European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X / 1450-202X Vol. 151 No 1 December, 2018, pp. 96-111 http://www. europeanjournalofscientificresearch.com

The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of Southwest Region of City (Sahel of Doukkala, )

Imane EL Adnani Corresponding Author, Laboratory of Geosciences and Environment Techniques Department of Geology, Chouaib Doukkali University Faculty of Sciences, El Jadida, Morocco E-mail: [email protected] Tel: +212-65-8650247

Abdelkader Younsi Laboratory of Geosciences and Environment Techniques Department of Geology, Chouaib Doukkali University Faculty of Sciences, El Jadida, Morocco, E-mail: [email protected]

Khalid Ibno Namr Laboratory of Geosciences and Environment Techniques Department of Geology, Chouaib Doukkali University Faculty of Sciences, El Jadida, Morocco, E-mail: [email protected]

Abderrahim El Achheb Laboratory of Geosciences and Environment Techniques Department of Geology, Chouaib Doukkali University Faculty of Sciences, El Jadida, Morocco, E-mail: [email protected]

El Mehdi Irzan Laboratory of Geosciences and Environment Techniques Department of Geology, Chouaib Doukkali University Faculty of Sciences, El Jadida, Morocco, E-mail: [email protected]

Abstract

Research on groundwater quality and usage in the Cenomanian aquifer in a near- coastal agricultural region in Morocco was conducted in 2005 and in 2016. This study was undertaken to determine the characteristics of water quality in this aquifer in order to identify the sectors most affected by different types of pollution due mainly to the increase in human activities in this region Forty-six wells in the vicinity of the landfill site were sampled and analyzed for parameters including: temperature, electrical conductivity, pH, chloride, sulphate, nitrate, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium and bicarbonate, in addition to the depth of the The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of Southwest Region of El Jadida City (Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco) 97

water table. The concentrations of most of the chemical elements exceed drinking water standards such as chloride, sodium, nitrate and sulphate (4535, 2411, 264 and 851 mg/l respectively); these wells are located either near the Moulay Abdellah landfill or in the agricultural and coastal areas. The analysis of the overall quality of the water revealed that just 20 % of the monitored wells are of good quality, with the quality of the rest ranging from medium to very bad quality. Poor water quality in the Cenomanian aquifer is associated with lithological, marine and anthropogenic sources of chemical constituents.

Keywords: Groundwater, quality, landfill, pollution, anthropogenic, Cenomanian aquifer.

1. Introduction The Sahel of Doukkala region is currently experiencing increasing agricultural, industrial and urban development and population growth. This development has been accompanied by a steady increase in water requirements and a deterioration of groundwater quality (Soudi, 1999). As groundwater is the only significant water resource in the region, the deterioration in groundwater quality has the potential to limit the use of this resource. Water availability in the region is also likely to decline sharply in the long term due to prolonged and repetitive drought periods (Berdaï, 1997). As a consequence of this, water availability per head of population is expected to decrease from 800 m 3 in 1990 to 400 m3 in 2020, thus classifying Morocco as a country under chronic water stress (Agoussine and Bouchaou, 2004). The quality of groundwater in the region has been affected by a number of different sources of anthropogenic pollution (such as from the use of fertilizers and solid and liquid waste disposal), from the dissolution of reservoir rocks, aerosols and sea spray (Younsi, 2001). Consequently, it is important that the physicochemical quality of the groundwater of the Cenomanian aquifer is investigated to determine the distribution of areas where groundwater quality has been most severely affected by these processes. Accordingly, two sampling campaigns were undertaken in February 2005 by Boureggab and the other in February 2016 by our team. The physicochemical parameters measured on the site and in the laboratory, were used in the characterization of these waters and to identify the processes responsible for controlling the geochemical evolution of groundwater in the aquifer. Our study also aims to raise the awareness of economic actors in order to implement an action plan to minimize the impacts of the probable origins of the pollution of the Cenomanian groundwater.

