prerious triphad'convineed them the greatest possibility for mimlBg exploltatloa did not lie in the northern regions of Arizonan"-Therefore,-the party took a southerly course to Albuquerque, New Mexico, and then a south-south by west trail leading to the Pinos-Altos country Of New Mexico* ■ " v'- J-e-:. ^ Stories have grown up around the-Walker party claim- ' ing they were southerh sgmphthiserS aMI intbnded: to hold earn-- tral Arizona for the Confederacy; - But-the c^pany was not, rui; predominantly southern., nor did they haVe any difficulty @b-% taining permission from Ceheral' Jakes H« Carletoh, the AjXoh. Commandant of the Hew Mexico Military D istrict, to pass through New Mexico and make their way west into'Arizona;- Ihrthe : in ^Parish has published the story of the Walker party 12:in h is History of Arizona, that was written by A. F. Banta. There are several misrepresentations in Santa that are often repeated in the story of the Walker Party. Banta claimed that one mem ber of the party,- A. -C.. Benedict, was asked by General Carleton to "spy out" the intentions of the Walker party, assuming that they were going to*declare for the Confederacy. Benedict did correspond with .General Carleton after.the discovery was made in 1863, but his correspondence deals with the"mineral poten tial of the find: and not the political views of the prospectors. The Benedict letters are quoted in Parish, o£. clt. , III, 4* Banta asserts he had "inside.information^.through his associa tion with an Albuquerque printing* office, mid the)milltary - authorities were. being very careful of'Walker and* his* men; Ibid. . IH , 29. Conner; says the party took the oath of alle giance required of all travelers from one military district to another. Daniel E; Conner, Joseph Reddeford Yfalker and the > Arizona Adventure, ed. Donald F. Berthong and Odessa Davenport (Norman:U n iv e r s ity ; of Oklahoma Press,; 1956) p.. 8. . The thread of Banta * s charges against the Walker jmrty have been .repeated years after the ev«it; : Banta- did not come into the Arizona - Territory u n til the Walker party was w ell established on Lynx Creek. : 26 roateri of th# Walker par^i as it was organized the eee’dna time In Paehlo, there are only nine men from southern or hor- 4er . states, out of a total! of twenty-six men signed up for the -tripi f:.:.;.':: l/-:/ vl'c-n '-rove:. b : i As the Walker party passed south through New Mexico, they were augmented by el»ren other men, which raised the total ©f. the company to, thirty-seven;men.? t Among the last to en list was > a mah who la t er/ played : an! important role - in' the de velopment of the territory and,: pOsslhly, had an important,1 but little : known eff ect ~ on the c(mrse Of a the Walker, party; i J ohn W» •* Svdlliag met* the expedition as the group neared Pinos A ltos. * Swilling: had- already been in Arizona: Territory for: some time* r He served as a lieutenant in the Confederate forces, engaged in the: only active Civil War. battle fought -.in Arizona• :: ItT was b just a skirmishj but;one-Union; officer was killed aM two en listed men of the California Column suffered the seme fate. ^ C::■!o n : 1 7Barney,,0£. c it .,Tp* 7 ty yv-blli-r- -J\nt 8Ibid, . p. 7. Swilling and Jackson McCracken Jjoined.in southernn New Mexico as the party sojoumed there duringdurii the •wlnter of 1862-63. ryt-v f id d ly urriTe.; The engagement was a minor oner/but i t has, the d istin ctio n of , being the only Civil War battle fought in Arizona; Bancroft says Barrett and two of his men were killed, but the casualty l i s t of the Confederates seems a b it more in d efin ite as he says one or two of the Confederates were killed and three Confederate prisoners were taken.—Bancroft, op. c it.r p.514* -- Recently Ralph Mahoney, has recounted the same story for the Phoenix Simflay Republic with illustrations and considerable d e ta il. ' Arizona fieim bllc. "Arizona Days and Ways," April 15, 1956. 27 When the Cohfderate foreee retired fro* Arlaoim, ■ SiriLll-ing did not aeeOTiai^ th « ? as !fejt Wet as the^ Retreated and, •...- - ■ < ' :.;:i Vh i; :o r v.r'l ".c-;!,: consequently: met with Walter in' Wtw Mexico, drilling was - --- :;a -au, vA-i-i A t aaa.lX:- ; corn X:: a me quite familiar W11h" southern Arizona •'aS4Jpr#ri4< ah asset to ; A-A vl.o. % '.C.. / OA'C COCAO .Ac;.; A l CO VC c 0 -0 CO: t cC the organization.' 1 •'’ ■ crc,Tolor c-.&y.w- /; > ■" ’ le:.: .. A' ■■■. i '» r ‘ u 1 on of the S?lo end oh a Gilo '-"'During the stay in southern New Mexico, 4the ^TaUeer. cv f : V . • ? u cccoon'*> toco .re::vc?:'t.oc:U;,;o:oc’ncicc) . coo occ vcovy party-was ‘either present at, or assisted in, the capture of VO: cevoou CO Civ-, 'The Manghs&id#-% "finally ' ...... *the...... expedition began ' its westerly ■ _ ..rh i.o cio.: •• ; c:vc.' cv. Cl-, coo OCTOU o /y o , him course that [would hring it to^the • Hassayampa liveri Generally, -oo •-vxc V,cc'- ,ciovc :;hovfc 0.:'' r ^ i c l c m they followed the path along the Gila, detouring south to v.or cenoo: rC::' .Tucson^ and again; reaching the Gila at: Sacatoni- •' Their reason -f :• ‘V'V.:- -v.: rr.L,;vOcr^ » The for ascending the Mssayampa in preference-to the other streams . ^ '''' ' ooccc! , 1. hiv-.o "oocoo cch a ,c;,vo that empty in to the G ila i s ohSOure; : Conner * s account merely ' C1' : :;v o v / m v C : a 0 O r " ion ihc ? ^ -1., W J+. .i+ L *. „ - says they arrived-and went up the'stream* It is possible that they were curlohs about cehtrai Arizona and were definitely ■. .. h: h..:' ,'i‘ ' c co y icicvC c lc v c v-Ccd i:c jvu c w , going; there the best way they might find;: Barney: suggests c;.> " v:--c;;:.. 1 .nC cn.lv C'.:c-c y-cce: I'C-- Swilling;knew of the la Paz diggings from h is former companion, Colonel Jacob. Snively, and they were guided by Sw illing in that :;C:.- - c vl-Cl v V : : .V. : C C • ■ -VV/ '.y d irection . There seems to be a tendency to assume the group -V ■ "V W-C CC'ICJ.CU:’ C'CCV,.... I-Gc 0:‘ Ay C CIC-‘J. ICC-C ICC C C fC.C was going to central Arizona only because they finally arrived. .v:"--'" * ccyv..r v-;v-:c-ic eye yreccrv : 10Conner,O£v % nv v i . i U i y kiwi, Gila settlers and Indians into the region. / Hayden says: j l ' / ! ; I have believed the Walker party went that way J 1 because of an article printed in the Tucson Arizonian i • of January 26, I860 which,reported the return of an , ) ; expedition under Captain John.W. Swilling consisting ; of some Americans who were called Gila Miners and ' i some Maricopa warriors which l e f t th e ir campion the ] : Gila Hivac on January 7 and,traveled about 45 miles ; ; N.N.W. from the junction of the Salt and the Gila i \ Rivers where they discovered a stream-of water running j ■ in a S.S.W. direction (the Bassayampa). Hot far above I i there, one Apache was k ille d and three were captured ! ; when a rancherla was attacked bv the Mariconas. ‘The j i party continued up the stream/ which is ’nearly as j i large, as the San Pedro River, for three days. The I i Maricopas declined to go further, t he, weather being i too cold and they being short of rations.‘ 5 ■ ' v /■ . | ? The Americans continued on for thirty miles be- 1 I fore they came to a large remcheria of Apaches of I , whom 13 were killed and 5 were taken prisoners. The 1 t party then decided to return and reported that they \ [ saw, .an abundance of fin e timber and a good j ! country for grazing and agricultural purposes. In \ =point of appearance this region has the finest indi- • i cations of gold of any t hey have ever seen.‘ = { - ) X, • . : » Jack Swilling joined the. Walker Party in Southern = • New Mexico and must have talked about what he had seen j when he went north from the G ila River with the Gila ! | Rangers and the Maricopa Indians only three years b„e---.-4 | fore. He "knew the way and guided them over the .same 1 , route.II ,■> ------; The above quotation is the only indication that any of the party had previous knowledge of the central mountains and plains. Conner mentions the presence of the Mohave chief, Iretaba, with the Walker party. Iretaba went along as an interpreter to parley with the local Indians. He left the prospectors a short distance north of Wiokenburg to go to his ^ L etter from Carl Hayden to Mrs. P h illip T. Pendleton, June 7, 1948. <*z&4o a il n i r^' Caa>» -.14/ ,/W f t r e / W«cnMrav/f<- J »%\ j,7 Fig. 2.-Topographical map of the Prescott - Bradshaw area. Mountain Areas own' people on the ColoraAo 5 while theeWalker party went on up> i ? the, Haasayaapa^1?: fhereforo. Sw illing was l^e only. mWser of _ the mining, expedition with the knowledge of the npper riyer.n The. Mohave chief left.than;a considerable diatanoe before-they reached a permanent camp. rMie to i.; lo; 01 c. v.:v, t : •; ;• The question, of how. they, went . remains - Many h istor ians haye described; the rcmteyto. the waterconrse of th e Hassajmmpa as passing,, by the^ G-ila; Bend area.- Conner t e l l s o f seeing the Ojatmam y ia t;siEurker:.Igain, „Heyden points r • u: - j. =. 'i - ; - — •< v- . i - 12COnner> m ^ " 7 ' Jh.., ^ r n i/U v : , ^^Conner is the only source for a narrative account of the ^ssayampa ;trek. ' 7 ■, 1 . r c ..'uj>*;.■ v-:z a .. £7 X: i 7 1 o f v iiv 0 , 7 hy Aisf'-O-Xu-jf with the terrain. The country described changes from typical, southwestern Arizona desert, south of Wickenburg, to mountain oak, manzanita and more plentiful water at higher elevations th irty or forty m iles north of Wickenburg. Often the canyon walls, enclosing the river bed, rise to a height of a hundred feet or more. For the most part, the river, itself, is passable until it reaches elevations of five thousand feet near the present site of Prescott, and along the slopes of Mount Union. Conner describes leaving the river* at times,ow ing to insurmountable falls or dead-ends in the river bed. His recollections of impassable stretches of river course seem more extensive and frequent than they really are. The party made the trip without any serious incidents other than some unpleasant attacks of fever. Upon arrival at the spot they decided would be their base camp, for the time being, they had not lost any stock or men. Usually the water course of the river would provide su ffic ie n t forage for the animals, especially as this was late spring and there may have been a plentitude of nutritious grasses in the parkways along the sides of the stream. The men had stocked up with pinole at the Pima Villages and, undoubtedly, they were able to supplement with game. The fact that they had Captain Walker to lead them was a factor in preserving life and in suring the eventual success of the expedition. Conner makes several references to contact with Indians living on the river, but at this time none of them seemed unusually hostile. Later, of course, the Anglo-Indian 32 warfare was to inhibit the growth of the region as it did elsewhere on the frontier. The Indian rancherjfaa are de scribed as primitive and the Indians themselves were not up to the cultural level of many Arizona tribes. Bancroft says the Indians living there were related both to the Apache and Mohave. The pressure of the white man was eventually to throw these Yavapai Indians in with the total Apache war and, indeed, their nomadic habits, dress and diet would class them closely with the Apache. The best probable date for the arrival of the party at permanent camp would be early May. The Journal for the first meeting the miners held is dated May 10.15 Conner gives a later date, but admits they had no care for exact dates and evidently had little in the way of calendars to reckon time. As stated above, the miners held a meeting on, or about, the tenth of May to organize the district. In the ab sence of government authority i t was necessary for the miners to set up their own modus onerendl for the district. This was not an unusual procedure for these men. Some of them had been ' in virgin territory in California and Colorado, so they re alized the necessity of establishing an understanding of the size and nature of their claims. The miners of California, in 1848, had found themselves with very little specific law governing the possession of mining 1 ^Conner, ojd. c it., pp. 87-94. ^The journal of the Pioneer and Walker Districts, op. cit. , p. 2. 33 lands on the public domain. The Land Ordinance of 1785 had made provision for the establishment of meridian and base lines and the survey of townships. In making survey lines the sur- veyors were required to note all "mines, salt licks and mill seats." Congress reserved one third of the public domain that contained mineral resources for the United States Govern ment. Congress also reserved one third of all the land possessing mineral deposits that had been given to the states for sale at public vendue. The Congress had no factual know ledge of mineral wealth to the west, but influenced by the stories that had drawn the Spanish Frontier to the north and the French Frontier to the west, coupled with isolated gold, lead and copper deposits in the English regions, Congress was intent upon saving back undiscovered mineral lands, and planned to use them as a source of national revenue. There was some copper mining a c tiv ity in the Great Lakes region in 1800, but it was not until 1807 that Congress passed an act to lease public lands for mining exploitation, each lease for a period of five years.(The leases were made under the supervision of the War Department. The general principle of leasing the mineral lands was abandoned when Congress provided for the sale of mineral lands in Missouri in 1829.18 There was considerable discontent Journals of Congress. X, 118. ^u. S. Statutes at Large. II, 448-449. 18U. S. Statutes at Large. IV, 37« 34 among the prospectors, and in the Congress, in regard to the efficacy of, the early lease provisions. As early as 1841 Congress recognized the conflict be tween pre-emptors on agricultural land and the miners. There fore, the Act of 1841 was passed which provided for the reser vation of mineral lands. The d iffic u lt problem of what was to be termed a mineralized region, and what would more properly be designated as agricultural land, lasted for many-years In 1845, President James K. Polk recognized the in- / adequacy of the federal law in regard to claiming on the pub l i c domain, and the d iv ersity of practice in allowing lea ses in some areas and purchase in others. In his first message to Congress, Polk described the system of leases as "radically defective." Leasing mining lands on the public domain pre sented two difficulties? the govermeht had a problem In setting up agencies to collect the lease money due, the miner had little incentive to develop a leased property. Following closely upon President Polk’s message to Congress, an act was passed to allow for the sale of mineral lemds in Illinois,. Wisconsin, Arkansas and Iowa.20 One year later ah act was passed for the sale of lands in the Great Lakes d is t r ic t .2^ However, in spite of the passage of these acts pro------viding for the sale of public lands for mining purposes In • •1%. S. statutes at Large. V, 453. 20tf. S. sta tu tes at Large. IX, 37. 21U. S. Statutes at Large, IX, 146. >5 specific areas, there was no well defined.code as to the . method of .claiming,, proving, surveying and orgamizl^ ,in ; > remote mining districts. These laws .were all, passed without. . a knowledge of; the future bonanzas to the west, ? . , . • In January, of. 1848, gold was discovered on the. American * * * ~ *■ v »f t* - 1 r ’ , , ' * „*N * v *—* *■ , i *■ *.* • S f : Vfl' , . ~ ♦« ■** H 4--.* Jt ^ -v> ^ \ ^ ■' -> *■ . . ' *- , Elver in California. California had been, under United. States < # * z -- 4 - '— '' > military control since ,January of 1847. With the signing of the articles of the treaty of Guadalupe, Hidalgo February.2, 1848, C alif ornia and a ll ..the. vast Mexican, lands that, now make up the Southwestern.United States, became Territories of the — * ' ■' v- > 1 ^ '•* eta * - * ^ -- / *--** *— <* « - « <«, * ^ .... ■ * • ■* V*- ,,w-' -*v V ! ^ . . ttf _ ■ . k. * •». -1* .* . i *-■• *- >■ * 1 ‘ ^ ■- - United States* Therefore, after the rush to the gold fields began, the sdners were actually trespassers on public domain. Colonel John S* Mason, the m ilitary commander of C a lifo rn ia ,., revoked the Mexican mining code February 12,-1648. The miners were left with no law, as trespassers on the.public domain,, but with determination, to continue /to work the gold fields they $,, i - ■ ■ £ »> A } ^ ‘ ^ ‘ ; ^ --x „ ' ^ « *. . *. * ■ . - * - ^ ' A- ; * * found. Mason visited the gold fields, in the spring of 1848 • -v and realized he could do nothing to eject the miners from.*the ^ ;■ ' ' ' ' - I . > • '.* '» •y i ^ ^ " - .• V ^ ^ •• • • - ^ V.- • . -V '■ -*-■ • ♦- - -/ ***'+ ,*■ ' -Vy * " . ^ rt '>-• 22 public -lands* .. . Under th ese oirm#mtancea, the burden o f or- ■ , . ' <. * ,.' # ; * > • t' ew. * ■ . "*,-** * *.**- 3 • • *-v * f 4 -A - w. f»-‘ "* * i ^ .' --1 * - f ganizing the districts was left to the miners. They arose to the. .occasion and .developed a system o f . miners* . law..and .order... that was to follow the mining frontier in the West. . Tv. " r 'i'c.r'y ■' V / X - ■ ’" OO " ‘ r% 1 -I -■ i--. . ■' % • - J . r # V " " v * ^ rrGurtis H. Lindsay, A Treatise on the American Law Re lating to Mines and Mlneral~Lands/Withln the Public. Land In /> : in States and Territories, and Governing the Acquisition and (San Francisco: Bancroft WMtney C om pany1914), I , 72. : L a -,«/ : ■/: v/'. -’O/- I * ''Y% of vvla -rnl:-.r t;.., i^Xax ?? ,co orr-^i oho South; 36 The miming a is tr le t was a ' ^rodmet" of lo c a l; law and-;t: custom, that grew but of the aemamds of the IMlvldual situs- tion. Owing to the fact the miners were* looated in small. groups and Isolated- communities, the rules and* remulations - vairied • eon- slderahly from"distrlet-1o d1strict. ,some provided"for the election of ah alcalde and for the pumlshment of criminals, ^ while others contented themselves with prescribing the rules for claiming and holding mineralized la n d s .J . Ross Brown, Xn’Ms'l*ep6rt'’'ljf“1867/’reprihtli~a'iimber"of "the“'dlstrlot'’"Taws"' ^ r r* .the c?C to showing the diversity' ©f r^ulatioasiwithinl the different b e ; h 5.L;>1 i?-/, cx>‘ :'_i- k* 'TL*: Crr r:i.>. i'iniT* districts.! la ' '...... bid. . ' V:: C • v U ’'■'.i-iv.i.’i j. ;e : -e :v.t:^-ob «.< e h.-: Since .the. American miners had: little , experience in ex- , : ve;-.'d C" v-.:d r 'd o r ! rd »d r -plotting.:the: mlnerali.wealth of. the west,t it: fe ll to /the; numer- -h:: vrv. -.1 ■' -'d r e .. O 'Ubo . , b, 7 . Cb- ous; Mexican and Oornishrminers to guide the neweimefs in: the : ib-.bi.L Abb v-: lb* c bbln bx:']. v oA decisions regarding the-size: of’the.claim, thei smounti of im- -••Hr: tl: •.;■ .i. red'I.:; o l •!. vc?*-d. r : 1 lib e er Aycvl blr plu c 11 r prevalent.needed to hold:the claim, and the time lim its within o :' v. •; In;:-.H b r b v ;■ ‘ V'il'v vv-• b - „ n:e ■■yA.r'- which th e .improvement could: be made to hold the claim* I t i s b----"bv: n:. r I " i: bn "nmn: r n -• i.-.- '.1. d-nd :. •' :n n •.- tAi; paradoxical that much of the: mining: law Colonel Mason, rsvolced ..-'1: nb: Hu ; . - 1 n : • -.'•;.•• . u.- ;:1 'dun: was to be incorporated into the district law of. .the California: , n" *' i • ' "= ■- ' •’ ■v-n Id V > T • • * < . •• ' . V d 1 .3 . gold fields. U--. > •' 1 - V - . - A, b • - v V: * >•.’ £;?d 3.:: nn''- ; :r: bb. ■ - ■ ...U>V u.-b ; 2^ . : Ross Brown, Resourcesroes of the PacificPac Slope '(Mew Yorkt D. Appleton and Companyy 1809)rPP* ^ “47. v-i:- m ^Aaide from isolated discoveries of lead, gold and silver in northwestern H llhots and eastern Wisconsin and sane develop ment of mines in the previously mentioned Arkansas, Iowa and Great Lakes regions, the frontiersman of the United States had little to do with minerals, mines and mining. "In the earlier days of placer diggings in California, the large influx of miners from the western coast of Mexico, and from the South 37 After California was admitted to the union, the state - . • * 1 • * A*. - :1 •-«• ft ■ f ' • " . ' " . • *; -t ' • S.* T* X.■ ' x- ■» ‘. . ‘ ' , '' A /%4' 4 -• - ’*< > V. ' ' " ^ ^ \ • *. ,• J Legislature declared, "Customs, usages, or regulations, when not in conflict with the laws of the state shall govern."26 tiT; ;u.i acv:. ;■ 10 ^ to 'tho ":r This action in California was to have great effect on the min- cJTioo o;' oh'..' , • f'?:: o f L-u'. oh or:; ro.o 2 :.t,hr: row ing code of the United States for many years to come. The 'h .