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Industrial Nitrogen Compounds and Explosives

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Industrial Nitrogen Compounds and Explosives MANUALS OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY Edited by GEOFFREY MARTIN, Ph.D., D.Sc, B.Sc. I. DYESTUFFS AND COAL-TAR PRODUCTS : Their Chemistry, Manufacture, and Application: Including Chapters on Modern Inks, Photographic Chemicals, Synthetic Drugs, Sweetening Chemicals, and other Products derived from Coal Tar. By THOMAS BEACALL, B.A. (Cambridge); F. CHALLENGER, Ph.D., B.Sc; GEOFFREY MARTIN, Ph.D., D.Sc, B.Sc, ; and IIKNRY J. S. SAND, D.SC, Ph.D. 162 pnges, with Diagrams and Illustrations. Royal 8vo, cloth. * Just Published. Net 7s. 6d. II. THE RARE EARTH INDUSTRY. A Practical Handbook on the Industrial Application and Exploitation of the Rare Karths, including the Manufacture of Incandescent Mantles, Pyrophoric Allows, Electrical Glow Lamps, and the manufacturing details of important British and Foreign Patents, by SYDNEY J. JOHNSTONK, B.SC (London) ; with a Chap'cr on The Industry of Radioactive Materials, by ALEXANDER RUSSELL, D.Sc, M.A., late Carnegie Research Fellow, and 1851 Exhibition Scholar of the University of Glasgow. Royal 8vo, over 100 pp., with numerous Illustrations ------ Ready. Net 7s. 6d. III. INDUSTRIAL NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND EXPLO- SIVES : A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture, Properties, and Industrial Uses of Nitric Acid, Nitrates, Nitrites, Ammonia, Ammonium Salts, Cyanides, Cyanamide. etc, including Modern Explosives. By GKOFKRKY MARTIN, Ph.D., D.Sc, etc ; and WILLIAM BARHOUR, M.A., B.Sc, F.I.C, etc. - - - Just Published. Net 7s. 6d. IV. CHLORINE AND CHLORINE PRODUCTS: Including the Manufacture of Bleaching Powder, Hypochlorites, Chlorates, etc, with sections on Bromine, Iodine, Hydrofluoric Acid. By GKOFFRRY MARTIN, Ph.D., D.Sc. ; with a chapter on Recent Oxidising Agents, by G. W. CLOUGH, B.SC - -Ready. Net 7s. 6d. V. SULPHURIC ACID AND SULPHUR PRODUCTS. By GKOFKRKY MARTIN, Ph D., D.Sc ; and J. Louis KOUCAR, B.SC. fust Ready. VI. THE SALT AND ALKALI INDUSTRY. By G. MARTIN, Ph.D., D.Sc, and STANLEY SMITH, M.SC. ; with Chapters on the Stassfurt Industry and Potassium Salts, by F. MILSOM, B.SC. Nearly Ready. OTHERS IN ACTIVE PREPARATION. LONDON: CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON. MANUALS OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY—111 INDUSTRIAL NITROGEN COMPOUNDS AND EXPLOSIVES A Practical Treatise on the Manufacture, Properties, and Industrial Uses of Nitric Acid, Nitrates, Nitrites, Ammonia, Ammonium Salts, Cyanides, Cyanamide, Etc. Etc. INCLUDING THE MOST RECENT MODERN EXPLOSIVES BY GEOFFREY MARTIN Ph.D., D.Sc, Jt.Sc, F.C.S., Industrial Chemist and CJiemical Patent Expert AND WILLIAM BARB OUR M.A., B.Sc, F.I.C., F.C.S., Explosives Chemist LONDON CROSBY LOCKWOOD AND SON 7 STATIONERS' HALL COURT, LUDGATE HILL, E.C. and 5 BROADWAY, WESTMINSTER, S.W. [All Rights Reserved] l'KINTKD AT VI Hi DARIKN l'RKSS KDINUUKCIII PREFACE THE enormous and rapidly increasing importance of nitrogen compounds can scarcely be over-estimated at the present time. They form the raw materials from which are manufactured practically all the effective explosives now in use. Exceedingly large quantities of nitrogen compounds are consumed annually by the agricultural industries, in order to restore to the soil the nitrogen extracted therefrom by growing crops. Without nitro- genous manure soil becomes barren. In fact, in recent years, the agricultural industries have absorbed over 80 per cent, of the available supplies of nitrogenous materials, and the supply does not equal the demand. This ever-increasing want has led within the last few years to the creation of enormous new industries— like the cyanamide industry—in which products scarcely known to the scientist of a few years ago are now placed on the market in quantities running into hundreds of thousands of tons annually. Within recent years methods have been worked out for con- verting the practically unlimited supplies of free nitrogen in the atmosphere into nitric acid, nitrates, ammonia, cyanamide, and other valuable chemicals and fertilising agents. These achievements of the chemist form one of the romances of science, and are undoubtedly destined to bring about economic revolutions which will profoundly modify the whole surface of our planet. By means of these new industries Germany has rendered herself practically independent of external supplies of nitrates and other raw materials for making explosives. Great Britain, however, is still almost entirely dependent upon nitrate importation from overseas, and in the interests of national safety the Government should undertake the establishment of national works for producing nitric acid and nitrates from vi PREFACE atmospheric air by the processes which have been worked successfully abroad. In the present volume the