2. Study Area Description 2.1. Geographic Location The studied area is part of the coastal Sahel basin of Doukkala which belongs to the Western Moroccan Meseta. It lies between latitudes 33°11'and 33°14' and longitudes 8°29' and 8°35'. The area is bordered on the south-east by the landfill site, on the north-east by Sidi Bouzid and on the north-west by the Atlantic Ocean. This region covers an area of 281 km 2 and is approximately 8 km wide (Fig.1). Located 7 km south-west of El Jadida city, the landfill site covers an area of 27 ha and has been operational since November 2006. It receives about 255 daily tons of household and similar solid waste from six urban and rural communities (El Jadida, , , Moulay Abdellah, and Tnine ) as well as the El Jadida and Jorf Lasfar industrial zones. Although the landfill is underlain by a geosynthetic liner, about 25 m 3/day of leachate is estimated to be discharged from the facility. 98 Imane EL Adnani, Abdelkader Younsi, Khalid Ibno Namr, Abderrahim El Achheb and El Mehdi Irzan

Table 1 shows some physicochemical characteristics of raw leachates of the former uncontrolled discharge of El Jadida city (Chofqi 2004). It should be noted that during our visit of the landfill site, we noticed a storage of very large volumes of generated leachates without any treatment and which can easily get infiltrated into the groundwater.

Figure 1: Geographical location of the study area (Image 2016, Digital Globe)

Table 1: The average physicochemical composition of leachate (Chofqi 2004)

Parameters Average chemical composition of leachate (2001) T (°C) 26.35 pH 8.84 EC(mS/cm) 27.18 Cl - (mg/l) 5967 Na + (mg/l) 2941.66 K+ (mg/l) 700 Ca 2+ (mg/l) 202.83 Mg 2+ (mg/l) 255.83 2- SO 4 (mg/l) 1800 - NO 3(mg/l) 2.37

2.2. Climatic Setting Due to the immediate proximity of the ocean and the absence of natural obstacles, the study area has a semi-arid climate. During the twelve years, temperatures are irregular from one year to another, the coldest months are January and February with average temperatures of 15°C; the warmest months are July and August with an average of 24 °C. Mean annual temperatures range from 18.7 to 20.4 °C. The average rainfall calculated over a twelve-year observation period (2005 to 2016) is of the order of 380.08 mm. Rainfall values ranged from a low of 179.7 mm in 2005 to a high of 712 mm in the rainiest year of 2010.

The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of Southwest Region of El Jadida City (Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco) 99

Regarding monthly variations, the wettest month is November with a value of 93.83 mm, and a value of 1.08 mm records in July (Fig.2 and Fig.3).

Figure 2: Annual variation of pluviometry and temperatures at El Jadida station (D.R.A 2005- 2016)

Figure 3: Monthly variation of average pluviometry and temperatures at El Jadida station between 2005 and 2016 (D.R.A)

2.3. Geological and Hydrogeological Setting Geologically, the study area is characterized by an alteration of limestone and marl formations of Cenomanian (Cretaceous) age, resting in angular discordance on the basal Paleozoic monoclinal dolomites (El Achheb 2002) (Fig.4 and Fig.5). The Cenomanian formations represent the most extensive aquifer at the study area (Ferré and Ruhard 1975; in Oulaaross 2009). The calcareous layers form a fractured and karstic aquifer which is up to 100 m thick. The aquifer is recharged on a seasonal basis by infiltrating rainwater which is the main source of groundwater recharge. 100 Imane EL Adnani , Abdelkader Younsi , Khalid Ibno Namr , Abderrahim El Achheb and El Mehdi Irzan

Test pumping in the vicinity of El Jadida revealed permeability values in the range of 5 x1 0-6 to 10 -5 m/s for the studied aquifer (Souhel and El Achheb 2000).