-'-or', htrr;. oh X-tr \ rhr 2) rr %rro: :-rl 3r:.r.':;‘i*.ro : : L.. government land o ffic e and Congress made i t a point, to respect . u'rr t. district law and include it within the provisions of the Con- X'i: r: •■fort, hr rhr r 'hrj.hcr Tarty ^rrivr r cr gressional acts. _____r_ ;*pes cr hcuri. h;-ir:;, ohr c"ioc <'h coh'orirhr.; American douhtrles, necessarily dictated the system of work to Americans, who were almost entirely inexperienced in this branch of industry.Lindley. on.cit.. p. 74. The Cornish miners were soon in evidence anothis proved to be the first area where the "Cousin Jacks" foraed'a substantial iroftibn of the mining population. In summarizing th is foreign influence on the American mining industry Lindley w rites, "They (the mining ordinances of the C alifornia D istric ts) r e fle c t the matured wisdom of the practical miner of past ages." Ibid;. o. 7$; One of the most revolutionary concepts that remainedin a stage of development.untll the Act of_1872._was,the principle_of_oztraT__ lateral exploration in the mine. That is, following the vein outside the limits bfXa verticalllihe drawn from the side lines and end lines of the mining claim. The Cornish miners were aware of the English laws in regard to "rake veins", or extra lateral development under license from the crown and local : - authorities. e In the Spanish mines in -the" Western Hemisphere the Perteneheia' allowed limited)=extralateral exploration. Count kirabeau or Prance - had arguW for a modified recognition of f extralateral rights in the mines of FranceV When the Napoleonic Code of 1810 was drawn up it providW for limited exploration within perimeters drawn outside the original claim site. This was, in effect, extralateral mining on the dip of the vein.: German miners of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries were allowed to follow the vein, but the law was later revoked. , From these European ideas the C alifornia miner formulated a district rule that held the surface claim was merely incident and the vein was the principal thing. ^ This view is obvious in the Act of 1866. X - y y -1 ? XT, 2^Lindley. on. oit.V"Iy 44. — j t -. ' ; " ■■ Af. 2 C / T: . : . .vr ; d...:" . " - 'f v':/ : /a-X a ■ ' X':;„ r-;. • a. / : ;■ : ' :. ! 'X; •, .-.'y v* 38 Meanwhile, by an act of Congress March 3, 1849, the Department of the In terior was created, and the super vision of the mineral lands was transferred to the general land office of that department,^ But there was little sig nificant federal legislation on mineral lands from this time until 1866. Therefore, by the time the Walker Party arrived on the slopes of Mount Union, the practice of organizing dis tricts was well established and accepted by federal, state and territorial governments, . After the district meeting, the Hassayampa was ex amined and panned for signs of g old .2® There was a d efin ite show of gold and the miners agreed to portion off twenty-six 2728 27U. S. Statutes at Large, IX, 395. 28 ' At this point there is a discrepancy in the records of the district. Conner relates there were twenty-six lots drawn above and below discovery. The Record of the Pioneer and Walker D istric t contains the names of twenty-six orig in al signers. However, investigators into the story of the party differ in listing the,names and number of men reaching the permanent camp on the Hassayampa. Barney l i s t s thirty-one men who reached permanent camp: Captain Walker, J.R. Walker Jr., Blosser, Benedict, Chase, Cholet, Conner, Coulter, Cummings, Dickson, Finney, French, G-illalan, Johnson, Lewis, Linn, Lount, McCracken, McKinnon, Mealman, John M iller, Jacob M iller, S. C. M iller, Pointer, Scott, Shoup.Shupp, Swilling, Taylor, Wheelhouse and Williams. Barney, op. cit. , pp. 11-12. The Pioneer Journal does not lis t Lount, Mealman, John Miller, Pointer or Scott as original signers of the district record on May 10. However, all of these men appear in the Journal recording claims, or transfer of title, after 39 claims above and below the point of discovery. These claims were to be given out by drawing lots. All subsequent claims would be by discovery and registered with the recorder. *14 May 10. Mealman file d a claim for the Eureka Lode August 13, 1864 and sold the interest in the claim October 1, 1864. This is the only entry for Mealman. Conner describes his death. George Lount file d a claim in company with a group of men on September 18, 1863. This i s the only reference to Lount. John Miller filed a claim November 22, 1863. No fur ther claims or sales are recorded in the Journal for John M iller. William Pointer filed for the Pointer Lead February 20, 1864. On June 1, 1864 he was one of six filin g on the Olive Lode. Pointer was on the Big Bug Lode December 8, 1864 and filed for a mill site adjoining the Pointer Lead November 14, 1864. July 27, I864 Pointer filed on a claim located above claim 21 from the point of discovery. Pointer seems to have been an interested miner and stayed to develop h is claims. A mining survey of the region by an engineer named J. M. Tiernan reports he had a 32 foot shaft and was selling the ore for #132. per ton. Weekly Arizona Miner. (Prescott), Dec. 25, 1869. He was again mentioned by J. Ross Brown as working an arrastre and selling the product for amounts from $20 to $80. J. Ross Brown, Resources of the Pacific Slope. op. o it . William Scott recorded a claim in the Journal June 17, I863 and had claim 46 above discovery on the original list. Conner’s l i s t includes Capt. Salker, J. R. Walker J r ., Lewis, Lynn, Blosser, Shupp, J. J. Miller, Jacob Miller, Sam M iller, Solomon Shaw, Cummings, Mealman. Wheelhouse, Coulter, Johnny B u ll, Lount, McKinney (McKinnon?), W illiams, Benedict, French, Snider, Dixon, Finney, Young, McCracken, Swilling, Chase, Noble, Henry Miller, Gilliland, Burton (Buxton?), Johnson, Taylor, Conner. Conner does not mention Scott, Cholet or Pointer but does bring in the names of S. Shaw, Johnny Bull, Jacob Snider (Schneider), Young, Noble and Burton or Buxton. Shaw does not appear in the Journal, Johnny Bull, obviously a nickname, does not appear in that form. Joseph Young is noted for the first time as locating a claim with two others in February 1864. Conner mentions Young in his roster and thereafter makes only two references 40 The miners organized the Walker Prospecting and Mining Company into the Pioneer D istrict» They vaguely de fined the boundaries of the district and provided for meet ings regularly to be held, presided over by a president, and with a secretary in attendance. Next, the meeting provided for a recorder to "record all the claims, sales and transfers of same". The claims were defined as being "one hundred yards in length and fifty yards from the center of the gulch". Each 10 to him, the earliest being in 1864 if the narrative follows time sequence. Conner, op. c i t ., p. 187. Jacob Schneider is id en tified by Conner, in a le tte r to Sharlot Hall in 1910, as being with the party at Pinos Altos and remained as a c iv ilia n guard with Conner as the party split and part of them made an exploratory trip north- east. Ibid., p. 47-48. But he is not mentioned in the Journal. Charles Noble held claims 19 and 20 below discovery on the Oolkilsipava River, (the meetings of May 10 and June 10 were held on the O olkilsipava, la te r Hassayampa, and i f he held an original claim, that i s , one 26 or le s s below d is covery, it indicates he participated in the drawing of lots for claims made after the May 10 meeting) and first recorded a claim July 25, 1863. Journal of the Pioneer and Walker Districts, op. cit., p. 114. ~ There is no Burton recorded in the Journal. Conner makes no further mention of this name after listing Mm on the roster. Parish lists a Phelix Buxton in the original party but no further mention is given. Parish, op, cit. , I I I , 242. Barney does not l i s t the name. The explanation for this difference in listing may be due to the fact that upon reaching the gold region some of the men hastened to get out and prospect and were not in camp for the meetings. Men who would lo g ic a lly seem to be included in the original party, as Pointer, turn up in the-records long after the first recordings. The late filing may be explained by assuming some men panned their gold and did not take the trouble to f i l e . Panning would take them into remote areas for good color in the stream and sufficient water to satisfy 41 miner of the original party was given an extra claim by- right of discovery. Outsiders were to be excluded until the party had the opportunity to examine their find more closely. One interesting article in the district laws restricts Mexicans from taking claims on the river within the district until six 20 months have passed from the time of th is f ir s t meeting. Shortly after this meeting the miners concealed their equipment in the ground and led th eir mules again to Maricopa to pick up additional stores and send news of their discovery to the outside world. It was felt that the strength of the party was insufficient to hold the gold fields without more settlers and m ilitary aid. *12 their needs. Hayden's list agrees with Barney. In addition to list ing the party he gives the dates of the various territorial re ports that include census data. Of the 31 men given in the roster Hayden accounts for 19 of them to their death, while 12 men disappeared from the territory to an unknown destination. Letter from Carl Hayden to Patrick Henderson, May 9, 1955. Conner's statement of twenty-six men reaching the camp is substantiated by the roster of names in the Journal. Journal of the Pioneer and Walker D istr ic ts. 1863-65. p. 1. 29Ibid. , pp. 2-3 ^ "'i, ■ ' ! - r. X v' y;Xcr.‘ cv ^ tc ’X1.:':;'.- h.; - .c / % V:, o v;u.vX ‘ ;: ;X ••.f ♦ Tl-;:;. > :v-:,vr th e n ■, th:-,, v: ;i=lT^ A. H .:PEEPLES PARTY jh t ■: ■ tho ■ ■ ov The - stories surrouadi^ the eatry of Peebles mad the Bfn who, left Tama with him are as confused and. diverse as the Walker, story, p ^ les ^originally from North LCarolim, - hut ^he had been in the. west acme time prior to coming to ; Arizona • . McClintock mentions, he Hfollowi4n the great c ; "^thfiM er" (John 0 . Fremont) :•!though it . i s not colear as to whether he ^traveled Fremonf a route or whether he .was of : Fremont*s. party, in the la te 1840*3.,- A ll a u th o rities.agree that Peeples was in Kern County,: C alifornia, and: conceived J the idea of, coming -to.-Arizona-.to proa#eot when the: gold: began to give out in the Kern River district.% • MoClintoek says :: v: Peeples, left California-with -the intentto-exploretheApaehe— - : x v h9 left for Tuma^in the spring of 1863 and upon arri val met Pauline Weaver and arranged for: Weaver to guide. him: ; V into central Arizona. • Peeples met Weaver^ by eianoe2 in Yuma; : : ' ' • : ' t ' ' ' where Peeples and Weaver agreed to make the prospecting, trlp; . *| :• '• r. ’■ t- - - r ' • : ' «eVT ‘1V. j, ' • v •Ml--.-. xJames H. McClintock,ock. Ar;Arizona - Prehistoric - loneeric - Modern. 3 Tola. , (CETcago:oS ' » •- - amiF j I ompany, I , 110. •y : .• vo ,Lr.: ^ 2Ib id ., I , 110. lv - ir-:. : C '/o-ir. c r,;. ‘.MrV-.'-r -'-. v/: t-rr;. b'.lVlZ ■ '.'■■L b.l:' t: ; r - . into central Arizona.^ When Peeples came to Yuma he was accompanied by Joe Green aoi Matt Weber. These four then persuaded "Nigger Ben* ant one Mexican to go with them. They also had three unidentified Americans, as Peeples said, in the party. In addition to the three unknown men, Peeples told McClintock they persuaded Henry Wickenburg to come along.^ The pioneers disagree on this point. C. B. Genung, in an a a r tic le for the Arizona Star. said th at Wickenburg had arrived in the territory before Peeples and had already passed east through Walnut Grove, Turkey Greek and on to Black Ganyon in 1862, returning to what is now Peeples Valley to ranch. He left Peeples Valley in 1863 to explore in the Harquahala Moun tains in company with Van Beiber (or Bibber) and Busk. It was on this exploration they came upon the Vulture I»ode. According to Genung i t would not have been p ossib le for Wickenburg to be - • . : .. : r -V / • . » . • : - ■ ; with the Peeples group.< Judging from the records of the various ^Parish. on. clt.. H , pp. 247-8. Parish writes that Peeples had an appointment to meet Weaver in Yuma. The same in formation is also contained in the Fish MS. ^MoClihtock. o n olt\ .1. 110. Peeples made this state ment to McClintock in a personal interview shortly before Peeples died. Most of the statements given in McClintock are based on this interview,!':-:;;;-:^,;-''- 5c. B. Genung says that Wickenburg was in C alifornia in ' the Sacramento Valley when he skimied cmt seme dead cows and angered the local ranchers. - .Wickenburg felt it prudent to leave. He arrived in La Paz in 1862 and heard of a party that had just started oh th e La Paz to Tucson trip via the Turkey Creek and Black Canyon route. Wickenburg set out to follow and caught up with them in what is now termed Peeples Valley. As the men progressed in a : southwesterly direction Gross, one of the party, found -gold trades oh Turkey Creek but kept the knowledge to himself. Lat er. Gross came back wi th Tim Lambert son and attempted to work the ore from Turkey Creek by packing it d is tr ie ts , Grentmg f e ,story aounda - reasonable arid Wickenburg : - does not appear In trie'early history of ettrier;the Walker,It Pioneer or Weaver D istr ic ts. Ax'Ur.xblr; - c;- v^c.y : 3 - MeCllmtoek dates trie departure ^of :t hetPrieples Party v from Toma as ariont trie f i r s t of A pril. Weaver took itriem1 north to la Paz and then 3 east along ] trie B ill iWilllams River - for a distance of some fifty m iles.: They left trie B ill Williams at trie Porks and ^weM M east until: they (mme to a prominent mountain eigrity-fIts miles northwest o f' trie present site of Phoenix. - Here Peeples killed an antelope and the mountain! was called Antelope Peak in memory ' of it he in cid en t; y They ^ ^: dressed out trie antelope and rproceeded to jerk trie m ^it ^ h as * : r'"'. .-,."1 '.Ir. *20 over to Walnut Grove to wash i t . However, trie Indians put a stop to th is operation and trie Gross Lode was abandoned i :; Lambertson was -to return to Walnut Grove arid farm there with Pauline Weaver for some time. Arizona Daily Starv (Tucson), March 2 • 19I1. - Trie story is also told, in an inierview with a reporter of trie Phoenix paper, which sta tes Wiekenburg came to the Weaver area in 1862 with, a man named Charles Yates and rariched near what>was la ter o a ll^ Weaver. Since Weaver was trie s ite of la ter gold d iscoveries i t i s strange Wlekenburg did not discover some of trie trape. ~ Prioenix Republican. May 20, 1897. Another story has i t that Wickenburg was in ‘ - Ihrenburg and La Paz in trie early i860* s arid trie’ore-was giving out so a voice directed - him to search: to trie east. Em went ex ploring j -following' a route timt led triredgri Tyson* s Well, Granite Wash and Oulleri's Well. He then turned southeast at Cullen*a and discovered trie Vulture. Arizona Republic. (Phoenix), section 2, April 20, 1932^Triereris a story by Peeples ' that t e lls ridw Wickenburg in sisted upon gettin g some'of the "boys” to gether for a seance and trie "boys* arranged a ruse to simulate table tapping^ Wickenburg recognized trie trick and was quite angry with his companions. r Henry Wi ekenburg. APHS; * Trie -meat-:- plausible reason for Wickenburg finding trie Vulture would be Geriung * s statement that King Woolsey had told him of good sign over in trie Harquahala Mountains west of where Wickenburg was staying; Wickenburg went out to look and, passing south to Maricopa to replenish h is supplies, he came upon trie Vulture outcropping. Arizona Daily Star, iTuoson), March 11, 1911* the meat was curing, the party prospected and found good sign in a creek bed at the base of the mountain. Upon the summit of the peak they discovered valuable nuggets which they began to gather, using such simple tools as butcher knives. Peeples said three men took out $1,800 in one day with nothing but knives. He also qualifies this by saying, "that was a very good day for such simple mining procedures.^ After working their rich surface discovery for a while, they found it necessary to go down to the Pima Villages to get supplies. It was on this, trip that the Peeples party and the 1 Walker party met somewhere in the vicinity of Maricopa Wells. Peeples recounts the story briefly, and only describes the group as "a number of men. "T Evidence shows i t was Walker and h is ^McClintook, o£. cit., I, 111. Again there is another story of the find. Parish says four Mexicans traveling with the party went out to search for the caballada and stumbled upon the gold by accident. Pilling their pockets with nuggets they returned to camp and the next day related their experience to Peeples and headed for Sonora with the gold they had gathered. Parish, op. cit. , II, 247. Substantially, the same material is contained in the Fish Manuscript. Much of what Parish has written in regard to Peeples can be found in the Fish Manuscript. Fish is a little more descriptive and says that one of the Mexicans was named Berado and la te r b u ilt the first house in Holbrook. Further, that Peeples picked up $7,000 the first day. Fish Manuscript. Arizona State Library and Archives, Phoenix,' p. 339. .^MoClintock, op. c i t . , I , p. 112. Also Conner t e l l s of the meeting of the two parties in this way: "We packed up and started across the desert just before night (the Walker party had just left their diggings on the Hassayampa and had taken the trip down the Hassayampa and on to the Pima V illages to pick up supplies and mail letters) and about midnight we were surprised to learn that we were meeting a body of mounted men on our trail and stopped under preparations for a conflict with the Apaches. But the strangers proved to be a party of men from California, who had heard of the Walker party strolling through - iumi/vor ^ C-ZleVti. Vu/fW£ 7mK* \: fcKHCMBv^O 47 aen. Peeples then says that Jack Swlllir^ was eager to follow 8 the placeros hack to Weaver Greek, and Antelope Mountain* - “ " " ' - • - .f ! ■ » - . • - t./ — «■ .1 «. ■' > i ' V V > Since Swilling1 s name does not show up on the Journal list of May 10 i t i s reasonable to assume he was prospecting in the Weaver District and made his find on Rich H ill.at this .time.,,Swilling *s first claim in the Pioneer District,does not,come until June. 9 The: easy gpl& of the Weaver DiptrjLet^pauaed much ez- * ^ ‘J .< J.. ... V i . ..eitameot.in the.early.days of lta dl.ooyery but soon the sur- face-m etal was exhausted and.men were forced to. pack.the ore- ^bearing gravelydown to-11. .Weaver.Creek and wash it. Since it is a dry-area, with :seasonal_ water, ,this was not always, easy. How- Ua ..1 v .% V - ever, the camp was-large.enough, and held on long, enough, for r 'h 'u V-; -i-sv nv:v. n: y ■?.*:.■ Arizona for the last year, by messages to the military depart ment from the soldiers,"-which" we had' met..before,- as has already been referred to. These men had,come into the desert under the leadership of Bauline Weaver j' ah old trapper who was with them. >" They, continued-,on, to-the.-Pimas, after, receiving; our description of the new Eldorado and. iM ediately returned: on our r trail as far as the mountains "and began' to' prospect: bn their own hook, forty or fifty miles, southwest of pur woods»" ,Conner • makes "no mention. of Swilling leaving for t he Peeples' diggings - and Ms timetable is faulty. because, contrary to:Conner ’s ..statement, the Peeples party had /discovered first sign: Which - •• encouraged swilling to go y&th them.: _ Conner , op. c lt ., pV 104* f^^'a.n^cClintock, 0£. ^ . , .1,^ 112. :-v ::::ivv: : 9Journal of the Pioneer and Walker D is tr ic ts , on. c l t . , pp. 1, 101, 102. Although Swilling*s neime did not appear in the Journal May-10 he- filed claims vdlth the original dis P coverers June 12. x, i; 48 Sol Barth and Aaron Bennet to open a store at Weaver for 10 Michael Goldwater, who was then a merchant in Ehrenburg. Evidently, the nuggets picked up by the first prospec tors in the Weaver District were of remarkable size. General Carleton suggested a sample of this gold, in its natural state, be given to President Lincoln to show him that all luck had -11 , not deserted the Union. Neither Peeples nor Weaver stayed in the Weaver District for long. Peeples was recording claims as early as June 23 in the Pioneer D istrict10 1112* 14 and, losing interest in min ing, was an early rancher in Peeples Valley.1^ The ranching venture did not turn out well. The Indians rustled his stock, so Peeples quit ranching and le f t for Wickenburg where he opened a saloon, and remained in that area for many years. * 10MoClintook. op. c it.. I. 112. 11Letter from General James H. Carleton to Brigadier- General Lorenzo Thomas, Adjutant General, TJ.S.A., Washington, D.C., Sept. 20, 1863• "l send you herewith a specimen of copper from near Fort West on the Gila and two specimens of pure gold from the top of Antelope Mountain, spoken of by General Clark. These specimens were sent to me by Mr. Swilling, the discoverer of the new gold fields, near’the San Francisco Mountains. If it be not improper, please give the largest piece of gold to Mr. Lincoln. It w ill gratify him to know that Providence is blessing our country, even as it chasteneth." Report to the President, United States War Department, 1863. 12 . ■ - , ■ ■ - ; - Journal of the Pioneer and Walker Districts, op. cit. , p. 111. 1%cClintook. op. c it., I, 112. 14Ibid.. I, 112. 49 ::0 Wearer, dabbled in:iiining, but did not^seea to .be seized .by; the.gold ferer that possessed #o.: many % men& c .'