methods of manufacture and the utilisation of the chief industrial nitrogenous substances arc given as concisely as possible. Special weight has been laid upon new and profitable methods of production ; for this reason the chief patents relating to the newer processes of manufacture have been indicated whercver possible. For the same reason special prominence has been g'iven to the new synthetic processes for making" ammonia directly from its component elements, and its subsequent oxidation to nitric acid and ammonium nitrate by catalytic processes, which are now hcino- worked in Germany on a very large scale. On account of the importance of explosives at the present time, and the fact that their manufacture intimately depends upon that of nitric acid and nitrates, it has been thought advisable to include the manufacture and properties of the chief explosives now in use. This section was contributed by Mr William Harbour, M.A., B.Sc, whose extensive experience in the manufacture? of these products will make the details given of special value to practical men at the present time. The large number of patents and n<»\v processes referred to in the text are excused by the fact that although many of them have proved commercially unsuccessful in peace times, yet they often embody fruitful ideas, and under the present abnormal conditions may often be worked successfully. The editor wishes to thank Mr J. Louis Foucar, B.Sc., late assistant manager to the Beckton Gas Works, for his kind help in revising the sections relating to ammonia and nitrates. July 1915. TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I THE CIRCULATION OF NITROGEN IN NATURE PAGE Literature—The Nitrogen Cycle—Elimination of Nitrogen from Plants and Animals—Nitrification —Dcnitrificatiou ----------_<* CHAPTER II THE NITRATE INDUSTRY Literature—Sodium Nitrate or Chile Saltpetre—Occurrence—Extraction—Properties—Statistics —Uses. Potassium Nitrate—Manufactures—Properties—Calcium Nitrate—Ammonium Nitrate—Sodium Nitrite ......... g CHAPTER III THE NITRIC ACID INDUSTRY Literature—Nitric Acid—Manufacture from Chile Saltpetre—Manufacture from the Atmosphere— Birkeland-Eyde Furnace—Pauling Furnace—Schonherr Furnace—Other furnaces—General Plant for the Manufacture of Nitrate by Electrical Oxidation of the Air—Manufacture of Nitric acid from Ammonia (Ostwald's Process)—Properties of Nitric Acid—Statistics - 17 CHAPTER IV THE AMMONIA AND AMMONIUM SALTS INDUSTRY Literature-Ammonia and Ammonium Salts—Sources of Ammonia—Statistics—Manufacture of Ammonium Sulphate from Gas-Water or Ammoniacal Liquor—Ammonia Stills—Treat- ment of Waste Exit Gases from the Ammonium Sulphate Plant—Manufacture of Ammonium Sulphate from Mond Gas—The Direct Process of making Ammonium Sulphate—Kopper Ammonia Recovery Plant—Otto-Hilgenstock Ammonia Recovery Process—The Coppee Company's Semi-Direct Process - """""••" 35 Manufacture of Caustic Ammonia (Liciuor Ammonia)—Concentrated Ammonia Water—^fanu- facture of Pure Aqueous Solutions of Ammonia—Specific Gravity of Ammonia Solutions - 45 Technical Ammonium Salts—Ammonium Sulphate—Ammonium Chloride—Ammonium Car- bonate— Ammonium Nitrate— Ammonium Perchlorate — Ammonium Phosphate— Ammonium Persulphate — Ammonium Thiosulphate—Ammonium Acetate—Ammonium Fluoride—Ammonium Sulplioc3ranicle — Ammonium Chlorate — Ammonium Bromide— Ammonium Oleate—Dry Ammonia — Solid Ammonia—Anhydrous Ammonia (Liquid Ammonia) --.._.. ... ^g CHAPTER V SYNTHETIC AMMONIA Literature—Ammonia by Direct Union of Nitrogen and Hydrogen by Means of a Catalyst— Ammonia from Cyanamide—Ammonia from Nitrides—Serpek Process—Other Processes - 53 CHAPTER VI THE CYANAMIDE INDUSTRY Literature—Calcium Cyanamide (Nitrolime, KalkstickstorT) — Manufacture—Uses — Dicyan- diamide—Urea—Ferrodur—Nitrogen Products Derivable from Calcium Cyanamide - 61 viii CONTENTS CHAPTER VII THE CYANIDE AND PRUSSIATE INDUSTRY l'AGK I /itera lure -Statistics — Manufacture of Sodium and Potassium Cyanide— 1 MO m Kerro- cyanides (Prussiate)••—I«Yoni Ammonia, Carbon, and Alkali Metal or Alkali .Salt- -Sieper- iiiiinii's Process- Uiolby Process—Castner Process—Manufacture of Cyanide from Sulpho- eyanides Cyanides from " Schlempe " or Sugar Residues--Hueb's Process—Manufacture ol Cyanides from (Calcium (lyanamide— Manufacture of Cyanides from Atmospheric Nitrogen - - . y r Ferrocyanides Potassium Ferrocyanide- - Properties—Old Process of Manufacture--Modern Processes of Manufacture from Coal Gas - - - - - - "79 Potassium Ferricyanide—Prussian Blue Sulphocyanid.es or Thiocyanates—Recovery from Coal Gas—Synthetic Sulphocyanides from Carbon Disulphide and Ammonia. - - 8l CHAPTER VIII THE MANUFACTURE OF NITROUS OXIDE (Laughing Gas, Nitrogen Monoxide) I'ruecssuh of Maiiuliiutiiru—Properties—Analysis—Tmnsport - - - • '84 CHAPTER IX THE MODERN EXPLOSIVES INDUSTRY Literature Nature of Modern Kxplosives -.....-- fty Gunpowders Old Ulaek Powder—Bobbinite -Sprengsalpcter—Petroklastitc
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