Fig ure 4: Geological and structural setting of the Sahel of Doukkala basin (Ferré and Ruhard 1975; in Oulaaross 2009)

Fig ure 5: Portion of the stratigraphic log of the Cenomania n of the study area (D.R.H, 1990)

The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of S outhwest Region of El Jadida City (Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco) 101

2. Methods and Materials Two sampling campaigns of groundwater were carried out on 46 wells covering the study area in February 2005, the same wells being monitored in February 2016 (high water period). These wells a re used for supplying water to rural populations, watering livestock and for irrigating vegetable crops (Fig. 6) These water points were piezometrically surveyed, using a 100 m piezometric probe, a GPS and a topographic map. In situ, the same water points were measured for temperature, pH, and electrical conductivity, using a HACH multiparameter conductivity meter, model 44 600 and a WTW pH meter, pH 522 with combined electrode. Samples were taken according to ISO 5665 in plastic bottles of a capacity of 2 50 ml, filled with refusal (to avoid the formation of air bubbles) and kept at low temperature (2 à 4 °C).The chemical analyses were carried out at the Laboratory of Geosciences and Environmental Techniques of Chouaïb 2+, 2+ - - Doukkali University, using the volumet ry (Ca Mg , Cl and HCO 3 ) and the spectrophotometry + + 2- - methods are either flame (Na and K ) or atomic adsorption (SO 4 , NO 3 ). For the reliability of the results obtained, we proceeded to the application of the ionic balance, and an error of 10% was ac cepted (Rodier 2009). For the geostatistical study of the database results, the GIS software processes were used for the application of the multiple method of "Kriging", which includes exploratory statistical data analysis, variogram modeling, creating the surface and optionally exploring a variance surface in order to highlight a spatial structuring of the studied phenomenon.

Fig ure 6: Locating measured and sampled wells

3. Results and Discussions 3.1. Piezometric Analysis The analysis of the two is obath maps (Fig. 7) shows that groundwater occurs at a shallow depth in coastal areas and downstream of the landfill (<15 m deep). This makes these areas, particularly vulnerable to any kind of surface pollution (nitrogen fertilizers, pesticides, sewage, le achate, sea spray, ...). The depth of the inland water table of the study area increased and has reached a maximum depth of 40 m. 102 Imane EL Adnani , Abdelkader Younsi , Khalid Ibno Namr , Abderrahim El Achheb and El Mehdi Irzan

The comparative study of the two maps of 2005 and 2016 showed a more or less identical appearance with a reduction of the wate r table of around 4 m in 2016. This may either be due to the rainfall deficit or the strong exploitation of wells, especially during dry periods. The comparison of the piezometric maps of these two years (Fig. 8) shows a strong similarity in the direction of flow of groundwater that is always towards the Atlantic Ocean (which is a natural groundwater discharge area). However, the two maps show differences in potentiometric contours which indicate that there was a steeper hydraulic gradient in 2005. The reg ional direction of groundwater flow is to the north-west, although there is also a south - western component of groundwater flow in part of the study area. The potentiometric contours indicate that groundwater discharge probably takes place at the coast int o the Atlantic Ocean. Consequently, there is also a risk that leachate plume from the landfill extends towards the coast and is affecting groundwater use in the densely populated area downgradient of this site (Chofqi and al. 2007).

Figure 7: Isobaths m ap of Cenomanian aquifer

Figure 8: Piezometric maps of the Cenomanian aquifer

The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of Southwest Region of El Jadida City (Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco) 103

3.2. Physicochemical Parameters Analysis • Temperature and pH The temperatures of the monitored wells varied from 14.2 to 21.6 °C in 2005 and from 17.4 to 24.9 °C in 2016 but remained below the World Health Organization standard (25 °C) (O.M.S 1994). In natural waters and in the absence of any significant throw from human activity, the pH depends on the origin of these waters and the geological nature of the surrounding rocks (Chapman and al. 1996). The majority of the wells monitored have relatively neutral pH (6 to 8.65), with low variability (Tab. 2).