.5e: bpiight •eaedo-.vn olaim ;With Jaek S t illin g . ; The: claim cost ,t hem #400 • ^and r; „r 1 shortly after they brought up a chiana worth #450. Wearer's interest turned to farming, and,. -in -company with Lambertson, he b u ilt a house at. Walnut Grove and put in a:gardem. This t was the f ir s t house ;at Walnut Grove according to H» A.'Bigelow. Up to 106$ thmre\l# not[r^qrd of Weaver in the Pioneer Journal. ; - v - v , . ©f the .original Peeples party. "Wigger Ben* was killed by Indians, Matt Weber went on over to the Pioneer D1 atriet 1 \ with Peeples, and ;there i s record of a Green claiming in the Pioneer District June 1? but the given name differs from the - one Peeples uses to refer to Green.5 .. -t, j; • n' . : : . After the initial flurry of placering and nugget hunt ing :in the Weaver D istrict, attention was focused, primarily, on the mines in higher altitudes with more water and easily : i accessible timber. % i v-hs-., prc-j/lJy TriS' T-r: — - v ;■ _ The e ffe c t of the Walker and Weaver d iscoveries was immediate and typical;of the mining .frontier. A Los Angeles paper had reported in March, of 1863,' "An estimate of population by, those, who have, spent th e la s t six or seven months at La Paz *1 1 ^Pauline Weaver. File, Arizona Pioneer Historical Society . ^ Journal of the Pioneer and Walker Districts, op. cit.... p. l l l ^ ^ ^ , ^ :-::?r.h 2$. 1/6;:;,, 17lb id . . p. 10?.. T. B. Green file d June 17 six days prior to Peeples arid Weber. * 50 i s between 2 ,5 0 0 .and 3»000 people in the area, most of them Sohorariians;”1® .At: .this time Walker was working his way down the Gila while Peeples was either enroute, or; had just arrival in Arizona City. I: c ti.. ' -',_v i..:i J .. "i v;oiV. :: i : * July of the same year the. newspaper quotes an in ter view with W. C urtis, newly, arrived: from La ;Paz. v.-Curtis said there was great ezeltement.along cth#Colorado,In relation to the newly dihoovered gold placers on the Sanjfiraneiseo. liver.. .'•(Curtis was probably referring cto the CVerde. ^ The Verde :and ’ San Francisco,. to the eastw ere:frequently, confused by early geographers.) :Furttormore, (h a rtis reported that everybody had lef t La paz and its vicinity,; including all the adjoining [min ing d is t r ic ts . l i**But three .men remained; at..(.Oliva. C ity. Mr. Ravens land va: few lothar . traders locmprise the main ipopulation of La Paz."% y routi to the f ' vv-v In July o f the same year Weaver appeared? in .O live City and wrote his brother ailetteri i?(This was probably Duff Weaver who was living in California at the -time.) .Weaver described f the flora and -fauna;of ; the new mining districts and the samp of the group he had; led into the region* i .“ttc. iWeavm?1 s party : is located upon a stream call^ by the Indians: 'Eisslampa? .whose average width is twenty feetiz The party consists.of twelve’men. They have named thevloeallty1the:1 Antelope Diggings119 18 18Los Angeles News. March 25, 1863• 19Xbld.. July,27) ,1863. 51 and they are taking out an average of$5. per day by pan and $1$. aiday hy rookwr*^* v'-'.-.kx. h v; : Captain Walker'a party was located, according to Weaver's le tte r , th irty m iles above them on the "ffiesiampa" and, twenty miles above Walker, swilling had a party: of IS men.20 The above statements are confusing «:r It seems unlikely that Weaver * s miners were on the Smasayampa. < Weaver Creek, Antelopd Peak and the original 1863 camp is located about ten miles north of the Hassayampa by the most direct route. There are several large washes draining the area and Weave^y at this time, may have confused the wash with the: Hassayampa. Woolsey-had arrived' in Walker's camp and the Swilling party mentioned would indicate Woolsey and Swilling -were already out on the Agua Fria, al though the direction was probably more easterly than north, • V Weaver's route to the Antelope Diggings, taken from % the same letter, is interesting. Vfeaver suggests a trail that : ~ leads from Weaver' s landing'oh the Colorado to the junction of the B ill Williams River; arid the Colorado. - From thence following a road surveyed by Whipple and Williams along the east fork of the B ill Williams (pfobably the Santa Maria River) and east to Red Bluff; From there following a trail which leaves the main road and leads to the ."Hiasiampa” 'sixty- miles farther on. Weaver's estimate of distance is unrealistic unless the traveler was to detour far. to t he north and then down to Antelope and •; • < is ■ ■' 'X » v“. -' ''7; j*- ...... ;______20Ib id . . July 29, 1663. Weaver. I t should be noted that crossing from the west to east at this latitude the traveler crosses Martinez Wash, which is of considerable size, and Weaver may have confused th is wash with the Hassayampa. On the otter hand, i t i s •> difficult to imagine Weaver being so confused in regard to the watercourse of the Hassayampa. But, despite tto dlrlietions given them, the eager prospectors found their way to the hew diggings and the mountains were soon f ^ i of gold-seekers. Weaver, according to the account given in the Los Angeles newspaper, overestimated the distance from the Colorado to the Weaver diggings. From the map it may be seen the Weaver-Peeples camp was some distance from the "Hissiampa" as the trapper called the river. This distance from permanent water was a factor that inhibited the growth of the camp. However, there was always some activity in the Weaver District, and at the time the rail road was b u ilt soath through Congress from Prescott there were several large producing mines. The ito###: @f/1tos#Xvms.the Octave. There are extensive remains of the mining camp and mill foundations at Octave. Two or three miles above Octave on Weaver Greek there are adobe ruins of the town of Weaver. — X..-,.-/ ' : . ■ X; . > X , X :X-. ' I t should be noted that early communication with Prescott from Wiokenburg was routed through the Weaver Camp at the base of the mountains where the modern Yarnell road ascends to Peeples Valley. Weaver D istrict Fig.2-M iner1s cabin F ig .3-General Store and near Weaver Creek. Saloon, 1882. Fig.4-Hotel - Stanton Fig.5-Hotel - Stanton 54 The miner*s cabin (Figure 2) is in the neighborhood of Octave and to the west of Weaver Creek. Stanton is west of the cabin. There are numerous tailings and prospects in the Stanton - Weaver area showing a period of great mining activity. • " ■■ 3; '.1 ' l h: '..d /• - - . "V " - '■■■■uruh - ' ' : ; r. ■ - : < : C:. • »■ .73. .. r -v ; . : r v . :. 3 r s L u l r - I n r % c -■ jJ..' ‘ t-p: IV: ;:v *' ■ . V' v :* , *»-» ’ 1 • *. .* t ' r . -'.-A o x a '■ '■ - - V-’ -" ■ -; - - i -j a c u r : . ;; : ' ' "d - ' : >-:■ 'i : ■ •> - ' . •. • • f 1 ~ -T-; V i. y : v f . v -v -. CHAPTER IV - ', • ‘ : THE EARLY MINING CAMPS The second trip the Walker party made to the Pima Villages took a total of twenty days. The men arrived back on the Hassayampa camp site about the first of June. As soon as the camp had been re-established, and a cabin had been built to store supplies, the miners began an intensive search for good mineral. Of this period Conner says, "The diggings did not yield near our expectations, but it was enough to con vince us we were in a gold region where the best of mines might be found. According to Conner the party split up into small groups and looked for hew and better placer locations. •It was during this period of exploration and prospect ing that Sam M iller and some companions found signs of gold on Lynx Creek. Shortly after the men had returned from the Pima Villages, Miller and his friends explored a creek over the di vide and at right angles to the Hassayampa. M iller was able to take $4.80 in one pan of good d irt from the creek bank. This was much richer than they had been getting on the Hassayampa.^ Conner t e ll s h is version of M iller’s find th is way: ^-Conner* op. c i t . , p. 105. 2Fish, 0£. cit., p. 337. $6 : ; It "began. to get late in the fall when the members oftheparty were prospecting about the different tributaries nearest mir reaap in small squads tofind better diggings.; Pursuant to this object a number of us followed the Hassayampa to its source and passed over.a range lying at right angles to:it and tout of our organizedUdistrict. On reaching the eastern foot of this range we found lanother creek and encamped near its head, We found here the best diggings yet discovered. While prospecting, about upon its course Sam : * - - M iller came across a lynx and shot and wounded it. Instead of trying :to-escape, cthe :vioi©us £.:I '5 " l i t t l e animal made a charge upon i t s assailan t - n who .had ito. use a . six-shooter vigorously before 1 e'r it was subdued• This incident gave the creek the name of Lynx Creek, which it retained. After the miners left: Lynx Creek -they passed in a 1 - southwesterly direction over more mountains and into a creek that showed: less promising signs of gold than Lynat Creek. They saw a number of turkeys and with fine imagination called this one Turkey. Creek. They turned 'east from Turkey Creek and1 XI found another watercourse that was almost p a ra llel to Turkey Creek.c Upon th is hew creek they saw a Rvery large convention of wolves", which promptly resulted in .Wolf Creeks '-’They• pro- ceeded north from Wolf Creek and entered another watershed that showed:good gold prospeotsi This creek flowed ‘in an easterly, direction rising not far from both the Hassayampa and -Lynx-Creek. . ..Conner comments: ------— ------—------This (creek isubsequently became* the cent er of. ;V:. ^.vv-.x a fine mining district',’ whose mines w ill continue to be worked probably for fifty years yet to come. Here we found"gold in:what we supposed payingquan-; *' title s. ; Before we 1 eft this ore#B^ John Dixon, . a-large good-natured, noisy fellow came into our ,L3conner, op^MV,: PP- 10^-11. ' ' : 1 Li' ) .-j'r J , . .• : hr. iXp.'lX.-.;1 ia temporary beunp, ‘carrying between two sticks the largest bug .that grew even, there and . the . . largest X ever saw. ' He laughed and yelled 1 v‘t' over it until every one of, our,.party had -to . , examine thb wbndef. This oreek became Big ' Bug Creek in consequence, and a Big Bug District has since beer organized’thefeV------: v-i: j. 0, l;-'.:.:. . ‘rri'-r.r^ :: ->:•-n-, ?lv.cn- Wrm Big Bug ithey itrav^Sd-norto to Granite ^Cfeek - - - ^ ' C j .; V/VV w : : , r: and camped oh the townsite of Prescott, although they had no idea th is iras sobr.tov‘ 7' n .becooe.l.the- r . 'homr-of :,tlief J 1 ter3^tdrial; v.. -Ij.JX.xJ* v. v \ U xli,.* V ' .X f U .,l i 4> .v V K.. . % r - oapitol; From Granite Creek it'. . was'h , shdft_____ distanceback' back , "...... - --- v- . ^ ^ v. ' L - ; . t vj/V;-:, 0:0 .: j. J. u:...V:. .. v'. v Vj W c::- v.:'V. u; O to oampe: ‘..t v,^:: Tr 1 1 1 v : nc-/vyl n. •; V/alkov 7c:: ; n, 'V. v •j'v.-.-i ’ : b c f L v .v . "'.t w y hc'-n The aisoover,i on Lynx had a;>ofaa«d:effect uion; the ;.r i. i * 'v' »*» *.-• '■»■» v 'V v.' v* .*.-11*. »? • « J . .. Jv ' - 1 >’• c oamp# The;headquarters; of the mining company was moved over u v v -v-.-j..:.V. V V— J ... " v ■; n ,~ z '. v V .. <..-L to Lynx, and by the time they held' their July meeting the re cord is dited Lynx Creek. ' The settlement on Lynx e s : to have a more pemanent history th i, the Hdssayoipa o^p: A 'snill community g r w up on the s ite of the origin al Walker damp - J,; and,- lateir;h ssu ^ W #:^ ,,^ izd im ^ ^ ; bl:n :h:n?'" v* vi- ■i Vi' : v . • ■:. 4 i-v-ok on ‘ v n:- 1 /o : iv •. cv--lvv v cl v 1 one v.;;v ,The, origimil entry is dated July 10, 1863 and placed on "Link Creek." Later th is was changed, to Lynx. Because of the eboentric spelling -in the Journal it-is-hard- to -deter mine whether«"Link" was merely inaccurate sp ellin g or the re-: ^ suit of another story. Journal of -the Pioneer and Walkwf Districts.' bp. oit.; p 4. ■ ■'-- >■* ; '■ ■ - . "— .V 1 01 'M: v O l V ' - ' l l'v:': .l.vl Will C. Barnes gives a variation of the Lynx story. Barnes mentions that some prospectors allegedly found some chain lin k in the creek bed and I t was f ir s t called Link Creek in ten tion ally. However, the sp ellin g in Barnes i s the 58 Bradshaw Quadrangle.5 Before leaving for Lynx Greek there was one more miners1 meeting on the "Oolkilsipava" dated June 10, 1863. traditional Lynx. Will C. Barnes. Arizona Names and Places. (Will Croft Barnes, Arizona Place Names. University of Arizona General Bulletin, Vol. Vi, No. 1, Tucson, Arizona, January, 1935), p. 256. Remains of the town of Walker may s t i l l he seen upon the old site. Some of the original cabins are now inhabited. Tradition has it, among the residents, that the cabin directly across the street from the express office contains one or two rooms b u ilt by Captain Walker. This is doubtful as Walker probably lived in an open camp most of the time. It may have been the property of J. R. Walker, Jr. though. On May 22, 1864 a miner named Lopez located a claim near "Reeder and Walker1 s Grocery, Lynx Creek". Walker, Jr. was later a butcher in P rescott, but Captain Walker was not associated with any mer cantile efforts in this territory. The cabin of A. V. Henderson is still standing and in good repair. The express o ffic e with an old fashioned second story false front still stands in comparatively good condition. The creek above these buildings forks and at this point the traces of the stage road that led from Walker to the Senator Highway to the west are visible. Mr. Hedgepeth, a miner with claims on Pine Flat, drove the stage from Walker to its junc tion with the highway when he was a young man around the year 1. X . 1916. Mr. Hedgepeth is still an active miner in the Bradshaw and Verde regions. Walker was revived as a mining area with the opening of the Mudhole and other mines. The Poland Tunnel was dug through the mountains to meet with the Santa Fe spur line that runs from Prescott to Mayer. The entrance to the tunnel i s on Lynx Creek and may be id e n tifie d , but i t has been caved in to prevent foolhardy exploration in the tunnel itself. Residents of the area say the course of the tunnel may be followed to Poland Junction by noting the cave-ins and sinks along the way through the mountains. '’Boggs Smelter is located Range 1 west and Range 12 north, Salt River and Gila Meridian, Arizona Bradshaw Mountains. United States Geological Survey Map, 1903, reprinted 1946. Theodore Boggs and four others f ir s t file d on Big Bug Creek June 11, 1864. Journal of the Pioneer and Walker P is tr ic t s , 0£, o i t . , p. 6 l . Fish says Theodore Boggs was on Big Bug Creek In 1555, but did not file for claims until the above date. Fish, 2p. fiit., p. 346. Also McClintock, fi£. ail., 187. Fig. 1-The Mount Union Area. The map shows the principal streams rising in the Mount Union. Area. At the head of Lynx Creek are a number of washes leading into the creek and the miners did a considerable amount of panning and placering in that area. Quartz claims were located the whole length of th is stream as w ell as the Hassayampa. A settlem ent grew up around Walkers* place and was called Walker. Many considered "Walkers* Gulch", where the cabin stood, as a suitable place for the territorial capitol. V*v /»« U.Eft'S /8»P Fic-. i 60 The meeting reaffirmed restrictions in regard to Mexican miners, enlarged the area of the district, and allowed two more days from the date of the meeting for the miners to file discoverers claims. They also provided that all claims recorded could be held for one year without improvement or being worked* This latSer*resolution had a twofold purpose. Some remote claims might not be workable at the time because of the Indian meimoe. In addition, the men wanted to provide themselves with ample time ip prospect and discover without being tied down to any one effort. Also, at the meeting, the first mention of lode mining comes with the statement, "two hundred feet in lodes be considered a claim".^ Along with the exclusion of Mexicans the June 10th meeting prohibits "Chinamen" from taking up claims and de clares that any person employing Mexican labor must register the laborer with the recorder. If the Mexican is proven guilty of "depredations upon property" his employer shall be held responsible. If a Mexican Is discharged or released from a job the employer mast inform, the recorder immediately. Fin ally, "that the fee for recording each individual name be fixed at four bits".? -v' ; The prohibitions against Mexican claimants and labor probably reflect the attitude of men who remember the Mexican War. According to the newspapers, and other reports of the & & Journal of the Pioneer and Walker D is tr ic ts , loc. e i t ., $>• . ■ ... ■ - - ■ ■■.' ; . . : . 7lbld.. pp. 4-5. ; . .' 61 Fig. 2-Upper Photograph: an old miner’s cabin on Lynx Creek, The location is down toward the placer development of the early days. Fig. 3-Lower Photograph: The view of the doorway would indicate that the cabin had either been reconstructed, or is a later structure. The doorway has been bricked in with a type of glaze brick that was not known on Lynx Creek in the early days. 62 Fig. 4-Upper Photograph: Lynx Creek just above Walker, Arizona. F ig . 5-L ow er Photograph: M ill Race on Lynx Creek. The date of this particular mill race Is obscure, but there were m ill wheels on the creek as early as 1864. (supra, p. 39, Pointer.; 63 Fig♦6-Upper Photograph: This is traditionally called the Walker Cabin by the residents# However, it would seem un likely the mountain man had a home as he generally preferred an open camp# His nephew did establish a store in the Walker community at an early date, so it might have been the store, and residence, of Joseph Rutherford Walker# Supra#, p. 58. Fig.7-Lower Photograph: The home of A. V# Henderson, an early resident and claimant on Lynx Creek. ;64 tim es, claim aats: of-'Mexican, d e f e a t .Inant into the- Weaverv,c cn, District shortly after, discovery aM^latla-Amarloan aamasi; are recorded in the JournaT. - This latter contradiction may be explained by'the fact that in the Lynx Creek meeting of July 10 they appointed a committee: to: decide;vwho:was to be considered'"Americans” and who might rbe classed as "Senoranians" (presumably Sonorans). - Asiatics were s till excluded from r : : : taking up claims and holdings; H n : .il. r , :: .i t;, • v.-bbln After "the two day delay-given .the miners June 10, they began to record on-June-12.- Beginning .on.page 240..in , :. r .. the origihal Journal and page 98 in the copy, the first en tries begin with;the hiding"Dlaim s I^ccrded In Pidneer D istr ic t”. There are fifty -th r e e claims above discovery and tw enty-six claims below discovery. There must have been some trading, or selling, which was not recorded in the Jour nal because several of the names within the alloted number of twenty-six above and below discovery are not of the or iginal party. From June 13 to June 23 the following names of men not before noted in the journal, or as companions in the Walker exploration, are recorded: Jeremiah RIordan, Henry Grlnnell,® Wm. F. Scott, James G. Sheldon, P. Wballen, ^Conner says Grlnnell gave him a personal account of the Oatman a ffa ir . Conner, oj). c i t ., p. 11. Conner spends some time retelling the Oatman story and describing the marker when, as stated above by Hayden, it is unlikely the party passed the Oatman marker. However, the Journal con firms Grlnnell’s presence in the area and the likelihood of Conner talking to him about his efforts on behalf of the surviving Oatman girl. 65 E. Marcy, John Clark, T* B. Green, King Voolsey,^ R. Walden, C. Lennan, Matt Weber, A. H. Peoples (P eep les), B. C. aalth , John Forbes and D. Dobbins. Itmamet .nntll June 23 t|ie party, made claims on Link Creek which was later changed to Lynx Creek. Big Bug . n.‘ Y'i V ’ ‘ . i :*•<;. 1 :-->• > -<• '• .• ...... is noted oh June 15 for'the first time as Sam Miller claimed there. " Although tradition snrrbunding the camp at Lynx Greek gives the credit of discovery to Sam M iller, it vms C^ M. Dobbin who flbst claimed on this new find. ! r.J. .o-Lv not ^Although Wdolsey has been associated with the no- origin al Walker party, h is name appearing along with the other la te comers should be ad equate proof he was not of the Walker party. Journal of the Pioneer and Walker Districts, op. c it.. p. 107. claim dated June 17.-1^63. ; ■■■ : : ; 'v It-'--, -;.n; ^ tr ; ov ;v ' ; 11; • " ; ■ :■ : -s -■:-n nn.v<,.;; ? * ■'V . :■ v ; 1. ^ . C el-- . • / : ...J.: « r' y’xni:] ' ..:u . d L CHAPTER V THE DBVEL0PM18T OF LODE MIHBS ' v. During the in itia l. two or three weeks the primary in terest was in placering, but by June 10, 1863 the f ir s t mention of lode mining is recorded in the Journal of the district. A lode,claim is described as being two hundred feet_along the vein. The resolution does not define the end ^ V >. -s - x.i e . .k: L. ;y i X ' y f; ' " \ '• . • • ‘ '• * li^sa of a lode so the assumption is the miners retained the same end lines for the lode as for the placer claim. One of the first of the lode claims appears in the Journal August 20, 1863 as the Joe Walker Lode. Two companies o f men record on the Joe Walker; one being known as the Pioneer Silver and Gold Company; and, the other the Maricopa S ilver and Gold Mining Company. The la tte r company l i s t s B. H. Colt as d is coverer with discoverer* s rights to one extra claim.^ After L : 1 -i ■ . . - ■ ' -■ _ ■ ■ - - -- • ' this notice the lode claims are more frequent and placer claims. T."-; ■■ v;:.',-i'.'. ,'c : '> • - . • • . - ' . “ less evident. ; • ' . ' : : " K The wording of the notice, in most oases, is vague and, with few exceptions, makes it difficult to locate the claim on maps. However, there are a few that can be pinpointed with some degree of acouracy. For example, the Blue Lode is described as being, "about 10 m iles west of the M iller boys.! cabin/on the Aziamp and known as such.,** 2 ,i journal of the Pioneer and Walker D is tr ic ts , p. .117i:. ‘ r- 2Ib ii.,p . 118. 6? Finally on November 24, 1863 a quartz district was organized separately from the placer district. The new dis tr ic t was named the Walker Quartz Mining D istr ic t while the placer miners retained the name of Pioneer Mining District • (P lacer). The preamble to this new district is interesting as i t shows there was discontent in the camp. The miners were anxious to attract newcomers to the scene to insare safety from Indians and to provide labor to work the claims. In ' addition to the practical aspects of attracting more men, there is a note of pride in their preamble that reminds the reader these men had an emotional attachment to their labors as well as an economic motive. The committee chosen to write up the by-laws. for. the quartz district were: V. 0. Smith, Mr. Shoup, Col. Dobbins, Major McKinney and Mr. Sandford. ' Their preamble was as follows: . : ' i Whereas owing to the increasing in tere st mani fest by the residents and miners of this locality in Quarts and other lodes containing metal of val ue and to the many and various conflicting aM nn- ...... truthful reports that have originated and spread throughout the land concerning and to the detriment of the residents and miners of this locality, be Resolved that we the residents and miners of Lynx Creek and v ic in ity w ill under any and a ll c ir cumstances defend, protect, aid and assist any and all traders and persons, whether citizens or not in the prosecution of right and legitimate busi ness while within the jurisdiction of our laws. Resolved that we denounce the originators of the many falsehoods circulated by the faint hearted many who have returned to th eir shinwarming fir e - sides as a set unworthy the name of pioneers. J 3Ibid., p. 13. 68 rThe resolutions and lews that follow ar®,:'in;Beiay , instaneejs, similar to . the old Pioneer Distriat oode* How- r» ..ever, the .new quartz distriot define# its boundaries ywith more aceuraeyubeoauae- :o£.. - the .increased, kncwledge of the .country* Article 8 defines the end lines of the claim as fifty feet on each side and endows the claim with all .the.."dips* sgur#, ,and angles following the ledge”. • Article 13 requires three days labor every three months, which is more than demanded , of, the placer miners* Article li*, is ,restriotiva as to the ra cia l background of the claimants, ’’None but white persons shall be allowed .to hold claims within this; d i s t r i o t r cV , t The quartz district.meeting confirms.the indications 70f August when the first recorded lode claims;-appear, in the journal. Although there is no further; mention of the Joe Wa^er, Lode, it is signifioant the miners were leaving the placer workings of Lynx Greek and hastening to establish them selves in what might be profitable speculation or exploitation of lode mines.^ These first lode claims return toward: the,, -- TTbid.; p. 14. ; ; .^The surface gain from both Weaver' and Lyim Creek seem to have been of the same nature, an in it ia l bonanza with de creasing returns from plaoering. Frank 0. Lockwood estimates the placers had given up two million dollars by 1864. Frank C. Lockwood; Pioneer Days in Arizona. (New York: McMillan Co., 1932),p. 199.■ Further indication in the interest in lode - mines may be found in the Walker and Pioneer Journal. % to 1865 the miners Md located one Hundred, and ten original lode claims, that, is; ■ not counting the many extensions that were - located adjoining an original find, between the time the Joe Walker Lode was recorded and the end of the Journal in the spring of 1865. Placer claim notices diminish, and the origi nal claims were selling for small sums so they could not have been in production to such an extent as in the early period of 1863. 69; Hassayampa pegloa*; Blue-Lode la ten miles weet of the Miller teoys*, oabia.^, Aeepriing to Fish the. Millers .Wilt; a 7 eahia. on the Hassayaapa in the early days of the settlement• Tea miles west ;of that , would put .the.Blue, Lode several, miles . further south and west from the, point of discovery on,the . Hassayaapa. and a matter of twenty miles-from the,Walker settle- ment on Lynx Greek. The Black, Lode was located - seven m iles . " north of the Miller cabin which would, locate it-very near- the present townsite of Prescott. The Grow, ^ode was located ,, , September 21, I 863. ^ But the most important discovery.area- > * was ,to be in the divide between the Bassayampaj and Lyme OreWk. To; the south and west of^ t he Walker camp oir Lynx Creek,, Mount_ Union rises to a. height,of almost- eight, thousand feet. The . iwrthern slope of this mountain forms a ,divide between the .bwawaters of Lynx Creek and the. Haasayampa. ; ; .v.;.OT : r The region around the hMLdwaterB o f Lyra Craejc, and., the .Bassayampa-jC^fered, great opportunities for the prospec to rs. I t i s a ruggW area sloping toward what i s now Prescott •^Journal of the Walker and-Pioneer D istricts: bp. o lt. , pp. 116-7." y ' : ..../-a :: nc.;.U’.: .- v^iBh. ob. cit., p. 376. v " : ; • 1 %ross was: previously mentioi^L as one of the men who , . w s bound for Tucson via the Black Canyon route in 1862. Henry Wickenburg was on th is tr ip . At that time Gross had discovered gold sign on Turkey Creek, aeoordingto Genung, butwas unable to develop his discovery because of Indian hostility. Supra., and possesses a pass to the sohtE beWAen Mount tf£ioh tod •. - v 4 - • r. r • 1 .) Mount Trltle. 'Although this is not the highest'oonnt#'in Arizona, the slopes are predlpltons'and the travel6r must ascend and descend"many^steep contours, Ldbilng* to th e •north, from the summit above the divide beWeeh the two stream's;'- the Prescott area ’is visible; ’' To the west0the view is uhobstruct^l as far as the Weaver Mountains."'The eastern'prospect'is termi nated by the mo^tains^Mt constitute7the eastern portion of the Verde'watershed,' But the rough nature of the country did not deter the hardy prospectors that set but to find, and if possible, exploit the wealth of the central Arizona gold depo sits, It is hot'probable*the exact number of miners "prospect ing what'is'how known as the Bradshaw Quadrangle w ill•ever be - known, ^ In the I860f s * there were[ large mining strikes ' a il -- ' - u. around Arizona, as w ell as w ithin the territo ry , ^ ilch provided 1 i-• . ■ > a readily available group of miners to enter the region^ - fn * * ■ •- the Walker Journal there are more than four hundred names re- corded," Many of these appear only once or twice and nothing .c e x The terms Bradshaw Mountains or Bradshaw area include the spur of mountains extending south from Prescott andending t thirty or forty miles north and west ofTPhoenix. Totoy; the ^ ' Black Canyon Highway parallels this range as it passes from Phoenix to Prescott. The Bradshaws are to the west of the high way. The mountains get their name from, either William or Ike Bradshaw. Both Ike and William Bradshaw wer e in those mourns - tain s and i t seems either of. them could have been the reason for naming the mountains as they are. Rosooe J. Willson, Arizona Days and Ways. Arizona Republic. September 30, 1956. 71 giore Is heard of them. Estimates that there were 3000 men prospecting the Bradshaws seem high,10 11 but a comparison of the 1860 and 1870 United States Census.indicates there was a substantial influx of men into the country. In 1860, when Arizona was a part of the New Mexico Territory, the popula tion is given as 6482 free white persons.^1 At this time there was no white population above the Gila. In 1870 the United States Census gives the population as 9658 for the whole territory, and 2152 of those living in Yavapai County, or to the north in the uninhabited territory of the 1860 census. 12 The headwaters of Lynx Creek and the Eassayampa were suitable for development at this time for several reasons.- It was near a concentration of population. That is, a sufficient force of miners could be recruited from Walker and Prescott to come to the assistance of miners, if Indian trouble threat ened. Also, the country is well timbered and water is availa ble. Using the crude arrastre processes necessitated adequate 10Fish, op. o i t ., p. 379. 11U. S. Bureau of the Census, Eighth Census of the United States: i860. Population. (Washington: Government Printing Office', 1866), p. 351. 1%. S. Bureau of the Census, Ninth Census of the United States: 1870. Population, Yol. I (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1872), p. 12. ./ . , ; 72 water to ektraot tiW ipreetods kLn«^:sV- ''•feeiiwtC#&'' been organized and1designate a a t he territorial eapitai 'do there was a grodAng eiW of acme importance nearby to supply the needs of the miners and give banking facilities for the r! ‘ larger mining com paniesThis does not mimn to say the divide was without danger^' or- that it did not present ^odudtion - diffiOulties. The Yavapai Indians were active in the whole - Bradshaw-region" u n til the early 1870’sV This certain ly in fluenced outside capital because the-investor was naturally reluctant to-put money' into"an entWprise that was- constantly on guard for I n d i a n s r--:' --■ Hoads and -shipping' 'presented many difficulties* ‘ The : ; r . '.r, *- ■ * 13joseph A*. Prattwho was a member of the .original;C governor's party, gives an interesting desbription of the arrastre as i t was being used in Wlckenburg to process the ores from the Vulture. It is a circular trough with some" heavy rolling object, continuously,being driven around the. trough. This is to make a fine grist of the ores poured in to the trough. The arrastre is kept wen filled with water to make a heavy soup-like liquid. Finally the whole mixture is treated with mercury which attracts. the gold and . silver, of the pulverized ore. I t i s hot a highly e ffic ie n t method and necessitates a fairly good grade ore to be profitable. The eye witness account* of the arrastre method by P ra tt. was taken from the Hartford Evening. P ress. (Hartford.. Conn. ) . .. March 10, 1865...... , . •. . "^The Yavapais were at peace. th th e white man until the period beginning the heavy influx of white men into the central region of the t erritoryi After a series ' of disputes. and reprisals oh both t sides the Yavapais became assoeir ated openly with their Apache cousins; to the easti, Finally the Yavapai were removed to the San Cellos Reservation w ith the Apaches in 1874; This ended any Indian^trouble in den-, tral Arizona. Bancroft, oti. olt., pi 546. ■ y.’" 1. L ■ C'.; i r. r- f- : ;J. ’ ’ 1 • ; : ;.v t:i■- ■ elu'.;;; :V.;A : yri:-viony . < i- « k k. a. u g:.. ■' 73 rough, terrain .aM high ooat of shipping kept many mines out ' ' ' ' •''**••* • •• * ^ *■*•■■■«»-. ,. ■ t» * ' * • • — - ... . i ■» ^ » .* a »• .. * V. „ , a. # • i * .=! • *• • .i. of production., . The cost,per-ton of shipping out the pres , . took up the margin of profit. , , T * *v - *■ . W - - 9 .... **' .. ^ f 4* - 1 - * • " - w- • - -• * V * '•J* W- -V " t-- » f =■ f- * - ‘-*w , #- 1 ( ^ __ ^ • i, ; It would,.T.L; se«a that with the improv:eaent,, % ; • ;;; of transpor- tation and the removal of the Indian menace the financial success of the area was to be assured. However, in addition to Indians aM poor, roads, the mining men were victims, of.,the United. States- gold, and, silver, policies. . , v .. . At the time the central Arizona mines were coming into production values on the gold, and silver market. were fluctuating. The ratio.of silver,to gold.was,unstable. Western miners were constantly.plagued.by,this.problem.during the. latter part of the.nineteenth c e n tu r y .,...... * ~ - But, despite,the obstacles,, the miners and prospectors of .the Prescott region were in.pipdUGtionj^th lode mines by 1864. ,: One of the first properties to receive; reopghition t : -i.. - v*» -S... ' was; the A ccidental. ■LO The Accidental iode was recorded ih - - - "V . ' ' . V - i^ L )v- - - ' - - er.'- ; V v .• the Walker Journal- April 19, 1864; by nine {soid i^ -p r^ p ep tors from Fort Whipple. The origin al claimant a on the Q : iSorBShen's Law states that the oWr-abundano. o f a metal for coinage, that -is .silver or gold, wHl drive down its value and make the other metal scarce. Thus, when the California mines sent out large quantities of gold, silver was more valuable. To bolster the price of gold, silver was discontinued as a dollar coin In 1873, and only lesser coins were of silver. Shortly s^ter tMs jproyi^Lon silver became, . abundant and i t s value dropped from 15-1 to 17^-1. The ' Comstock of Nevada, •the- Colorado and 'Arizona mines had gone into a silver bonanza. The Arizona silver mines, in particu lar, came into their best production during a depressed silver- price period. - ^ • l^At the time the Accidental was located the claim notices and descriptions used names and areas that are now 74 Aeoldental-were-Charles' J." Niekersen, H;’M;- Hershberger,ccr. Thomas H ill; - George'- Berry, David! 0. M ills, Abraham A u g u stin e ,, Alexander G h ittlok,, Edward A; Tobey and*-James MoCaffy; la . - the Walker Journal they claimed eighteen hundred fe e t along the vein and one hundred and- fi f t y fe e t on eith er sid e. The claimants were mistaken in- this 'last: aeasurement•: sinoethe:-:'.. miners meeting of November-1863 - bad already defined the end lines of the lode claims as fifty feet on either side of the v e ln .^ ! ' ! r- /: v v;: r - The soldiers did; some development oh the vein. The Arizona .’Miner; notes t they- had - brought in ore from the Accidental in May; only a short time after the discovery.^- But the soldiers were either:transferred out of the district, - or lost interest in their claim. " Jerome Calkins bought up some shares unknown. However, Lindgren says when the Walker Portal of the Poland Tunnel was opened it cut through the Accidental vein. The entrance of the Poland Tunnel is only a short dis tance south of the present settlement at Walker. Waldemar Lindgren, Ore Deposits of the Jerome and Bradshaw Mountains Quadrangle. Arizona. P. S. Dent, of the Interior Bulletin No. 782 (Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1926), p. 1>6. Dsing this as a guide it is possible to place a number .of the .1864 mines upon Lynx Creek. _ In _the original... claims the terms Rich Gulch,.Sanford's cabin and the "forks" are commonly used to designate-sites.- With the passage’o f ' years the names have changed and what was once common know ledge has.been lost. James Sanford claimed extensively along this portion of Lynx Creek, bdt ms h a saw-mill operator and rancher in Chino Valley. iV7journal of the Pioneer and Walker D istricts. op. c it., p. 34. Due to they eccentric spelling of ±th# journal the Accidental is recorded as.Occidental but all further refer ences to this property say Accidental. : . ^Arizona Mner. Mayai,-1864v'!''!:S::-rr':- r.;.! " ' LfU :r ■ w ' ■- -'r. * ; r. ‘ i ;:- oT l-V V - .. : vc; V T.: V. ^ v / 'X' : - 1 V. :2 rUU":! - 75 of the Aoeidental, and. Herbert BoviMra gained control of some mdre.^9 Borers (th is was protebly Serbert: Bowers)! and Calkins, dr their successors, mist have done some substantial: develop ment on the property as it Is mention^, by J. , Ross Brown In Resources of the Pa elf 1 o Slope ,20 ' Brown says the first : machinery used in the district was brought into the Accidental, although he does hot mention who-was operating' the mine at the tM e. Vfhen toroim v is its , the mine it was working ore from a small mill: and' ah arrastrei The processed ore sold for one hundred dollars (per ton), and ore in the vein was from twelve to twenty dollars per ton; T. M. Tiernan reported for the Weekly Arizona Miner in the follow ing year that the ■; s Accidental wasiin production along with a number of other ' •; Lynx Creek location s#^ . Hinton v isite d the mine in 1878;and said i t was opened by sh afts and' two tunnels:..At th is time -• -• - .i. v.;v: x:» the mine was owned- by E llio tt and Rice and was working ai :: , vT v i l . l Xp ; r : v - ~'-7 o: - "-V X*.V- C 1 c;: force of sixteen miners. 7 By 1881 Hamilton estimates the total pr^Luotlon of the mine had been about fifty thou&amdy : -"f -71: f : y. I ■,■■■. , ... oo dollars « •• „ ' . ' - - • . .■>- * ’ . , : '■ 7 ;;v: .r . /T ' « « T-'" - • : T • • • - •• * \ ■ v *: v ^ r- ^Journal- of the Pioneer and .Walker D istrictsV dn.l o it. , P P 138* 7 ' -. -.7 7 :: -:.r:: TTv' 7C", r *3 j. Ross Browne, Resources, of the Pacific Slone. (New ' York: D. Appleton and Company,, 1809) r, r ^%eekly Arizona Miner: Debember 2$, 1869. 2%iehard Hinton, ' The Handbook of ^A rizo n a San Francisco: The .American News Company, 1878c), p. 104. : : : "r 7:.i i ' ".r. ■'...r.:.3 3.73. w- .W t r ' ! v v 1 . 1 7 -7 . . : v :i 23patrick Hamilton, The Resources of Arizona, (Prescott: 1881),.p . 53. The comparatively modest output of the mine is partially explained by a comment in Raymond’s Report of 1871. The report gives select ores from the Accidental as running 76 : Atc the . same, time; the;Acoideatal „ was producing,; a • ela^m was made on %reka E ill by the Eureka Consolidation Company• r The original> claim is ,dated A pril, 20, j 1864; Sur- , yeying , the area tor Browne' s Report toithe United • States . • , - Government rin 1866, Herman -Ehrenbnrg .desoribedL the h i ll as; > located near the head of Lynr, Creek and j crowded with fuartz lodes, Many.claims were -found in th is general region and were worked profitably for, surface-gold* rbutntheheemplex-,,: ores became too ^diffioult-for -the crude milling land smelting methods tojcontend with ;at4depths-of eighty to a hundred:feet. The Eureka Mine worked ninety d ollars a ton on the su r fa c e ,. but gold mixed. withr sulpherets, that-the m ills rcould n o t; „ handle, predominated.at eighty feet,2^.Along with previously mentioned mines, tthe Box Elder was located by C. Jackson, - 1 1 V: -- ■ ■ ' »■ * - K « * l ‘ ». \ V - - r ^ V .. % ; - : .v i v ' -u < .. v/ W / S from $100 to $150, which indicates richness on the vein. How ever, the report also says, ?The mine-is now idleibeeause the owner cannot, or w ill not, provide proper reduction works for sulpheret ores." Gold and. s ilv e r :found in sulpherets re-y qLuired special processing that the simple milling and arrastre facilities of .the region could not handle. . Hossiter-W. Raymond, Statistics of Mines and Mining in the States and Territories West - of the-Rocky Mountains (Washington: Government Printing - Office, 1872), p. 250. A description of the sulpheret ore i s contained in the report for .1866 w ritten :for Browne by Ehrenburg. Ehrenburg thought, at that time, the sulpherets would predominate-at depth and his-estimate proved correct.---- This was .a characteristic of-both.the Lynx;Creek and Big Bug . mines...J;"loss Browne^TMrmMe^'mmw^aes^of-the S t a t e s ' and T erritories West -lof tne - Rookies r{Washington: Government Printing Office, 18681, p. 4%. '".C -U H.: ^Journal of the Pioneer and Walker D is tr ic ts . 00. cit., p. 46. The Eureka Mine and area are iwidely knovm from, early mining and newspaper accounts. \Ehrenburg, in Brown* s% Report, seems to be the first to question the value of ores oeiow the upper layers of free gold. Jmea Sanford1 ana If. L. G rirfin March 6, 1 8 6 -True to the ' general nature of tbe Blnea tie Box Eider had1 a godd period r,-i $ , , , of production, but little Is heart of i t after 1871.25 ' 0. T. Shelton‘ i*: operated “* ,'f •. ■’ ; S the * . '• Vernon > i ' K , % " Mine, ‘ » .'x * - *■, and ■} v ^ it - i proved■ * - | to he t- a*pro- ^ fitahle small.. h mine. ‘Shelton was taking as much as five thou- ; . ■:* n •: sand dollars a year frcm the Vernon, and th is was only one of his claimsf . r in * the . ' . 1 area.40 *-f'** . / I 2 o ‘ : : ti.'-.'TV .■\rr : / 1 1 • c. - •* . iWilliam Pointer was operating his mine through this period, and'particular mention must'he made of this mine and miner.•1'-, " ‘ -'V i • •' vPointer, x ’ f*. I.. 1 *, as ; 7 mentioned ;• r *-’■ r : ' ' 'T- ’ *•' before, <’• V • * dafle 4 i ■ into #• v »'/ -* the V- territory ’ v> v- \ ri ‘ ^ * " % * , ••'% * T -» ** J *•. « ) 4- . -- » - i ‘ . 1 '■ ' t , t * * -i » • ; ■ . »•. with the walker Party. ' He'tms from Gilpin County, Colorado) and had previous mining'expedience in the Colorado striked He made some money from the Colorado mines but lost it before - he arrived in Arizona; Upon arrival Pointer ■h had little to do with district organizing, or town planning. He seeks to have •been ■'* " ' a' ' ' ' man ' " ' *. who • \ r * enjoyed -.7 ^ solitude t* ", and •f’- r -* took i . . V nor. » > f.' partv- in >- the •- com f — panies that were being formed. 