Table 2: Basic statistics for the quality data of groundwater in the southwest area of El Jadida city

Years 2005 2016 Standard Standard Parameters Min Average Max Min Average Max -deviation -deviation T (°C) 14.2 17.9 21.6 1.3 17.4 21.15 24.9 1.1 pH 6 7.02 8.04 0.39 7 7.75 9 0.38 EC (mS/cm) 1.23 4.57 9.00 2.4 1.31 5.04 11 2.4 Ca 2+ (mg/l) 62 216.27 436 120.11 24 122.01 308.4 133.78 Mg 2+ (mg/l) 51.6 116.12 268.8 52.31 58 202.6 580 76.55 Na +(mg/l) 92 695.21 1884 503.3 157.5 772.44 2411.5 534.96 Cl -(mg/l) 159.7 1051.91 2564.87 710.06 488.13 1707.07 4535.13 1009.38 2- SO 4 (mg/l) 33.6 221.002 414.16 90.81 83.75 426.11 851.20 234.09 - NO 3 (mg/l) 23.04 80.11 264.6 47.46 6.33 48.56 136.8 32.17 K+ (mg/l) 1.4 14.74 67.58 20.79 5.9 14.92 56.2 11.83 - HCO 3 (mg/l) 189,1 390,91 10,4 262,95 268,4 404,68 561,2 70,07

• Electrical conductivity (EC) The electrical conductivity increases with the dissolved salts content of water. Table 2 shows that the electrical conductivity values of groundwater sampled in the study area varied between 1.23 and 9 mS/ cm. Most wells have an EC exceeding the potability standard (1.2 mS/cm). This high mineralization of groundwater can lead to groundwater becoming unsuitable for potable use and can cause adverse effects on soils and agricultural yields from irrigated crops. The spatial distribution maps of the electrical conductivities of the aquifer highlight the existence of two distinct zones of conductivity values (Fig.9): • The upstream part where the EC values are very high and increase, in the vicinity of the landfill. They can reach the value of 9 mS/cm; • The downstream part (coastal sectors) with relatively low values, of the order of 2 mS/cm.

104 Imane EL Adnani , Abdelkader Younsi , Khalid Ibno Namr , Abderrahim El Achheb and El Mehdi Irzan

Figure 9: Electrical conductivity maps (mS/cm)

This can be explained by different potential sources, namely: • The dissolution of the reservoir rock: the studied groundwater circulates in moderately permeable Cenom anian limestones, characterized by a large surface area and duration of water-reservoir contact. This favors chemical exchange by dissolution, between groundwater and the Cenomanian limestone and marl formations of soils; • The dissolution of the salt crysta ls contained in sea spray: the leaching of NaCl, by the first rains and/or irrigation water, will train these elements, through the unsaturated thin and permeable zone, to the groundwater (Younsi and al. 2001); • The irrational use of agricultural salts and the return of salt -laden irrigation water; • The contamination of groundwater by leachate loaded with salts from the landfill site. Areas of groundwater with low EC values are generally found in the north -east and south -east of the landfill site where ground water flows in a geographically limited unconfined aquifer comprised of sediments that are Pliocene to Quaternary in age. These sediments have vertical fractures that form preferred pathways for water infiltration, and the limited contact time with sedimen ts during recharge events limits the dissolution of soluble salts. • Chloride , sodium and potassium ions The distribution of chloride and sodium ions in groundwater in 2005 and 2016 was similar although concentrations of these ions were observed at wells nea r the landfill in 2016 (Fig. 10 and 11). This suggests that leachate from the landfill site is discharging to groundwater. The chloride concentrations of the studied groundwater ranged from 160 to 2564 mg / l in 2005 and from 488 to 4535 mg / l in 2016 wi th low levels being observed to the NE and SE of the landfill site in both sampling campaigns (Fig. 10). The spatial distribution of chloride and sodium is similar to the distribution of EC (Fig. 9 and 10 ) and indicates that these ions are a dominant compo nent of the dissolved salt content of groundwater. High sodium concentrations were measured at the wells near and downgradient the landfill site and decreased with distance from this facility (Fig 11 ), suggesting that leachate contamination is the principa l source of these ions in this area.