'Instead of seek!ng'company,o , or help. Pointer found a reasonably rich claim, recorded it , and proceeded to work it himselfJ There is nothing startling * about the return from the mine, but it was more than a good .^ Journal,of the Pioneer and 7. . ■ ■ -■ ' . ' % : : 7 .r" w.. :-o.- ^'Browne. 1868. op. cit.. p. 249. Ehrenburg wrote this description of Pointer's mine, and affectionately terns him "Uncle Billy Pointer.* : 79 At some time between. ,1864 and 1874 the claim was allowed to lapse and the Senator vwas.abandoned... In-1874 It was relocated by S. 0. Frederlohs# John Timmons, Barnard, 'or (no first ,name for.Barnard) and Collier. ,. Collier may have been. W.. C e C olli er V. who was an .early, miner, ^In , the .region and interested in several mining ventures at the time. In addi- > ’ . t - ■ V * ..j. 'o - i. - . • . *-•*"» V ‘ - » - . F- * - •« » V L f * - -• " ■ ^ *■ 1 • -■ -*-*-■ < '■ • -■ tion ,to the mine, Frederiohs purchased milling equipment.5 In *• - "1 .. , .• ‘ i.r '»•' • • - ■ ... « ~ • • V N *- v- *. * -• , '•••*««• '» 1868. Charles Taylor and Cornelius Da^is had built a water■>r‘: wheel at the head of the Baeaayampa to work ore fro. .the . Astor mine. . F'rederichs bought t^is overshot wheel and arrastre along with the remains of the lureka M ill. In 1866 Colonel . , * - 1 'I» -!.w .• ... ' *-• ... V i ' ' - ••..i % ‘ * - •— 1 - v.-" ^ . i • . - # -*-• -w 4 * ■ ■* # Tyson, C. C. Bean and the Jackson Brothers had erected the • f . Eureka M ill to work the ores of the Eureka, Box Elder, Tie- Tie and Pine Mountain mines. . It was only successful in work ing, the decomposed surface ores and failed /to show a. profit when the mines reached sulpherets at depth. Therefore, this property was available and became part of the Senator works. In 1876 the m ill was converted to steam and i t was changed from a fiv e stamp to ten stamp m ill.. Frederichs desired t o . - change the process a t the m ill, and bought put the others. , The new process was unsuccessful and-the Senator-was -taken-over—-- :'.J. 'V.i • ole--; V, 2%iiese names and the in f bimat ion were found- oh the, re-. verse side o f. a. Sterioptican view .card belonging; to, the Sharlot Hall Museum, P rescott. . The w riter%was "Ahgie MitohellV school teacher, and resident .of- Walnut Crove fo r many years. The , J . - Senator . F ile , Sharlot Hall." Museum,, P rescott,* Arizona. ., , 80 by creditors in 1 8 7 7 . Bowers and Richards seem to be the principal creditors. They sold the mill to Curtis who moved over to Lynx Greek. The next few years were hectic ones for the old m ill. I t was moved to Turkey Creek in 1882 to work the Morning Glory ore and is evidently back on its old Senator location by 1884 for R. Herrington leased the mill 30 at the Senator and it reverted to Curtis that same year. Herrington had attempted to run Senator ores and custom ore from neighboring mines. The winter months hindered production and he was unable to get enough ore to keep the m ill in f u ll production. Finally the Senator became a Phelps Dodge property and is currently being retimbered and fitted but by a Canadian mining concern. To the north and west of the Senator the Chase Lode was discovered, probably by the Chase of the Walker party, but he did not remain to work it. Raymond * s Report 11sts it as a rich prospect in 1866, which would indicate l i t t l e had been done on the mine at that time. Farther to the west of the Chase was a monument of mis management which, under different circumstances, might have 29presoott Weekly Courier. Ian. 1, 1886. Colonel H. A. Bigelow wrote a series of articles for the Courier beginning with the January 1 issu e giving a history, as he remembered i t , of the principal mills and the mines they served from the early days up to 1886. Bigelow had come to Prescott shortly after Walker and his men. He was active in mining and had served in several official capacities in the territory. His title comes from his appointment, in 1864, as a military aide to the territorial governor. 3 0 ib id .. June 27, 1884. been- a, payiag operation, a-: The SterlingrMine ywas .diseoyered in 1866 and.had a;rather turbulent oareer. : I t. changed:hands several times in brief periods. i4ttempts to rednee the rich snlpheretsandipyrites found in the mime were generally a r failure.. Assays on the pyritestranged from sixtyrto six- hundred, dollars ia„ ton; quartz would yield fifte e n d ollars a ton; while sulpheret concentrates would give six dollars a ton. 1 The. mliaaflfta waej-.ill chosen $ being a mile • free the . . Basaayampa, ,and expensive milling developments were made be fore there was extensive development of the mine. Raymond *s Report of 1871 saysr. "The S terlin g has become famous as .much for. the.richness :©f its. sulpherets as for the failure in work ing them.t In.addition to- these difficulties the Sterling ims in a - dangerous area for' Indians $ Finally it was burned by the Tavapais in -1871.^1, c-. f : - ^ : i c Another early development scheme was begun by C. D. Poston. In 1864, as. recorded tncthe Pioneer and Walker Jour nal , Poston paid out $10,000 to George Clinton and others for a number of prospects. Poston then organized!the-Prescott 1 - Consolidated ‘Mining Company.and IssuW a prospectus of thec company*s assets and potentialities. Of the many prospects ~ lis te d the Itonitor Mine, of the Eureka group was the only one to show production figures, .although many of the prospects, may have been relddated la ter under other names; . Pdstoh*s'" attempt to exploit the mining region is typical of the plate : r . : u.-" J ;• ro , 3lRaymond, op. c it., 1871, p. 240: 82 and' time. The company lapsed into ohsonrlty and the iaittes ' did not provide the riches they were alleged^to possess.^2 South of the S te r lin g / &16i% the Eashayahpa in the Walnut Grove D ia triet, • the Montgomery"was the principal mine of the time / hutlowtmg to Indian trouble it was being W6rkel ; only periodicallyv ’--J- By the time Browne»s Report forl866'hadappeared: the list o f1 mines either being worked ; or in the process' of development, numbered twenty mines for the Lynx Greek and Hassayampa areas. 0 : -v : - To the smith of Lynx Creek and the Hassayampa', mines along Turkey Creek'and Big Bug Creek were3beginning to : pro- 3 duce. Ehrenburg in 1866 mentions the’ Galena Mine working eight~ men and the Mg Bag Mine, in the vicinity, was in pro duction. Bbggh had already erected a mill -for the ores of these mines and himself - ©perat edvt he Big Bug Minei^^' " To the west of Big Bug Greek the earliest, and most famous of the > claim s, was the Bully Bueno. - I t was loeated by - Robert. Groom ih 1864; The hews of the Bully Bueno, and sim l- V; * " u • ,, - - ' 1 - - ‘ L ^ ^ '* ' 1 < »' ' - ■ * - * ^ ’ *• * • - \ * * • V —' * 1 * — ‘ - lar finds, attracted a sufficient number of miners into the ; : ^^The Prescott Consolidated Mining Company (New York: GlVA. Whitehouse, Printer, 1865). " A copy of the prospectus is how in’ the Arizona Pioneer Historical Society Library; .-.O''-:- i". ' ’"y . - -V : • ; 3 83 Turkey Creek d i s t r i c t to proteet them from thelndianm enaoe, and to keep eight .arrastres going* - At the time the %ally Bueno vwas, disepyered a Philadelptda adUai.ng eompany ]had pur- phased claims in,the Walnut Grove area, but the superintendent f or ^the company,, ticko^,, brought thelr m ill into the Turkey .. Creek District and . took over the Bully, Bueno. .Tiekory -ms succeeded by a Major Coffin who rleft, the m ill and mine in charge of Gus Blgoli so he could,go to Philadelphia to raise more money for the venture. ,In his absence, Blgoli ,and another * ' . * V *, * v • '■* / - X N*J' ‘ V ' *.(S '* i V ‘ ^ -» ^ y h . * t % * » v-'w * X - # - *■ J - -■-* man were burned out by the Indians and. the min destroyed. The first estimates of the Bully Bueno were encouraging but the gold was, found to be ,erratic, in deposit,.and. the mine mas never a financial success. ^ Nearby, the Goodwin Mine was located at this time and the first assays indicated ores of three hundred dollars .a ton. The optimism in the case, of. " ^ ^ ■■ ■ • ' ^ j ■' *„ - .. * .* * / \ ' V -r * * y ' w«* Ai -V ,, v ’ . 7 "< V. X #- * L*. ’ ' * the Goodwin was Justified..,, It eventually, produced tw o ,hundred ' ... •- • i ■ .. v... V . . * • ... , . ‘ .. JL ... *.» J 1 : t v. » -- •- • S ■ » - ' and fifty thousand dollars before it was worked ,out. . .^^The.story comes from an undated newspaper a r tic le in the Sha,flot Hall Museum file on the Bully Bueno Mine. The article was by P. C., Bueknell and it wuld seem to fit in with known facts about the Bully Bueno*. Vickery was on the Hassayampa according to a newspaper a r tic le dated September 21. 1861.. Arizona Miner.' At th is time Vickdry i s noted as being on the lower Hassayampa, that is below Prescott seme distance, and probably was in the Walnut Grove area. On April 16, 1864 subscribers to the Arizona Miner, who lived on the"Hassayampa, are’ requested to pick up th eir papers at Vickory* s place.. Ibid. , April 16, 1864. Raymond * a Report .of 1871, op. Pit. , p. 242-43» mentions the good surface show and describes the spotty mineralization at greater depths. Hinton mentions the Bully Bueno M ill‘running.™ Hinton,' op. pit., pp. 106-107* The Prescott Courier, June 27, 1884 says the Bully Bueno Mill was'doing'custom work, but August 8,1884 reports the mill destroyed by fire. Evidently the Bully Bueno Mill was destroyed by Indians, erected and lost by fire by 1884. 84 -n: The Bradshaw D istrid t^ to -bh^ south 6f % k e and' Big Bug, was' s t i l l abistiy prospect‘The Great' Eastern, V i l i White Swan, TTnb ani forks Mines were owned by a M&iadelphla * *' ' : t v- ... - • ! ;-V V " v 'v •,i' : . company, but as yet they were'just prospects^ while the mines r !" ^ y ^ -. , *;4 to the north were experiencing More development“and investment. . n V. \ c ’ r. 'i.*: t. The Nopal and1BallenciahaJMiries were being worked by arrastre and were to hafe a lozig" production record. - -- - . j .' ^ r- A oompariaoh of the '''lode "mining * & evelppment with the . . wild enthusiasm of the Sarlypia’Cer'period“givesO'U; v f:d■c-v. ivz Z t he airo; picture A nil.. of the initial easy riches picked up from the detritus of the creek beds; gold in the gravels thathad gathered for centuries; contrasted t6'the slow develbpment and working“of the gold sources. ' :1 a:'.: .fAv--.'- T.ov Men were to find that the 'mines of central Arizona would hot prove to be the easily worked type. The sources were hard to fin d , and shipping the ore was expensive and hazardous. Mai^ of the miners and investors became disoour- aged■«< . : and ■ v . gave up. i- • - Claims ■# ••• were -- abaMoned »-» „ v 1, that * latera - *proved ‘ t . 1 - A* ' to be working mines *' ^ - . . v ,-.-l • 1 ■ Some' r e lie f was given'the M hers w ith "the law of _-v - 35 "’At :.a c A'.: a a -a . a: a -A a.’-.'. ’ . -A ; ClAv'- '. >. 1866; - Although^ the Indian pressure# were \ to push the min- : : •• a a : r AAV A.: %::u » a AOA;.,. A A.'. ''CA: :. A . lag frontier back ;towards Prescott, and:the•;other.}settledov;-v areas of the territory, the 1866 law did clarify the United • i j-> r r States requirements for-establishing -a-title ^.and-:stimulated ‘. a 'j-' ■ ; ■- v>:.. '"A A. ’ A;. A; a'A.: A A: •■'i Oi •; "A" : 35a. S. Statutes at Lars., XIV, ;251-52. ■In: Ca: nhA ci.-'Ia c::ly ,.iiA:'A.AV . 7. , , 'A, prior to vho i aa.;A'-o: A-’.InA. r.t 85 work on aedure elalm s. u n ti l 1&66 the law was vague arid :. governed hy the lo c a l d is tr ic t ru le. However, at th is time, the national government reoognlzed its responsibility-in ; limiting the district rule but^ nevertheless i recognized-. the authority of the district where it Was organized*^: r: l ? : o Perhaps the most important item .to come out-in the : Act of 1866 was the provision for-Survey arid 1ssuelof patents. The registers of the districts, in theory, were to record all changes of title. In the event a miner made the transaction on the claim there was little-eviderioev except-for a .b ill;of sale and possible witnesses to the transaetlorii- With the * new law of 1866, the handling of surveys of the claim through the local land office, and with the subsequent issuance of patents by the land office, many of the vague transactions were avoided. ' '' -■w : vu . ■ ‘ ■ -• •, t , 1 v It cannot be said the law of 1866 solved all the legal difficulties in the mining districts. It had several— provisions that were later revised. /But i t was a substantial step forward in regulating claims;and patents, and sti^ left ■^“Arizona possessed a Territorial Mining Code, 1864-66, but it was revoked before the passage of the Federal mining act of 1866 and district law prevailed. Browne comments, "Few of the districts (in Arizona) enforce bhe rules.w Browne, 1868, oj,. olt., P. 479. .. ’ 3?The Act of 1866 followed the premise of the California miners in regard to locatin g and follow ing the vein. That is , the surface area on the claim was"incidental and the vein was the thing located. "The Act of 1866 was a conveyance of the vein and not the conveyance of a certain area of land in which was the land. The lode only was located, the claims being staked, if at all, on the ends only." Lindley, op. olt. . p. 94. The locator had the right, prior to the issuance of a patent, 66 the administration of the district to the local organization, ■V ’ , ' t ... • . . ’• • ' . 1 - Z * z • . . - »• " •• • - - _ “ - V » ^ ' " * where i t was desired• , . x In:c^rlc: % '-yv.: r In general, the .act,prescribes -certain mascimums and minimums that would coincide with existing district law. and ■ • * . . . v \_. „ - „ A ... .f '• ^ z - - «■ - .••• r. _ •* custom. For example, the maximum feet along the -vein allowed on a lode claim was three ..thousand,.feet. In many cases, this was in excess of the district allowance.> But, as long:as .the district law did not exceed.the federal provision, the govern- ment upheld the district.law, . . .. . , . , . , The attitude of the Arizona miners is best reflected in the speech of Governor Richard McCormick when he told the te r r ito r ia l leg isla tu re: , ...... The act of Congress to legalize the.occupation . of mineral lands, and to extend the rights of pre- , emptors thereto, adopted at the late session, pre serves all that is best in the system created by the miners themselves and.saves all vested rights, under that system, while offering a permanent t i t l e to all who desire it, at a merely nominal cost.3* to explore the vein to any distance along with the "dips, spurs and appurtenances” mentioned in the Pioneer and Walker Journal. This meant that once a vein had been located the miner could ex- ploit it to any distance following air its curves and turns; The Land Office upheld this idea but it was later modified by court ruling• ”A discoverer of a vein cannot be permitted to locate h is claim, present h is diagram and obtain a grant for the lode and the land he claims, and. then disregard the limita tions of the grant and follow the,lode without his location wherever it happens to lead.” Larned ys. Jenkins. 113 Fed., 634, 636, 51 C. 0 . A. 344• By 1872 the court ruling was incorporated into the Act of 1872 to limit extralateral exploration and de velopment. - ; .'.V ■ ■ : : ■ - Y C-V V 3%@port of the Arizona Territorial Governor. Richard ' McCormick. 186b (Prescott. Arizona Territory: Arizona Miner, 1666), Arizona State Library and Archives, Phoenix. 87 When the act of 1866 oeme into being, the General Land O ffice of the Department of the In terio r, that had been created in 1849* began to exercise more control over the mineral lands on the public domain, l I t was: necessary, for- the land office to approve the surveys, thereby deciding when it was necessary for disputes to be handled.in courts of compe tent authority. The land office would adjudicate no dispute, but referred them to the courts. However, in the land reports, the land commissioner would refer to court precedent and hand down decisions,29 Despite the aid of the 1866 law, the mining situation in central Arizona was slow* Raymond♦s Report. for the period 1866-69, indicates the Vulture Mine, fifteen miles out of Wickenburg, was the largest producer in the territo ry . Even the Vulture was having its administrative troubles, and was not in full production during this period. But the territorial governor did feel the prospects of the Vulture were bright enough to c a ll i t "The Comstock of Arizona."^0 30 Report of the Commissioner of the General Land Office, 1868 (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1869), p. 57- "The land office w ill adjudicate no controversy. All adverse claims up to the time of surveyor general1s approval must be settled in the competent courts for the action." However, this does not limit the land office from issuing a decision to settle a dispute after the patent has been issued. ^Raymond, op. c i t . , 1869, pp, 167- 68. Excerpt from the address of Governor McCormick to the f if t h le g is la tiv e assembly of Arizona, 1868. 68 I t would seem from Governor McCormick’s statement in 1868 that the mining interests around Prescott were primarily bothered by recalcitrant ores rather than the Indian menace, or lack of roads in the immediate vicinity of Prescott^ ^A ppendix I. 89 ,V\ » 'U & 14/kin MT. U Af'O/V atvc. d«ck r Da>iii peteHii Pa i At C. 31a7i»*I To C-eeoe> («V CHAPTER 7% SILVER BONANZAS IN THE BRADSHAWS, 1869-75 Mining in central Arizona remained in its state of discouragement, or apathy, until Jackson McCracken "brought in news that once more "began the rush into the inner mountains. In 1869 McCracken set out to prospect in the Bradshaws, far to the south of Prescott. There had been serious Indian troubles at the time, and the venture to the south was quite dangerous. After an absence of three months friends of McCracken gave him up as either a victim of Indians, or the elements. However, he returned and was packing sixteen hun dred d ollars of selec t gold ore.^ McCracken's discovery of rich ores in the Bradshaw District focused attention upon the inner mountain mineral regions. There had been some prospecting as far south as Silver Mountain in 1864 and 1865, but the danger of Indians had made it impossible to develop the prospects. With gold as rich as the McCracken prospect possessed the miners would face Indians, and many other dangers, to search for minerals. McCracken, the Jackson brothers, James Fine and R.C. McKinnon returned to the new gold prospect, built arrastres and arranged ^■R. M. McKinnon, James Fine and Jackson McCracken brought the ore back. ? , 91 for the transportation of a stamp mill to be packed into the mine. In 1870 the ore of the Del Pasco, as the new mine was called, was being worked at an average of $73*00 per ton.^ When the stamp mill arrived, and a run of six and one-half tons was made through the m ill, the yield was $1,900. In 1871, during the time the mill was in, and working, the total produce of the mine was $7,428. The m ill increased the pro ductivity of the mine but the preliminary expense of getting m illing equipment was considerable.v A camp was established somewhere in the vicinity of the mine, but the larger find and community were yet to come. As was usual in the camps, the miners were well supplied with liquor and the Arizona Citizen notes that "Allen ‘Scotty1 Cameron shot and k ille d Wm. Watson. Cameron was drunk and his reason destroyed by whiskey." The above incident took place in the Bradshaw camp in 1870.^ Shortly after the Del Pasco discovery, two prospectors, id en tified as Dan Moreland and Hammond, arrived in Prescott with several pack animals loaded with select silver ores from a prospect southwest of the Del Pasco. They arrived in Prescott o Raymond‘s Report. on. c it., 1871, pp. 244-5. The re port states the mine was poorly worked and planned. Raymond’s Report also includes Charles Taylor as an official locator on the Del Pasco. His name does not appear in other contemporary accounts. Blandy notes a location, or settlement, east of the Tiger, on his map of 1882, named Taylor. 3Ibid., 1872, p. 333* ^Arizona Citizen. (Tucson, Arizona Territory), December 3, 1870. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers. Yol. XL Blandy. lt.5 w. B .1W . H.2W. H.1 W. H.l K. 1U K. K.3K. K.4 K. 4 , $ ^ \ • Frenclnusn 4 Off far (? .KulTner / Jordan’ 'HawTilul X X z z ' \ x. x kHampton x-X" - x 0Spr#np ;urekaV . r- Spring* % ..... ‘Spring* x . (C \ Cayote Hole. A XX. X V - \ < W atson A .. •Saunders p- \ \ • A \ > " > ■x: Sm ith-.. : -■ I X M .G arfield *BjK.Hills C urtis' T >• \ .H om eetake X . View Moon V x \ ir o n Sy rin ifj Camp Verde-i: i W--. RESERVATION >...... I t Vernon .... ib u : TC s~ x X^spauldmg/ / B y e j n it ic T ersS tah t in f e is s . X XT'" ____ . • H ilderbr in Botes B ow ers J U ppx J« r" / X ilwara - Bow ers > ^ : m elter L % AlPV* % m m . i r< ward Third Base Lime 31 Q) J^Umphua^. "x. .Cottonwood y /Last Chanea_ ^ WM port X V Dosoris>rie J XP*l v ie S u . A / $ COPPER MT. ••• J, / X / WJ X M odel M ine ‘76’. Spring ,-r Big R ebel .... i\ 'S m e lte r ^nWop. f u s c u m b ia W a ln u t (G r o v e \ o f \ pe A J(a.’8?f/'"ce X ^ •V a rrio r Stall ^ANTELOPE PEAK X h il \ ..•••• iBumhle Bee / X Station X X ... v :*v ' Steipeon ...... £ ^ Buzzard's Roost #-• JO ■fioornT ^Sqna*rCt\ .Pearl \ M A P ■ X A H ill A 0 +*,rt*P \ Foy A Spring '^ ’Hot Springs o r THE Virginia^ 8w a ...A Hlng "Swllllug'a Ranch MINING REGIONS I f ip Tc i AROtVID PRESCOTT, ARIZONA. JOHN F. BLANDY, C.E.AM ,E. Gillette (Ai \ July, 18*1 .« 80 ACE-4 Idee to One tech. . Q u a rtzM ill Wickenburg B.4 K H.1 W. r..i k . K.2E. R.3K. X ftw ! H.4 W. H.3W. B.2 W. 93 Saturday January 28, 1871. The select ores were given out for local assay and the result was ore that varied from #1,600 to #11,000 a ton. The assay reports were out on Sunday, and Monday the packtrains were lined out for the Bradshaw D istrict.^ Old timers, who had prospected on S ilver Mountain in the early days of 1864, rushed down to protect their claims. Correspondence a week later in the Arizona Citizen confirms the richness of the ores in the new territory. A correspondent from Prescott says in a letter to the Citizen. "W. C. Collier claims he is going to move his house, goods and all, down to the Tiger camp.” Collier was one of those miners who had been down as far as Silver Moun tain in 1864-6$.^ The discovery was made in late January, news of the discovery was widely circulated in the territory, as evidenced above, and by April the camp in the Bradshaws had become Bradshaw City. The Tiger Mine, as Moreland and Hammond called the prospect, was located on a wash that ran south into the head of Humbug Creek. Bradshaw City, was located at the head £lbid., February 2$, 1871. ^W. C. Collier came into the Arizona Territory in 1863 with Ed Peck. Collier is mentioned in the Journal of the Walker and Pioneer D istr ic ts several tim es. May 3» 1864 he claimed on the Henry Clay Lode. The Journal of the Pioneer and Walker Districts, op. cit. . p. 41. October 4, 1804 he sold his claim on the Henry Clay to Basham for #50.00. Ibid., p. 133* December 31, 1864. he was given power of attorney by S. Shoup and Jacob Lynn. Ibid., p. 136. He is mentioned as an early prospector in the S ilver Mountain area nine m iles south of the Tiger Mine in a promotion brochure issued by the Mammoth Mining Company. P rescott. A. T .. An Undeveloped Property-Mammoth Gold and S ilver (Boston: James Adams. P rin ter, 18^3), University of Arizona Library. 94 of this subsidiary wash to Humbug, and on the northwest slope 7 of what is now known as Wasson Peak. In April of 1871 Mr. 0. H. Case surveyed lots for a townsite. The lots were twenty- fiv e by one hundred and tw enty-five fe e t. The Weekly Arizona Miner notes that shortly after Case finished h is survey, sixty lots were sold. Undoubtedly, many of these were taken up by speculators, but by April there were ,two stores in the camp and a saloon housed:in a twenty by twenty-four foot frame building. The usual tent city appeared, but because of the fact there was abundant-timber close at hand, permanent build ings were not long in coming. - Late in. May^ a hotel was adver tising in the Weekly Arizona Miner. and in July several enter prises were advertising their facilities. ; The town began to flourish, as well as any community may be said to flourish in the midst of hostile Indians and with its only connection to an established city by horse trail. If the camp, or town, lacked refinement it offered a sufficiency of crude gaiety to satisfy the miners, prospectors and entre preneurs who came into the Bradshaws. There was the Fashion Saloon owned, by Messrs Gordon and Wilkerson. Mr. Hagan ran the Nevada Restaurant. A. Simpson brought down a regular ^Blandy’s Map. ; %eekly Arizona Miner (Prescott).April 29; 1871. . vIbid.. May 27. 1871. 95 saddle train from Prescott. . The train left Prescott at 7:00 A.M. and arrived, according to the owner, in Bradshaw City at 7:00 P.M. two days later. The distance covered was approxi mately thirty miles by the most direct route, and over rough terrain. An early traveler from Prescott to the Bradshaw camp gives a description of the trail. They went south of Prescott to a point near the headwaters of the Hassayampa about ten m iles from town. This was the f ir s t n ight’s camp. The next day they went over the divide, presumably the pass between Mount Union and Mount Tritle, and on to the headwaters of Turkey Creek. The party continued on down Turkey Creek, passed the ruins of the Bully Bueno Mill, and to a fork in the trail at Battle Flat. From there.they took the south tr a il to the slope of Bradshaw Mountain (Mount Wasson) and were only a mile, or a mile and a half, from the Del Pasco. They continued on into Bradshaw Basin and crossed a ridge to the south "where the buildings and tents of the town are seen." This was a horse trail. The wagons, carrying supplies, went southwest from. Prescott to Walnut Grove, and then east to Minnehaha Flat and from there into the Tiger Camp, or Bradshaw City. 11 Upon arrival, the traveler might have availed himself ^ Arizona Citizen, on. clt.. November 11, 1870. The C itizen carries a story that says A. J. Simpson shot and k illed A. G. Dunn in a fig h t over a woman in P rescott. Simpson was released on #5,000 bail. Evidently he was released or ac quitted, because he was packing six months la te r . ^ Weekly Arizona Miner, op. c i t . , July 15, 1871. 96 of the "creature .comforts" offered by the Progressive Hall. The Progressive Hall does not fully explain what those crea ture comforts were. Beardsley operated a grocery store, as did Hussey and M iller. A newspaper once, described Bradshaw City in the following words: : / .....A settlement started there (The Tiger Mine) ; known as Bradshaw City where for' many months there were many saloons and dance halls in fu ll ■ blast but there were no churches.1^ By 18?2 the Tiger shaft was down one hundred feet and Raymond^ Report notes that San Francisco capital was,interest ed and spending money on the m in e .^ Case reported th at fo u r- teen tons of Tiger ore sent to San Francisco yielded $10,374. Eventually, several other good producers opened in the same general area, although they were located around the base of Wasson Peak. The Oro Belie, Grey Eagle, Cougar and Eclipse were prominent, and added substantially to the total production of the district As soon as the richness of the mining district was confirmed there was a brisk trade in footage on adjacent claims. This practice of selling feet oh the claim often ended in litigations among the various owners and cut down the profits. Production sometimes ceased entirely, and a ^TArizona Journal Miner. Prescott, August 12, 1903. ^^Ravmond«s Report. op. b it. , 1872, p. 331. Ulbid., p. 333. •^^Biandy*s map. 97 valuable property stood idle while.the owners fought in l 6 court. -. c . ^ Lx.-;-;. . The Tiger District ^is formally organized in 1871. and 17 the laws governing the mines published in the Prescott paper. The high spirits over the Tiger strike, lasted through the summer of 1871.. A more cautious tone is discernible in the report of John Wasson when he v isite d the Tiger while he was en route to San Francisco. V/asson was the surveyor gener a l of the Arizona Territory, and editor of the Tucson news paper, the.Arizona Citizen. His word was accepted as the most authoritative estimate of the worth of the Tiger Mine. Wasson points out that, although the prospect is rich, capi tal is just beginning to enter the field. In a mine of the type the Tiger proved to be, exploration at depth is necess ary. As is often the case in mining speculation, the initial profits are on paper, and the necessary funds to finance de velopment must come from established fin a n cia l centers. In the case of the Tiger, several representatives of San Francis co development companies had just arrived on the scene when l^This did, in fact, happen to the Tiger Mine. The ow ners were frequently in court. Moreland and Hammond sold out and by 1878 i t was leased by H. Helm. Hinton, op. c i t . , pp. 116-17• By 1881 Hamilton reports the mine Idle while the total production had only amounted to $200,000. Resources of Arizona, op. c it.,1881. By this time the mine had, by no means, reached its full potential as Lindgren reports the to tal production at close to a million dollars. TJ.S.G.S. Bulle- tin 782, 02. cit., 1926, p. 172. , : ; : , ^Weekly Arizona Minor. May 27, 1871. 98 Wasson made Ms survey.*^ At this time the engineers and mlllmen were reserved in th eir comment, but shared Wasson*s optimistic view that the silver vein would prove to be valu able. : .... : ' - - Wasson went on up to San Francisco after his visit to Bradshaw City, and spoke to several promoters there. Wasson had no financial interest in the mine, himself, but again, reports the San Francisco companies seemed to be in clined to invest in the Tiger. Meanwhile, life in the camp began to slow down. Statements claiming the town would eventually have a popula tion of ten or twenty thousand inhabitants were obviously un- realistic. By the end of the summer of 1871 many of the miners began to drift off to other fields, notably the new discoveries to the northwest in the Hualpai District. However, work continued on the Tiger. During the winter of 1871-72 forty or fifty miners wintered in the old 20 camp. Probably, most of them were company men and hard- rock miners to continue the work on the shaft, and begin a drift in on the vein of ore. By February of 1872 the Tiger shaft was down to one hundred and twenty feet and the drift •^Arizona Citizen. Tucson. July 29. 1871. Lent, Hurst and Company, Hobart of Washoe and Riggs and Company, were mentioned by Wasson as having representatives in the region. Wasson spoke to Lent in San Francisco, when he arrived in that city, and Lent, although cautious, spoke well of the property. 19Ib id ., July 1, 1871 20Ib id ., June 1, 1872. 99 along the vein was at one hundred and sixty feet. Ores at that depth were valuable in ruby silver and the mine was be ginning to show promise as an important producer. Bradshaw City had its brief moment of glory and would never again reach the size it attained when the report of the Tiger strike was first brought into Prescott. James Cash, an Arizona pioneer now residing in the Pioneer's Home in Prescott, says he visited the site of Bradshaw City in 1888 and the buildings were not in evidence. By that time the center of population, in the Bradshaws, had moved over to the newer 21 camps around Crown King. During the years 1872-75 the mining activity in the Bradshaw region was centered around the Tiger, Eclipse and Oro Belle Mines. Northeast of this group McKinnon and Good win worked the War Eagle and in one run of select ore in 1873 22 extracted $1,200 in gold from eight tons by arrastre. W. C. 23 Collier was working gold from the Goodwin and there was activity in the Big Bug, Walker and Hassayampa D istricts. All through the Tiger excitement there were those who declared the old districts had not been properly worked, and that these properties were just as profitable as any in the 21Interview with James Cash, July 16, 1957. 22Arizona C itizen, Tucson, November 22, 1873. ^Blandy's map of 1882 gives these mines in their proper location. (See Blandy's Map, Supra., p.92 ). Unto. t>f Arizona Library 100 Fig.2-Bradshaw City• The picture is taken from the foot of the gulch looking north-east up the camp area* The picture is from 1872 according to M itchell. Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott. 102 F i e . 4 -Bradshaw City: A view taken from a sterioptican photo graph, 1872. The picture indicates the camp was well developed, with planed lumber, and very few tent houses. Sharlot Hall Museum. Prescott, Arizona. 103 territory. The Big Bug mill continued to run ores from the Eugenie Mine. Ores from the Davis Lode, west; of Mount Union, were taken by mule train over the Lynx Creek and Hassayampa Divide to be processed at the Thunderbolt Mill on Lynx Creek. The northern mines had the advantage of established m ills-,, and the supply problem was greatly lessened because they were closer to Prescott. In some cases they could be reached by wagon road. - - :_ . West of Prescott there was some interest in the Sex ton Lode that was discovered in the Weaver D istrict♦ Miners from the Hassayampa, Wickenburg and Kirkland areas went back into the Weaver D istrict, although there was no immediate de velopment O f note. , . .. -However, during the period 1872-75/ two significant events altered the mining picture in Arizona. The Yavapai . Indians were removed:from their range in the central region and relocated on the Apache reservation to the east.This relocation was accomplished by 1874, and was a great stimulus to further development of mineral lands and agricultural ef forts in Yavapai County. - Secondly, in 1872, the United States Congress revised the mining law of 1866. The law of 1866 was an improvement over existing mineral legislation, but it left much to be de sired as an efficient mineral law. The Act of Congress, May OC ■ ' , - : 10, 1872 7 attempted to remedy some of the omissions and 2/fBanoroft, 0£. c it., p. 546. 2^U. S. Statutes at Large. XVII, 91-96. 104 deficiencies of the act of 1866. , One of the principal objections to the earlier act of Congress nms the amount of time and expenditure necessary for a claim to be approved for a patent. This was p articularly true in the Arizona Territory where Indian troubles hindered development and often a claim lapsed, or was declared abandoned, because.the miner was unable to withstand the pressure of iIn dians in the area. Mine owners frequently said they hired more guards for the mines than miners. On Lynx'Creek, as late as the summer of 1871 j it was only possible to run the Thunder bolt and Eureka Mills for limited times because of the Indian menace. Earlier, McCracken, Pointer and Poland had declared they could only custom a few tons of ore to keep them, through the winter because of the necessity of hiring guards to pro tect the muleteers, millmen and miners from Big Rump,s maraud- ing bands of. Yavapais. 26 : ^ The new act of Congress relieved the miners of some difficult provisions in the 1866 law that made it impossible to maintain their claims in remote and dangerous areas. It was also expected that these new provisions would create incentive for new discoveries. Comment among the miners in the Arizona Territory was quite favorable in regard to the new law. Most of them felt the revised mining code would not only bring in - ' ' -• — •• • ' - - ' ' * • - ' " ’ ' ‘ " - - 2%eeklv Arizona Miner. October 12, 186?. 105 new claims but stimulate the development of the existing cla im s,^ ■ v *,. 1; However, with the new law the miners were limited in footage on the vein. Previously, the law allowed three thou sand feet on the vein for a claim with end lines extending to three hundred feet on either side of the vein, subject to the law of the state, territory or mining district in which the : claim was located. With the law of 1872 the claim was limited to fifteen hundred feet on the vein. The end lines remained l the same. The maximum allowance of two hundred fe e t per miner was also unchanged. In cases where, prior to the law of 1872, an association of miners had claimed more than the new footage allowance they could retain th eir old claim. However, th eir assessment requirements were greater to equalize their obliga tions with the new claimants. " . Along with the relaxed assessments and footage provi sions, Congress defined the extralateral rights of the miners. The traditional concept of the mine was an exploration at depth within the vertical limits of the side-lines and end lin e s . The influence of the C alifornia D istr ic ts had changed this. In the California lodes the discoverer of a vein was allowed to explore outside the vertical lines. The Act of 1872 returned to ,a more rigid concept of following the vein. 2^U. S. Statutes at Large. XVII, 91-96. The annual labor necessary to hold a claim until a patent was issued was changed from $1,000 to $100 per annum. ... ' . 106 Mining was limited to the vertical lines of the claim. Further more , the survey of the claim must possess parallel end lines to avoid strange configurations-of the claim, and the side lines of the.claim must also be parallel. Thus, the diagram of the claim could be square, rectangular or a parallelogram. Prior to 1872, the diagrams were sometimes irregular in shape and often only small, poorly, marked:plots were located on the mining site. In practice the above.regulations did not re strict the miners; since they were allowed to present claims for extensions on the original claim following the direction of the vein. There were several extensions claimed on the Tiger and most of the later discoveries are. located along: with extensions, sometimes located as for example, "Tiger Probably the most difficult provision of 1872 was a ruling that made it necessary to include the apex of the vein, within the boundary of-the claim. The apex of a vein i s the top of the vein as it obtrudes from the ground. Formerly the miner might claim at any point where ore was in evidence, but with the Act of 1872 the apex must be included within the claim more skill and knowledge in the prospector to locate the apex 107 -The miner also possessed exploratory rights for three thousand feet of any vein opened;on the face of a tunnel. How ever, the"miner must follow his extralateral vein down and could not surface on any other"claim. Within the mine itself, any claim on the face of the tunnel left undeveloped for six months was declared abandoned and open to relocation . Requirements for filin g notice for patent were changed to some extent• The -new law required only sixty days' notice instead of ninety days. For the most part the basic princi ples in regard -to titles were the same.28 • j ‘ , The law of 1872 was a judicious recognition on the part of Congress, of the needs of the miners in the west. ^Although the Act of 1872 was welcomed by many, there were provisions that aroused the anger of some mining interests Bigelow was one of these. He bitterly criticised the provi sion which extended the time for assessments, that is, the re quired time and money spent on developing the claim to keep it active. Claims recorded before May 10, 1872 were given a year from the date of the act to get their assessment work done. Bigelow in criticising the new act writes, "In extending time for labor on mines located prior to 1872 there are men of means here who have been waiting for months to take hold of old claims, who are now perfectly disgusted." Also, there were quite a few miners who had risked life and limb to rush through their assessment work who resented the extension. Evidently, the more prosperous mining men were eager to take up old claims to develop them and the Act of 1872 gave the original claimant more of a bargaining position. It should be noted that this extension was only the first of many. In all fairness to Bigelow and investors of his type, capital was badly needed in the districts. Miners were prone to be unrealistic as to the value of the claim. Prospectors sold for cash and distrusted taking a chance on stock in the mine saving the cash for imme diate development. The prospector, on the other hand, had seen so many of his kind bilked by slick stock deals, or selling good properties for far less than their actual worth, that he was suspicious of any offer short of his own estimate of the cash value of the property. Bigelow’s statement was found in , the H« A. Bigelow F ile. Arizona Pioneer Historical Society, Tucson, Arizona. 108 This still is the basic mining code of the United States. At the time the law was passed, Arizona*s Indian troubles were, by no means, over. In the Prescott - Brad shaw region there were many ambushes and raids. With the assessment reduced, and the time lim it for payment extended, many miners were given a chance to retain claims that would otherwise have been abandoned. With the new, and improved national mining law, and the removal of the Yavapais, in 1874, conditions were favor able for increased activity in the Yavapai Mining Districts. Coincident with this brightened outlook there were two rich strikes in the Bradshaws. 109 r hg e a r&A'j/c/i/s DlP= L ON THE VdAf Pi?.$-An Ideal location on a sheet of ore with the end line limiting the width of the sheet. no V E ftT iC A l ItA/G. / I \> Fig.6-A mining claim showing the extralateral tunnel extend ing beyond the vertical end lines. CHAPTER Vll . • ; ;■■ ■, ' ■ THE PECK AND TIP TOP MINES, 1875-84 In the summer of 1875 Ed Peck, T. M. Alexander, C. C. Bean and William Cole found themselves without funds. The four men went south from Prescott into th e Bradshaws to pros pect and perhaps replenish their empty purses. At the head waters of War Eagle Creek they found a vein of ore that would assay from fifty to forty dollars a ton and decided to work the vein . 