The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of S outhwest Region of El Jadida City (Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco) 105

Other potential sources of sodium and chloride ions in groundwater include the precipitation in marine salts in dry fall and in rainfall as well as the recirculation of saline drainage waters in agricultural areas (Youn si 2001). The potassium content varies between 1.4 and 67 mg/l in 2005 and between 5.9 and 56 mg/l in 2016. The highest values are recorded in coastal areas, more precisely in Sidi Bouzid and in the inland part of the study area. The sectors with a high co ncentration are generally agricultural areas or the intensive use of different fertilizers

Fig ure 10: Chlorides spatial distribution maps

Fig ure 11: Sodium spatial distribution maps

This good correlation between EC, sodium and chloride ions can also be demonstrated by the graphs in Figure 1 2. This allows us to conclude that the saline load of groundwater in the study area is mainly determined mainly by chloride and sodium ions. The same degree of correlation between these parameters was found usi ng data collected in 2005.

106 Imane EL Adnani , Abdelkader Younsi , Khalid Ibno Namr , Abderrahim El Achheb and El Mehdi Irzan

Fig ure 12: Correlations between electrical conductivity (EC), chlorides (Cl -) and Sodium (Na +) in 2016

• Calcium and magnesium ions The analytical results for Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ ions show a great variability of concentrations. Cal cium ions shad an average concentration of 216 mg/l in 2005 and 122 mg/l in 2016. The high concentrations of calcium seem to be related to the dissolution of limestones that comprise the Cenomanian aquifer (Table 2). A reduction in recharge rates associate d with low rainfall may be a significant factor that controls the variability of calcium ion concentrations. Concentrations of Mg 2+ reached maximum values of 268 and 580mg/l respectively in 2005 and 2016. In the coastal areas, the ratio Mg 2+ / Ca 2+ of the majority of the wells exceeds 1 with a maximum of 1.7 recorded in 2016, which indicates a pronounced magnesium enrichment. This could be explained by a possible marine intrusion towards the studied aquifer system (Lhadi and al. 1996; El Achheb 2002). This remarkable increase in concentrations is due to the great development of the agricultural activity in these sectors accompanied by a strong exploitation of the wells especially during the dry seasons • Sulphate ions Possible sources of sulphate in groundwat er include the use of fertilisers, landfill leachate and the oxidation of sulphide minerals in aquifer sediments (Venkatesan and Swaminathan 2010). Concentrations of sulphate in groundwater in the study area ranged from a minimum of 34 to 71 mg/l and a max imum of 414 to 851 mg/l, respectively for the years 2005 and 2016 (Fig.1 3). The majority of these levels generally exceed the potability standards (250 mg/l) and the maximum allowable limit (400 mg/l) set by the O.M.S 1994. Sulphate ions have for a similar distribution to chlorides, especially in 2016 and the highest sulphate concentrations are always located near the landfill site. These high concentrations of sulphate ions in groundwater are probably associated with landfill leachate which is known to con tain high sulphate levels in this area (average concentration = 1800 to 1940 mg/l). This highlights the great interest of sulphates as indicators of pollution caused by leachates (Lerner and Tellam 1992; Khattabi and al. 2002).

The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of Southwest Region of El Jadida City (Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco) 107

Figure 13: Sulphate spatial distribution maps

• Nitrate The spatial distribution of nitrate in groundwater was assessed to determine the extent to which the Cenomanian aquifer had been affected by contamination from agricultural practices and wastewater disposal. The observed distribution of nitrate in groundwater (Fig. 14) was very different to that of EC, and sodium and chloride ions and appeared to vary over time. In 2005 elevated concentrations of nitrate in groundwater were observed in groundwater in the west of the landfill facility whereas in 2016 elevated nitrate levels were mostly restricted to the area around the Sidi Bouzid and Moulay Addellah communities. It is clear that in the immediate vicinity of the landfill nitrate levels in 2016 are relatively low compared to those of 2005 with a decrease in concentrations reaching 30 mg/l. The high nitrate load is explained by the population explosion around the communities of Sidi Bouzid and Moulay Abdellah accompanied by a large increase in the number of poorly maintained septic tanks percolation and by the increased agricultural development in the area associated with the excessive use of fertilisers. The decrease in nitrate concentrations downgradient of the landfill facility is possibly due the reaction of this ion with organic carbon in the leachate plume from this facility. The water in the wells located in this area contain very low oxygen levels which is likely to enable denitrification to take place. Indeed, Tazi 2002 has demonstrated the existence of a bacterial flora in underground waters circulating just above the aquifer and which would be at the origin of a biological denitrification of nitrates in these waters. On the other hand, as one moves away from the landfill, well water becomes more oxygenated, which explains the significant nitrate load encountered in these wells (Khattabi and al. 2002; Lerner and Tellam 1992).