1 Peck left the other three men on War Eagle Creek and went over the ridge to a canyon to the east to survey the area for wood, water and game. Peck stopped for water.at a spring in the canyon and accidentally turned up a float of rich silver ore. This led to the discovery of.a vein of • chlorides and horn silver that later assays showed to run six to seven thousand dollars a ton. Peck returned to his friends with his sample of ore and the party immediately moved their camp over into the canyon to the east which is now known as Peck’s Canyon. The discovery was made June 16, 1875. By the first part of July the prospecting party arrived in Prescott with several pack loads of the ore._ ^Arizona Pioneer Historical Society. Peck P ile. Hayden C ollection. :v- „ ; , ^Arizona Citizen (Tucson), July 3, 1875. 112 The residents of Prescott had not seen such ore and felt such excitement since the days when Moreland and Ham mond came in with samples from the Tiger Lode. In-retro spect several veteran prospectors recalled going through the canyon prospecting for gold float in quartz outcroppings but they did not stop to examine the rock for silver.^ . The early days on the Peck Lode were more restrained than the bonanza of the Tiger. Many prospectors went into the region but there was no overnight mushrooming of a town and wild sa les of footage. By July 24 General A. V. Kautz had been down to inspect the Peck Lode and made the following statement: ; Whilst the very rich ore may be limited, I have every evidence that this discovery will lead to the development of extensive and valuable silver lodes.^ The original locators on the lode engaged Charles Beach to" pack the ore from Prescott to Ehrenburg to be tran-? shipped to San Francisco. Simmons was hired to pack the ore from the mine to P rescott. Early in August Bean le f t Prescott with seventeen mules to pack ore back from the mine. At that time they had eight tons of select ore sacked for shipment and another forty tons in sight in the mine. The first shipment ^Arizona Enterprise (Prescott), March 3, 1878. William N. K elley, W. Y/. Hutchison, L. B. Jewell, in a statement to the newspaper, declared they had prospected in Peck Canyon looking for good locations and passed over the rich silver. Peck was in the canyon with ban O'Leary in 1864 and the two men declared they were too respectable to locate in such a god-forsaken place. ^Arizona C itiz e n . July 24, 1875. 113 of ore was purchased in Prescott by A. T. Resenthal of the Arizona Assay Office. It consisted of ten tons of select ore and the sale price was thirteen thousand dollars. At that, the owners of the mine felt they were selling under the market, but the money was necessary for immediate develop ment . ^ ‘ ■; Once again, in September, General Kautz visited the mine and expressed some su rp rise th a t no more ore was showing from the Peek than was above ground. On reflection, however, the General says he realizes there can be no great develop ment on the mine until transportation facilities are improved. As soon as a road is constructed to provide the necessary equipment for the Peck, and to provide the necessities for in creased population, Kautz believed a thriving community would grow up around the Peck. Kautz thought enough of the Peck property to locate on the Oriental Lode with Resenthal and George Hogle. From midsummer to fa ll there were a number of pros pectors in the Peck district and it was not long before the Silver Prince and Evening Star mines were located. -The Silver Prince had brought a load of high grade ore into Prescott that sold for two thousand dollars a ton. Also, in November, the ^E. G. Peck, File, APES. Later Resenthal claimed the miners had slipped mercury and silver into the ore he was testing for assay and sued the Peck Mining Company for twelve thousand dollars. 114 shaft on the Peck was down fifty feet and the miners began a drossout into the ledge. That is to say, the vertical shaft was left at fifty feet while a horizontal opening was made to follow the ore. The miners were anxious at this time as i t would show whether or not the ore was in quantity or whe ther they had been digging on an isolated pocket. In the past, miners and investors had been fooled by good surface:show, as in the Bully Bueno, and spent large sums of money on develop ment that could never be paid o ff from the underground ore body. In the case of the Peck they did not find themselves disappointed as the ore held in richness at depth. While the owners of the Peck began th eir crosscut, another good prospect was made south of the Peck, and adjacent to the Silver Prince. This was the Black Warrior. The Black Warrior was actually an extension of the Silver Prince and was located by S. A. Smith and D. K. Haughtelin. In Prescott, as the word from the Peck district con tinued to be good, the demand for a wagon road into Peck Canyon increased. The mine was not producing enough, as yet, to bear the expense of a road. The citizens knew that the sooner a road was put in the sooner the Peck, and other mines, would begin to produce on a large scale thus bringing benefit to the merchants of Prescott. Work on the Peck continued throughout the winter of 1875-76. By February, B. T. Riggs, who was now in charge of the mining operation, reported he was down to the one hundred and five foot level and the ore was as rich as ever. Riggs 115 brought samples of the above mentioned ore to Prescott to prove the mine was continuing to show promise. The bright future of the Peck was marred during the spring of 1876 when one of the original locators, Cole, let his good fortune go to his head. He proceeded to go on a prolonged drunk. While he was drunk, and confused, he con signed his share of the original location over to May Bean, the wife of 0. C. Bean. After he sobered up, Cole contended he was unable to transact business while he was intoxicated and sued for the return of his share in the mine. The trial was an unusual one. The editor of the Weekly Arizona Miner wrote the following description of the proceedings: We sat in court and heard the plaintiff's own attorneys traducing him in the vilest manner, while the opposing counsel were strain ing every nerve to make him out a gentleman.® Cole won h is case. Judge French summarized the case by stating that Cole was intoxicated, but Bean had not con spired to get him drunk. However, Bean knew that Cole was drunk and incapable of making a contract for transferring his shares in the mine for any consideration. Cole was awarded the decision. There seems to be more to the litigation than appears from the summary. The Weekly Arizona Miner sta tes that Cole had been^grubstaked** on b is prospecting venture when he was brought into the Peck Claim. Further, Cole "went back" on ^Weekly Arizona Miner (Prescott), November 16, 18?6. 116 Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 Upper Left: This picture was taken from the road above the Silver Prince Mine. The road fin a lly passes on into Peck Canyon. The Silver Prince, and its close neighbor, the Black Warrior, are located below the pass into Peck Canyon. Vestiges of the old stage coach and wagon road are visible at this point. Upper Right: The mill foundations for the Silver Prince Mine. Lower Left: Cabins surrounding the Silver Prince workings. Lower Right: A view from the head of Peck Canyon looking south. 117 those obligations. He had also owed sums of money in Pres cott and"went back* on them. When he disposed of h is Peck stock to May Bean he must have discharged those debts at a discount, while he was temporarily without funds, and then recovered his stock and was free of debt. Bean appealed the decision of the court and the appeal was still pending when Cole died of acute gastritis June 6, - 1878* •. Meanwhile, on November 11, 1876, the Peck Mining Com pany was incorporated. The incorporators were E. G. Peck, Mary M. Bean, Leonora Jewell, and Catherine Alexander. In an at tempt to quiet things between Bean and Cole, Peck persuaded the company to issue twenty-five thousand additional shares of stock to hold for May Bean pending th e outcome of Bean vs Cole. It is presumed May Bean was not going to lose whichever: way the case went. However, May Bean proceeded to vote not only her Cole stock (before the court judgment) but the newly issued stock. Naturally there was considerable objection to t h is ...... - Later, Peck went to California and incorporated the Peck Mine in that state to put the stock on the San Francisco Exchange._ May Bean demanded to be issued, shares in the Califor nia Company equal to her Cole shares and the shares held for her. Peck claimed he had a verbal agreement with May Bean to the effect she would not claim the twenty-five thousand shares held but, once again, there was a wrangle involving the exact holdings of Bean in the Peck Mining Company. 118 Finally, Bean sold his holdings for §50,000. Peck was left with the California investors who were able to take the mine from him by 1879. Peck attempted to sue the C alifornia Corporation in 1879. The court dismissed his suit. The judg ment was an important one. Peck was suing a company that he - had originally incorporated in California in an Arizona Terri torial court. The judge held that, although the property in volved was in Arizona, the Territorial Court had no jurisdic tion over "foreign" companies and Mr. Peck would have to bring suit in California for the recovery of the $230,000 he claimed Hobart, etal had not accounted for. Peck did not attempt to • sue in California and was permanently out of the Peck Company. 7 Ed Peck was remembered in the territo ry and h is comings and goings recorded in the territorial newspapers. The Exposite r warned against Arizona miners allowing California capitalists in- 8 to their schemes (although the miners needed the capital badly). Peck lived out his last years prospecting and died in.1910. The Peck litigation was lengthy and few of the original locators were to p rofit from the legal b a ttle . At one time Peck even resorted to force and held the mine with armed men. However, in sp ite of a l l the Peck was producing valuable ore. ^E. G. Peck. APES. The summary of the Peck litigation in the Arizona Pioneer Historical Society Library is taken from newspaper accounts of the trial. It is lengthy but typical of many of the costly law suits that arose from productive mines. ^The Territorial Expositor (Phoenix), July 18, 1879. Peck resented the opinion of the Expositor which called his action in bringing the California investors into the mine as a •’Trojan Horse.•• Fish makes much the same type of remark as he describes the Peck troubles. Fish, 0£. cit., p. 539. 119 At first the Peck ores were packed into Prescott for trans shipment , but later the Peck Company purchased,a m ill to work the ores. Their mill had originally been erected on Groom Greek by A. 0. Noyes and George Curtis in 1868« I t was then called the Umpqua Mill. The first site did not.prove success ful and it was moved five or six miles up stream on the Hassay- ampa and called the Chase Mill. This, too, was unsuccessful and the mill was moved up Groom Creek to the site of the Noyes- Curtis saw mill. Here it was called the Aztlan Mill. It did not receive enough ores to keep i t running and Curtis and Noyes sold the mill to Bowers and Richards. These two men soon sold the Aztlan to the Peck Mining Company.- It was used by the Peck Mine until they were ready with their own mill close to the head of the mine. The Peck Mill was first operated in February 2, 1878. An eye witness to the event: describes it thus: ■ George Hogle; James Mee and E .L . Gobin (managers and foremen at the mine) were present. The mill worked p erfectly. I t was a "gala morning,'* sure enough, on the old gulch and wonder not, good reader, if we tell you the event was celebrated by taking of various and sundry drinks. Old Sol, even, appeared, pleased as he crept over the h i ll and saw what was going on in the Gulch. The witness goes on to say that he hopes the Peck Mine and the Peck family have seen the last of their worries and that they, and Prescott, will enter a period of, prosper ity. The effect of the litigations is reflected in this , . . io - ..' pious wish. . ^Prescott Courier. January 15, 1886. •^Arizona Enterprise. (Prescott), February 2, 1877. 120 Even with its own m ill, a wagon road that came with in six miles of the mill in 1877, and a rich body of ore to ex p lo it, the mine suffered from mismanagement. An observer of the mine in March of 1877 found they had not exploited their water resources, were using hand windlasses in many operations where they could have employed steam power. Fortu nately, the ore was easily worked, but with efficient manage ment the owners would have realized much more from th eir property. After 1880 the Peck declined. There were several sporadic attempts to reopen the mine, but the greatest period of production was between 1875 and 1879. As General Kautz had predicted in 1875, a town did grow up in the Peck District, called Alexandra. The county expended $35,000 to put in a road to the mine and town and in 1881, aside from Prescott and Wickenburg, Alexandra is the only town mentioned in Yavapai County 11Ibid., March 3, 1878. •^Between 1878 and about the turn of the century there are a number of references to this old mining town. Hinton notes the construction of the much desired road into the camp in 1878. Hinton, op. oit. . p. 100. Hamilton says "The only other towns definitely known in the county at this time (other than Prescott) are the town of Alexandra, in the Peck Mining D istr ic t, to which a good road i s now constructed, and Wicken burg. N (Wickenburg was not included in Maricopa County u n til a later date). Hamilton, op. cit., p. 49. There is also a reference to a stage running to Alexandra three times weekly. Wallace E lliot gave some mention of Alexandra in 1884• A History of the Territory of Arizona (San Francisco: Wallace Elliot, Publisher, 1884). Today the remains of Alexandra, on the old site, are few. Further south, over the pass from Peck Canyon into Crazy Basin, there are a number Of-shacks, Tc P#€Sa7f RiSt) o-v 3ifr Bv«- STREAM* F i g . 5 -bc/U£ - z zVc/V 4/46 , Z - ^ j. (F 5. A p '9*3 - OS0 ifeu.e /life flEU Fig.5-Taken from the USGS Bradshaw Quadrangle, 1950 and USGS Bradshaw Mountains map, 1903# To enter th is area the traveler must turn west one m ile south of Cordes Junction on the Black Canyon Highway. The road is marked for Cordes, Cleator and Crown King. The site of the old Peck District is marked by a sign to the north of the Crown King Road reading "Swastika Mine". A narrow jeep road then goes up the canyon to the buildings of the Swastika which is the site of the original Silver Prince and Black Warrior Mines. These mines are now owned by the Holmardix Mining Company of Prescott. Upon reaching the Swastika a steep switchback leads northeast and finally passes through a saddle in the mountains, it w ill then debouch into the upper portion of Peck Canyon. This is the s ite of Alexan dra. At Alexandra the road forks. One fork, to the l e f t , follows Peck Canyon down to the mine and m illsite. The other emerges to the east of the canyon and the Verde River Mountains (Mazatzals) may be seen for a short space before the road once more enters Peck Canyon. There are two routes to Crown King from the Peck. One, the present road, bypasses Peck and follows the railroad grade over the mountains to Crown King. The other road, which was once a direct road from Mayer to Crown King via Peck, is barely visible as it runs south west from Peck. Lindgren reported the old wagon road impassable in 1922. 123 Fig* 6- The Aztlan Mill* The m ill had a long and varied history (Supra. 119) and at the time this picture was taken it was probably still working the ores from the Peck Mine. (1876-1877). Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott. 124 Fig. 7- The Peck Mill. Today only the foundations remain of the once extensive milling works. This picture is taken from across the creek and upstream from the earlier picture of the Peck Mill. February, 1958. Fig. 8- Boiler, Peck Mine. The boiler is located upstream from the m ills ite on the western slope of the canyon. There is con siderable timber and debris in the foreground from a building that once stood near the boiler but did not seem to enclose it. February, 1958. 125 Fig 9-Alexandra as i t appeared in 1878. The mine and m ill are up the canyon from th is view. 126 Fig.lO-The road at the summit of Peck Canyon Looking north toward the mine. The town of Alexandra was located along this road. There are old foundations and trash scattered for some distance along either side of the trace. The road takes a sharp right turn and at this point there are the remains of a stone house. The walls have crumbled away but there is enough left to follow the outline of the building. February,1958. Fig. 11-Headframe of the Black W arrior Mine. February, 1958. 127 I S m S E M s T Fig. 13-The Peck m ill viewed from the north. The outcropping that marked the site of the original discovery may be seen in the background. The wagon road that came north from Alexandra to the mine is visible just above the roof of the m ill. Alexandra was two or three miles above the mine in Peck Canyon. (1877) Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott. 129 F ig . 14 ' House, Peck Canyon. The house stands across the creek and up the canyon several hundred feet from the millo The building is obviously quite old but there is no indication how old it may be. It was in habited as late as 1946. This structure is the only large building left standing in the Peck area. February, 1958 F ig . 15 130 Fig. 16-Another view of house in Peck Canyon. At the same time the Peek was being developed two prospectors, far to the south of the Peck District, discovered the Tip Top Mine. Eventually, the Tip Top produced a consider able sum of money. As was often the case in these discover ies, Moore and Corning, the prospectors, sold out before the mine reached its peak production, and others were to benefit from the bonanza. The Tip Top was located in the Humbug District, a creek that flows into the Agua Fria. The location was fortunate as i t combines water f a c ilit ie s and nearby timber. In 1876, or 1877, (the dates are indefinite), the original locators sold out to Charles Hoffman and Dan . G illette who, in turn, sold to a gentleman named Haggin. Hinton notes that it Was an incorporated company by 1878 so the development and issuance o f stock in the mine must have come early.^ Gillette remained as a manager of the mine, but branched out by finding a p rofitab le enterprise in de veloping the small town of G illette. The Tip Top worked stead ily from 1875 u n til 1883 and 11 produced from between three million to four million dollars. *1 * houses and head frames on the site of the Silver Prince Mine, although i t is now known as the Swastika Mine and owned by the Holmardix Mining Company of P rescott. Lindgren gives a good survey.of the Peck District and a description of-the ... Peck Mine. Lindgren, TJSGS 782, op. c it., p. 160. In 1956 Pedro Cordes, of Cordes, Arizona, said, there was nothing on the Peck site but an old gallows frame.. __ __ 1 ^Hinton, op. cit., pp. 116-17. - | ... , m tm m m ^ ^ ...... ^ ■...... » ...... - . v ,. .. ^Lindgren, op. cit. . p. 179. Lindgren’s production figure is the lower while Burchard’s Mint Report of 1884 gives the other. 132 Even during the period, the mine was closed .the Prescott - Courier carried:an article that mentions twenty-five chlor- iders, that is, small operators who have their ores custom milled, operating in the area. 15_ It was run for. an addition al three years from 1886 and produced another two hundred and fifty thousand dollars, then once again shut down. - After the success of the Peck and the Tip Top, and with the road and Indian situation improved, many prospec tors came into the Bradshaws, once again, and located produc ing mines. Few would yield as much as the Peck and Tip Top, but some of them gave a substantial profit. From Black Canyon west into Minnehaha Flat there were numerous locations. In the Minnehaha District placer miners were getting a good yield in gold. In nearby Copper Basin the Lane Mine was lo cated. Lindgren mentions three hundred tons of Lane ore that gave fifty thousand dollars.1^ In 1884 the Prescott Courier carries a business note that E. L. Gobin is opening up the inevitable saloon at the Lane.^ The general feeling in all the districts throughout the 1880's was optimistic. Old producers, that had been closed during the preceding decade, were reopened. With the decreasing cost of transportation, improvement of methods and •^Prescott Courier. June 20, 1884. ^Lindgren, op. oit. . p. 177. Lindgren's survey of the area is the most comprehensive. Most of the material concerns the mineralization, but there are also interesting historical notes. ITprescott Courier. August 8, 1884. 133 encouragement from the government by relaxing assessment re quirements, the region, now included in the Bradshaw Quad- ■ ■ ig rangle, was rather prosperous. ^^The 1903 ed ition of the U. S. Department of the Interior Geological Survey map shows many of the locations developed in the ISSO’s. The 1949 edition shows a number of prospects, unnamed, but still contains a few of. the old ... locations. Blandy’s Map of 1882 is, of course, the best indication of the amount of development. Lindgren’s survey closely follows the Blandy Map and it is interesting to com pare the evaluation of the properties by ULndgren with the locations on the map. The Newspapers in Prescott frequently used the term "bonanza" and there again it is interesting to compare the Lindgren statements with the lavish claims of the early days. For example, the Prescott Courier claims the Buzzard Mine can work 100 men, while Lindgren gives it s total production at twenty-five thousand dollars. . • V. ' - - CHAPTER T U I :. . ■ : . THE CROSfiHED KING AND BIG BUG MINES 1880-1920 The production of the Peck, Tip Top and>others brought into prominence a property that had been idle and undeveloped for a decade. When the excitement euround the Tiger was at its height a location had been made a short distance north east of the Tiger and named the Red Rock prospect. The origin al locators abandoned the Red Rock and i t was relocated by A1 Doyle and Jim Fine who ke&t up the assessments for some time and again abandoned it .^ In 1888 the property came to the notice of N. C.^ Shekels. Shekels was Postmaster at Bradshaw City in 1874, and had been active in mining in the territory for some time. Shekels took the abandoned Buckeye, as Fine and Doyle had re named it, and again began work on the claim calling it the Crowned King. He was joined by 0. F. Place and George Harrington in developing the mine. Place was in the Terri tory at an early date. He was living at Maricopa Wells in ■‘’Notes, Shariot Hall Scrapbook, p. 63. —Arizona Enterprise. (Florence). May 23, 1891. There seems to be some co n flict in regard to the original locator of the Crowned King. The Arizona Daily Star, in 1899, declares Place to be the locator, "Serving for years as its only backer in money and tim e.” However, Shekels was in the area and lo cated and claimed in 1890. Since the three men later had a violent court battle over the mine it appears the Tucson paper may have heard what Place claimed in 1899 whereas the Florence paper had a man on the location only a short time after the claim was recorded by Shekels. Arizona Daily Star, (Tucson), February 5, 1899. 135 1868 and had been a resident of Prescott before that.^ Harrington seems to have been a more recent a rriv a l. These three men began th eir work on the Crowned King and on Janu ary 1, 1890 N.C. Shekels, as agent for the Crowned King Min ing Company, filed a claim for the mine.^ By 1891 there was a small community around the Crowned King and th e[S ilver King, a location adjacent to the Crowned King. A ten stamp mill ran on a creek a m ile from the S ilver King. There .were two boarding houses, an assay office, and a store run by A. S. Shindle. A Post O ffice had been opened and there were a num ber of frame houses for the miners.^ The mine was producing good ores by 1891. - : The happy state of affairs at the Crowned King, as re ported in 1891, was not to last for long. The three men, Place, Harrington and Shekels, had the inevitable falling out over con trol of the mine. Place claimed the other two were trying to close him out. Place also claimed presidency of the corporation. The mine had, for some reason, been incorporated in Illinois - and the legal battle took place in Taylorville, Illinois. The litigation began in 1892 and lasted for some years. At a stock holders meeting March 14, 1894 in Illinois, Place attempted to shoot Harrington.^ He was disarmed and there were no injuries, •^Weekly Arizona Miner. (Prescott), February 8, 1868. ^Recorder, Yavapai County, Book of Mines, pp. 534-35. 5Arizona Enterprise. May 23, 1891. ^Crown King, File, Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott. The information comes from a dated newspaper article but the clipping does not indicate the .newspaper.- , ...... 136-' but it shows how bitter the feeling waa at that time. The issu e was not decided u n til September .11, 1898 when the judg ment went against Place and Shekels was named president of 7 the Crowned King Mining Company. . • While the owners were fig h tin g .in court the mine con tinued to produce and the town of Crowned King to grow. In fa c t, i t s main period of production was between 1893 and 1900.® In .1899 the Crowned King struck an extremely rich dyke of ore and it caused much excitement for a time, but production was sporadic after 1900 despite the extravagant claims made by the press and investors. The company was reorganized several times and became the Crown King. As.late as 1939 there was an attempt ed development of the mine, but it is now idle and Only the re sort cabins and mill foundations remain on the old site.^ During the decade 1890-1900 production in the Crowned King area was not confined to the Crowned King mine. The Oro Belle, Gladiator, Lincoln, and even the old Del Pasco, were shipping ores and contributed to the prosperity of the district. Between 1890. and 1900'th6 Crowned King camp was the most active in the Bradshaws. The Peck had ceased to be the profitable property it had been earlier. Periodic attempts were made to reopen the "Great Peck Mine", as i t s promoters termed i t , but i t was not an outstanding success in the la tte r part of the century. In 1891 the Tiger was under bond to Sena tor John S. Barbour and a group of Baltimore in vestors. 7lb id . . ®Lindgren, op. c i t . , p. 168. ^Crown King F ile . April 17, 1939. No newspaper designa tion . 137 The Senator, Boggs, Haekberry and Copper Basin mines were owned "by the Phelps Dodge Company. Abraham S. Hewitt owned the Silver Prince, and Black Warrior south of the Peck. How ever, Crowned King was the center and the most important of them all. As the mine grew in production, the town to the south of the mine, kept pace. Cash gives this description of Crowned King during the time he was there and when the camp was at i t s zenith. • : v I came into the Arizona Territory in 1880 from v: Helena, Montana. I got tired of the snow up there. When I f ir s t came to Arizona X packed ore from the Hassayampa Mines for George Buffner. (he also packed select ore from Pine Flat) then I went to Crown King. At Crown King I packed ore for Harrington (this man was one of the origin al owners, Place and Shackles being the other two). We packed concentrates from the Crown King, Oro B elle and Gladiator. Those were boom times before the railroad got there. I packed twenty mules "in my train. The Wager brothers were miners and saloon men. The postmaster dumped the mail on a table and you all got in there to see .... 1? there was any for,you.....There were seventeen...... men killed while I was there, and two suicides. They also killed three county officers, the Justice of the Peace and two deputies; Seven killings were : - over women. The women had been loose then turned respectable, .but their old customers tried to come back after they got married. ; I was raised in west ern Kansas and I had a fig h t with my dad and came w est.10 . The boom times mentioned by Cash were coming to an end by the turn of the century as far as the packers were concerned. The mining in terests in the Bradshaws and to the west in the Weaver and Wiekenburg area had been urging the construction of a north-south railroad. There was a line extending from Ashfork 'Interview with James Cash, Arizona Pioneer, July 16, 1957. 138 and the Santa Fe main lin e to P rescott. The next step was to furnish a link between Phoenix and Prescott! This connecting line would not only provide transportation to and from Prescott and Phoenix, but would receive heavy tr a ffic from the ranches and mines en route. L There were two choices in regard to the route of the proposed line; south from Prescott to the Black Canyon and following the Agua Fria on to Phoenix, or it could run south west to Iron Springs, Kirkland and south to Congress and Wicken- burg.**"1" The deciding factor was the in terest of "Diamond Joe" Reynolds, owner of the Congress Mine. Reynolds did not live to witness the completion of the Prescott to Phoenix line but his successor as head of the Congress, Frank N. Murphy, was instrumental in bringing the Prescott Phoenix Railway by the 12 Congress Mine, , ... ■ ; The Congress was located in 1883 by Dennis May. He sold it in 188? for $30,000 and took his money east to invest in a mercantile venture. However, the lure of prospecting was too strong and May returned to prospect and mine shortly thereafter. Reynolds got control of the mine after May sold, and with his wealth was responsible for developing the Congress into an important producer. Reynolds died at the mine in 1891 from pneumonia. He had been inspecting some new tunneling, and the consequent draft and dampness gave him a cold which soon turned to pneumonia. His la st wish was that Murphy accom pany his body to the east for burial but, as it turned out, the railroad fight came to crises at this timeand Murphy re mained in the Arizona Territory. Total production of the Congress was estimated at close to $14,000,000. Today the highway to Prescott passes through the town of Congress Junc tion but the original town and mine s ite are several m iles to the northwest. • ; ^Events later took a strange turn as Murphy financed the railroad to Crowned King. In 1891 the-Arizona Enterprise claimed, in regard to the Crowned King, "Success w ill come from the railway, survey. The line w ill pass eight miles east 139 The Prescott Phoenix Railroad was completed by 1895 and then building interest shifted to the Black Canyon. The reason Reynolds and Murphy had been successful in routing the railroad in such a manner as to serve the Congress and Vulture mines may be found in the comparative metal values of the times. From the time of the Tiger strike in 1871 until 1883 silver and copper were relatively more valuable than gold. However, in the period 1883-84 the country went through a severe deflation of commodity values and the relative price of gold began to rise. The silver and copper markets fell rapidly. With the demonitization of silver in 1893, silver mining came to a standstill. Coincident with this development on the national scene, the silv e r lodes in the Bradshaws were being exhausted and activity was once again centered in areas with gold producing possibilities. Thus it was that the rail road was routed to serve th e Congress and Vulture gold mines and development of railroad facilities in the Black Canyon 13 area would wait for the reopening of gold mines. The production of the Crowned King began this rejuvena tion of the gold industry in the Tiger - Peck silver regions and to the north the old gold mines in the Big Bug District (of the Crowned King) from Phoenix to Prescott." Arizona Enter prise. (Florence) May 23, 1891. At this time Murphy was in- volved, with Reynolds, in bringing the railroad far to the west of Crowned King. ^Department of the Interior, United States Geological Survey, Geologic Atlas of the U.S., Bradshaw Mountains Folio. Arizona (Washington, D.C.,'1905; p. 9). T. A. Jagger and Charles Palache were the surveyors for this folio; Also see Department of Mineral Resources, State of Arizona, History of Mining in Arizona, Phoenix: 1955. Extract of statement by I. B. Tenney, University of Arizona Bulletin, Arizona Lode Gold Mines and Gold M ining B ulletin 137. ------T» /o^KtX ST# (Z.s.c-.S. 3radiha w /ATS. n ej v . ^. c-. S . B R a OSHmh/ ( 3 i#a.4>. i>jT» LWOtREA). U.S ^S.-BuLLEf/'V ?fa, ' f t were once again opened. ' .. j ■ In 1895 George Middleton erected a new m ill near what i s now Humboldt, and George Fennel was instrumental in promot ing the Val Verde Smelter in the same area. By this time Murphy and h is associates had become interested in the Crowned King, Mudhole (Walker District) and Poland Mines. Therefore, it was decided to extend the Prescott Kastern Railroad south from Prescott Junction to Mayer, a distance of 26.4 miles. The new line was completed by 1898. The new railroad aided greatly in stimulating growth in the Big Bug Mining D istrict. In 1902 a nine mile spur was built into Poland from Poland Junction to handle the ores of. the, Poland and Providence M ines.^ At the time the Poland-Providence Mines were showing promise either Middleton or Murphy had built a new m ill on Lynx Creek and began new development of the old Walker D istric t mines. The Crescent (later called the Sheldon Mine), Mudhole and Occidental were prominent at this time. A narrow gauge track from the mines led to the new mill. When the spur to .. the Poland was contemplated and then built, a tunnel from the Poland mine to Lynx Creek was dug through the steep granite ridge that separates Lynx Creek from Poland on Big Bug Creek at this point. The distance of the tunnel was somewhere be tween 8,400 and 11,000 feet:A narrow gauge track was la id in the tunnel and the ore oars were pulled by mules in the early, days of the tunnel. Ore was transferred from the Poland .. 14Tlle mining camp at Poland was named for Davis R. Poland who found and named the original Poland Mine iif 1872. He filed for a homestead in the area of the mine in 1882. Barnes, op. cit pp. 341-42. ---- Tunnel oars to the standard gauge track at the Poland Portal. The cost of the tunnel was about $500,000 and was financed by the Development Company of America (a holding company for the Murphy estate) and Middleton's company. In 1904 the Consoli dated Arizona Smelting Company, under the combined direction of John Elliot and the Santa Fe Railroad, (the Santa Fe had purchased the Prescott Eastern from Murphy by th is time) gained control of the Middleton Mill and Val Verde Smelter and, consequently, a share of the Poland Tunnel. In 1907, the Lynx Creek mines closed down and the tunnel was inactive until 1915 when i t was reopened to handle the ores of the Sheldon Mine. Sheldon ores were shipped until 1921 when the smelter and mines closed down once again. In 1922 the tunnel was re conditioned and gasoline engine conveyances were installed. The tunnel was in operation until 1930 when all the mines in 15 the area closed down and have never been reopened.■ Meanwhile, encouraged by the successful production of gold by the Big Bug and Lynx Creek mines, Murphy decided to ex tend the railroad southwest from Mayer to Crowned King. A rich dyke of gold ore in the Crowned King in 1899 had caused ex cite ment in the district and undoubtedly influenced the railroad project. The railroad was completed by 1904. It possessed •^Poland Mine, f i l e , Arizona State Bureau of Mines, Phoenix. The Poland Mine file , or folder, contains af statement by George Colvorcorness, former manager of the Iron King Mine, in regard to the Poland Tunnel and the development of the Big Bug Mines• from about the turn of the century to 1930. .Colvorcorness had arrived in the Big Bug District in 1915• Ee saw many of the properties and was in the Poland Tunnel. 143 some very steep grades, and a number of switchbacks were necessary to allow the train to ascend the mountains east of Crowned King. However, by the time the railroad had reached Crowned King the mine had passed i t s peak production. I t was in operation interm ittently from 1901 to 1909. In 1909 the whole property was sold to the Yavapai Consolidated Gold, S il ver and Copper Company, controlled by Murphy. The sale price at this time was only $7$,000. The tracks remained in place until 1926-27 when they were taken up and a road was oon- 16 struoted on portions of the railroad. Although the Poland-Previdence, Crowned King Mines, and those along Lynx Creek in the old Walker D istr ic t, had known gold values, and were exploited off and on for some time, northeast of Poland an excellent development was made on the McCabe-Gladstone property producing #2,500,000 to #3,000,000 in gold from 1898 to 1913. McCabe was only a short distance from the 1898 Prescott Eastern Railroad on the Junction of Ticonderoga Gulch .and Galena Gulch. In 1901 Jagger and Palache estimated there were three hundred people residing at McCabe which made it one of the most populous of the Bradshaw, camps. In the same general area, though to the west, the Little Jessie earned #750,000 to 1903, the Dividend produced #200,000 to #300,000.17 By the turn of the century, however, the copper industry l^Dniversity of Arizona Bulletin 137, op. cit., p. 56. 17 'Lindgren, op. c it., pp. 126-43. 144 Fig. 2-The Poland Tunnel. The tunnel was 11,000 feet in length pplilSIESSi.. 6 Unne^ novv closed. Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott. Fig. 3-Track crew laying the Crowned King Railroad track. The line was extended southwest from Mayer, 1903-1904. Sharlot Hall Museum, Prescott. 146 Fig. 4-The completed track showing the switchbacks on the Crowned King Railroad. Portions of this old railroad bed are now the automobile road leading into Crowned King. Sharlot Hall Museum, P rescott. 147 of the Jerome region was beginning to dominate the mining picture. Lindgren remarks that the gold and silv e r mines in the Bradshaws had a dilapidated appearance at the time he made his survey through the Bradshaw region.^® The railroad had withdrawn to Mayer, once again. Wagon roads through the mountains were poor. The old Tiger, Grey Eagle, Del Pasco, Peck and Silver Prince were idle. The Bradshaws had th eir day and now the .area i s almost completely deserted. The once active mining centers of Crown King, Walker, Providence and McCabe are marked by neglected gallows frames and an occasional cabin or store going to ruin. The once w ell-traveled and important Senator Highway, south from Prescott to Crown King, is barely passable with four wheeled drive. But the old mines served their purpose. Due to the attraction they held for the miner during the last half of the nineteenth century and into the first decade or so of the twentieth century, population and capital were drawn into the area and they contributed greatly to the growth of the Arizona Territory. •l&Ibid. . p. 136, "Providence has the sad aspect of a de funct mining town though' at one time i t presented a scene of great activity." p. 160, "From the heights of Crown King the traveler descends along the dilapidated wagon road by the Lincoln Mine." p. 174, "The Oro Belle is on a brushy south slope of Wasson Peak at 5,400 feet. An old wagon road in bad condition comes in from Minnehaha F lat and Walnut Grove. In 1922 the property was neglected." 148 Some of the oldtimers are still unwilling to admit the Bradshaws w ill never be a bonanza again. But with the depressed price of gold and silver, and the lack of success up to th is time (1958) in locating uranium or industrial ores such as manganese and vanadium in large d eposits, i t seems the old d is tr ic ts have w ell passed th eir prime. APPENDIX I In the early days of mining in the west the ores show ing sulpherets, that is, combinations of the gold, silver and copper with sulpher, were not regarded with favor. The reason being that these ores did not respond to the milling methods of the miners. For example, the stamp m ills brought down to Lynx Creek and the Hassayampa were steam driven machines with a simple ore crushing ability. The stamps pounded the ore to expose the gold. The pulverized gold then ran over an amalga mation plate with riffles. That is, a long apron with cleats much like the cleats on the smaller rockers. A good supply of water was needed to run the ore from the stamping process over the plates. The riffles were treated with mercury and the gold joined with the mercury to form an amalgam. However, in the case of sulpheret ores the sulpher joined with the gold in the amalgam. The whole operation was closely related with the Spanish patio process.^ The remedy for treating sulpherets was to roast the ores thoroughly before they were put over the amalgamation plates. The roasting oxidized the sulfides and le f t valuable minerals for the mercury to take up. 2 ■^Richard E. Chism, The Patio Process in San Dimas, Mexico. Transactions of the American Institute of Mining Engineers (Published by the Institute, 1883), pp. 61-78. % . Lawrence Austin, S ilver M illing Arizona. Transac tions of the American In stitu te of Mining Engineers (Published by the Institute, 1883), pp. 91-106. The article describes the Harshaw Mill of Charleston, Arizona, but the process is typical of the stamp m ill of the period. \ 150 Later the cyanide process was developed for treating gold. It was not perfected until the Bradshaw mines had been in operation for some time. The cyanide process is mentioned as early as 1868, but its practical application and effect on Arizona mining in the Bradshaws came when the Octave, Congress, Crowned King and Big Bug mines were in production in the late nineteenth century. 151 BIBLIOGRAPHY" Public Documents Emory, William H., Notes of a Military Reconnaissance from Port Leavenworth, in Missouri, to San Diego, in “ California, including parts of the Arkansas, Del Norte. and Gila Rivers, 30 Cong.. 1 sess., Sen, focec. Doc. No. 7. Washington: Wendell and Van Benthuysen, Printers, 1848. Lindgren, Waldemar, A Survey of Mines^and Mining. Bradshaw Quadrangle Prescott, Arizona. United States Geological Survey Bulletin, 7#*, Washington, D. C«: Government Printing Office, 1926. . ^ : . 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