108 Imane EL Adnani , Abdelkader Younsi , Khalid Ibno Namr , Abderrahim El Achheb and El Mehdi Irzan

Fig ure 14: Nitrate spatial distribution maps

• Bicarbonate The bicarbonate contents vary from 189 to 498 mg/l in 2005 and 300 to 614 mg/l in 2016. The lowest contents are recorded in the south -eastern part of the aquifer where the waters are at the beginning of their journey in the aquifer, but the highest concentrations are observed in the inland part and more precisely in the NE part. This may be due to the circulation of these waters in the aquifer of 2+ - limestone nature according to the following reaction: CO 2 + H 2O + CaCO 3  Ca + 2 HCO 3 • Chemical facies of the studied groundwater In order to determine the chemical facies of the waters of the stud ied aquifer, we used a Piper diagram (Eblin 2014) which indicated that that the composition of the groundwater is dominated by sodium and chloride ions with a minor component of calcium and bicarbonate ions (Fig. 1 5).

Figure 16 : Report of w ells tracked on the Piper chart

The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of S outhwest Region of El Jadida City (Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco) 109

• Suitability of groundwater for use The obtained results of the 46 wells analyzed were compared according to the potability standards enacted by the World Health Organization (O.M.S 1994). It appears that the majority of wells have elec trical conductivity and major element concentrations that exceed the standards, with an average quality of 20 to 26% and a very poor quality of 25 to 27% (Fig. 1 6). Which make these waters unsafe for human consumption (Bremond and Perrodon 1979; Dimane and al. 2017).

Fig ure 16: Histogram of groundwater quality status (February 2005 and 2016)

Between 2005 and 2016, we noticed a degradation in groundwater quality which is mainly due to the overexploitation of the aquifer during these years of drought, to the excessive use of fertilizers, to return water loaded with agricultural salts, leachate leached from the landfill facility and aerosols and to salt deposition especially in coastal areas (Fig. 1 6).

4. Conclusions This study investigated how groundwa ter quality varied spatially and over time for the period between 2005 to 2016 in a part of the Sahel in Doukkala in Morocco. The investigations have indicated that groundwater flow predominantly takes place in a fractured rock and karstic limestone aquife r of Cenomanian age. This aquifer flows towards the Atlantic Ocean, the main outlet of the aquifer, at varying depths between 4 and 40 m. The average electrical conductivity of groundwater in the aquifer is of the order of 4.8 mS/cm and the average content s of chloride and sodium ions are, respectively, 1379 and 733 mg / l. The analysis of the overall water quality revealed that 20 to 25% of the groundwater sampling sites are of good quality, 24 to 26% are of medium quality and 20 to 27% are of very poor qu ality. This makes the groundwater studied unsuitable for human consumption. The chemical facies of the waters of the aquifer, at the level of the sector studied, is of sodium chloride type, with minor amounts of calcium and bicarbonate ions. This shows th at the mineralization of water is mainly determined by chloride and sodium and secondarily by bicarbonate and calcium ions. The spatial evolution of the physicochemical parameters - + 2+ 2- - (CE, Cl , Na , Mg , SO 4 and NO 3 ) shows that the majority of the sectors located near and downstream of the landfill facility have high concentrations, especially in 2016. Potential sources of pollution may be related to leachate leakage from the landfill site, dissolution of the carbonate rocks, leaching of salt crystals from aerosols and sea spray, recycling of drainage water in the agricultural area (excessive use of fertilizers and agricultural salts), and the increased concentration of dissolved salts in shallow groundwater by evaporation (sectors located in N and NE of the landfill site). The following factors appear to have a significant influence on groundwater quality in the region: 110 Imane EL Adnani, Abdelkader Younsi, Khalid Ibno Namr, Abderrahim El Achheb and El Mehdi Irzan

• the magnitude and intensity of rainfall which affects the amount of groundwater recharge that takes place and groundwater salinity; • the depth of the water table which affects the extent to which groundwater is polluted by surface land use activities. Finally, data collected before and after the establishment of the landfill site and the urban developments of Moulay Abdellah and El Jadida city have indicated that this development has adversely affected groundwater quality and that the salinity of groundwater in these areas is continuing to increase.

References [1] Aghzar N, Berdaï H, Bellouti A, Soudi B (2002) Pollution nitrique des eaux souterraines au Tadla (Maroc). Revue des sciences de l'eau 15(2) : 59–492. https://doi:10.7202/705465ar [2] Agoussine M, Bouchaou L (2004) Les problèmes majeurs de la gestion de l’eau au Maroc. Science et changements planétaires / Sécheresse 15(2) : 187–194. [3] Bremond R, Perrodon C (1979) Paramètres de la qualité des eaux. Ministère de l’environnement et du cadre de vie. Paris. [4] Berdaï H (1997) Synthèse des travaux réalisés au Maroc sur la pollution nitrique des eaux souterraines. Division des études, service des expérimentations des essais et de la normalisation, Rabat. [5] Berndt MP (1990) Sources and Distribution of Nitrate in Groundwater at a farmed feild irrigated with sewage treatment-plant effluent. Tallahassee. Florida. US Geol. Surv. Water Ressour. Invest. Rep, 90-4006. [6] Boureggab M (2005) Reconnaissance de l’état initial du site de la future décharge intercommunale d’El Jadida-Moulay Abdellah (Maroc). Rapport DESA. Univ Chouaïb Doukkali Faculté des Sciences. [7] Chapman D, Kimstach V (1996) Selection of Water Quality Variables. Water quality assessments: a guide to the use of biota, sediments and water in environment monitoring. Chapman Edition, 2nd Edition, London, 59-126. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/noe0419216001.ch3 [8] Chofqi A (2004) Mise en évidence des mécanismes de contamination des eaux souterraines par les lixiviats d’une décharge incontrôlée (El Jadida - Maroc) : Géologie, Hydrogéologie, Géoélectrique, Géochimie et Epidémiologie. 3rd cycle thésis., Univ Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida,184. [9] Chofqi A, Younsi A, Lhadi EK, Mania J, Mudry J, Veron A (2007) Lixiviat de la décharge publique d’El Jadida (Maroc) : caractérisation et étude d’impact sur la nappe phréatique. Déch Sci Tech (46) :4-10 https://doi.org/10.4267/dechets-sciences-techniques.1592 [10] Dimane F, Haboubi K, Hanafi I, El Himri A, Andaloussi K (2017) Impact Des Facteurs De Pollution Sur La Qualité Des Eaux De La Zone Aval De La Vallée De L’oued Nekor (Al- Hoceima, Maroc). Euro Sci J 13(3) :43–60 https://doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v13n3p43 [11] Direction Régionale de l’Agriculture D.R.A de -Settat, Relevés météorologiques des années 2005 au 2016, Station El Jadida, Maroc. [12] Direction Régionale de l’Hydraulique (1990). Projet de réalisation des sondages à l’air sur la région des Doukkala, Rabat, Maroc. [13] Eblin S G, Sombo A P, Soro G M, Aka N, Kambiré O, Soro N (2014) Hydrochimie des eaux de surface de la région d’Adiaké (sud-est côtier de la Côte d’Ivoire). Journal of Applied Biosciences, (75): 6259– 6271 http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/jab.v75i1.10 [14] El Achheb A (2002) Contribution à l’étude de la minéralisation et identification des sources de contaminations des eaux souterraines, application au système aquifère du Bassin Sahel Doukkala (Maroc). Thèse d’état, Univ Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, 206.

The Influence of Anthropogenic Activities on Groundwater Quality of Southwest Region of El Jadida City (Sahel of Doukkala, Morocco) 111

[15] El Achheb A, Mania J, Mudry J (2001) Processus de salinisation des eaux souterraines dans le bassin Sahel-Doukkala (Maroc occidental). Proceeding 1st Int Conf on Saltwater Intrusion and Coastal Aquifers: Monitoring, Modeling, and Management, Essaouira, Maroc [16] Ferré M, Ruhard JP (1975) Les bassins des Abda-Doukkala et du Sahel de Azemmour à Safi. In Ressources en eau du Maroc Notes Mém. Serv. Géol Maroc, 2(231) : 261–298 [17] Khattabi H, Lotfi A, Mania J (2002) Evaluation de l’impact des lixiviats d’une décharge d’ordures ménagères sur la qualité physico-chimique et bactériologique des eaux d’un ruisseau de Franche-Comté. Déch. Sci. Tech, 1(24): 1-4 https://doi.org/10.4267/dechets-sciences- techniques.1384 [18] Lerner DN, Tellam JH (1992) The protection of urban groundwater from pollution Wat. Environ Manage, 6(1) : 28–37 [19] Lhadi EK, Mountadar M, Younsi A (1996) Pollution par les nitrates des eaux souterraines de la zone littorale de la province d’El Jadida. (Maroc). Hydrogéologie, (3) : 21-23 [20] Er-Raioui H, Bouzid S, Khannous S, Zouag MA (2011) Contamination des eaux souterraines par le lixiviat des décharges publiques : Cas de la nappe phréatique R’Mel (Province de Larache - Maroc Nord-Occidental). Int. J. Biol. Chem. Sci. 5(3): 1118-1134, https://www.ajol.info/index.php/ijbcs/article/viewFile/72237/61174 [21] N’diayea AD, Mohamed Salema KM, El Korya MB, Ahmed Ould Kankou MOS, Michel B (2014) Contribution à l’étude de l’évolution spatio-temporelle de la qualité physico-chimique de l’eau de la rive droite du fleuve Sénégal. J Mater Environ Sci 5 (1) : 320–329 [22] Oulaaross Z (2009) Etude climatologique, hydrogéologique et géophysique du Sahel Côtier des Doukkala (Maroc). Apport de l'analyse statistique et de l'inversion des données géoélectriques à l'étude du biseau salé de la lagune de Sidi Moussa. Thèse Nationale, Univ Chouaib Doukkali, El Jadida,282. [23] O M S (1994) Directives de qualité pour l’eau de boisson. Recommandations Genève, Suisse. Organisation Mondiale de la Santé 2(1) http://www.lenntech.fr/applications/potable/normes/normes-oms-eau-potable.htm [24] Rodier J. et (2009). L’analyse de l’eau. 9ème édition. DUNOD, Paris, France. [25] Souhel A, El Achheb A (2000) Cadre géologique des principaux aquifères de la plaine des Doukkala. Actes de la 2ème session de L’université de printemps des Doukkala-Abda. Université. Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, (Maroc). (3) : 71–73 [26] Soudi B, Rahoui M, Chiang C, Badraoui M, Aboussaleh A (1999) Eléments méthodologiques de mise en place d'un système de suivi et de surveillance de la qualité des eaux et des sols dans les périmètres irrigués. Hommes Terre et eaux 29(111) : 13–22 http://www.agrimaroc.net/intensificationagricole/09-soudi.pdf [27] Spalding RF, Exner ME, Martin GE, Snow DD (1993) Effects of sludge disposal on groundwater nitrate concentrations. Journal of Hydrogeology 142 (1-4) : 213–228 https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-1694(93)90011-W [28] Tazi H (2002) Déchets solides : Etude d’impact sur l’environnement (sol, eaux souterraines) et traitement par voie de compostage. 3rd cycle thésis., Univ Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, 224. [29] Younsi A, Mania J, Lhadi EK, Mudry J (2001) Incidences de pluies exceptionnelles sur un aquifère libre côtier en zone semi-aride (Chaouia, Maroc). Revue des sciences de l'eau 14(2) :115-130 http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/705412ar [30] Younsi A (2001) Méthodologie de mise en évidence des mécanismes de salure des eaux souterraines côtières en zone semi-aride irriguée (Chaouia côtière, Maroc). Thèse d’Etat, Univ Chouaïb Doukkali, El Jadida, 175.