DOCSLIB.ORG

A Revival of the Benelux?

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Revival of the Benelux? Sophie Vanhoonacker (Maastricht) A Revival of the Benelux? Seit Mitte der 1990er Jahre scheint die Benelux neuen Auftrieb erhalten zu haben, nicht als internationale Organisation, aber in Form einer engeren Zusammenarbeit ihrer Mitglieder im Rahmen der EU. Durch eine Reihe von Memoranda betreffend die zukünftige Entwicklung der EU und spezifische Themen, wie Justiz- und Innenpolitik, waren sie bemüht, den Prozess der europäischen Integration in Richtung einer Vertiefung voranzutreiben. Durch ihren Zusammenschluss versuchen sie, größeren Einfluss auszuüben und die Interessen kleinerer Staaten besser zu vertreten. Gute persönliche Beziehungen auf höchster politischer Ebene haben bei der Herstellung der Verbindungen eine große Rolle gespielt. Die engeren Beziehungen bedeuten allerdings nicht den Beginn einer ‘ménage à trois’. Die Kooperation findet in erster Linie auf höchster Ebene (zwischen den MinisterpräsidentInnen) statt und ist in sehr flexibler und pragmatischer Weise organisiert. Die Kooperation ist keineswegs allumfassend, und es bestehen weiterhin wichtige ökonomische, kulturelle und politische Unterschiede zwischen den drei Ländern. Sie ist auch keineswegs exklusiv, sondern Teil einer breiteren Strategie der Netzwerkbildung innerhalb der EU. 1. Introduction This article examines the cooperation between these three countries in the framework of the The Benelux is by many still associated with European Union in recent years. What are their the customs union set up in 1944 amongst Bel- motivations to try to speak with one voice on gium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. As its certain EU issues? Why does the co-ordination objectives have since long been realised in the of positions occur at this moment in time? What much broader framework of the EU, the organi- could the possible impact of such cooperation sation has today a somewhat anachronistic and be? What are the advantages or possible disad- even moribund connotation. Since the mid- vantages for the countries in question? Is it just 1990s, however, the Benelux seems to have re- an ad hoc initiative or is it the beginning of a ceived new impulses, not as an international more structured relationship? Before address- organisation but as a form of closer coopera- ing these questions, the cooperation will be tion amongst the three countries in the frame- placed in the broader context of a general trend work of the EU.1 During the Intergovernmen- in the EU to form cores and coalitions, and the tal Conferences (IGCs) leading to the Amster- relations between the Benelux countries will be dam and the Nice Treaty and in the Convention situated in a historic context. on the future of the EU, the Benelux countries have put forward joint memoranda outlining their views with regard to some of the major 2. On Cores and Coalitions4 issues on the agenda.2 In addition they have also issued two memoranda on cooperation in the The attempt of a smaller group of EU mem- field of Justice and Home Affairs (JHA).3 It is ber states of the same geographical area to closer interesting to note that the Benelux organisa- co-operate or to form a privileged partnership tion itself plays no role in this cooperation. is not an isolated event in the EU. Also the Nor- ÖZP, 32 (2003) 1 7 dic countries co-ordinate positions in the frame- a Security Council as in the United Nations work of the EU and with the Visegrad group, whereby some of the big member states would we have an example of cooperation amongst be permanent members whereas membership for prospective member states. Regional partner- the others would be on the basis of rotation. A ships are, however, just one of the expressions differentiation on the basis of size is an ex- of a general trend to closer cooperate amongst a tremely sensitive matter and proposals in this limited group of member states. The debate on direction have only made the smaller countries regional partnerships cannot be seen independ- more determined in their fight to defend the prin- ently of the broader discussions on: ciple of equality amongst the member states. – flexibility or ‘closer cooperation’ (Title VII The debate on cores and coalitions also lin- of the Treaty on European Union); gers on in the current discussion on the future – the formation of an avant-garde or pioneer of Europe. The German Minister of Foreign group; Affairs Joschka Fischer, in his much debated – the formation of a directorate amongst the speech at the Humboldt University (Fischer three biggest member states in the framework 2000), talks about a centre of gravity, composed of Common Foreign and Security Policy of a group of states who would conclude ‘a new (CFSP). European framework Treaty’; Jacques Chirac Since the launching of the so-called Schäuble- pleads for the development of a pioneer group Lamers paper (September 1994)5 , when two (Chirac 2000) and the former President of the prominent members of the German Christian European Commission Jacques Delors advo- Democratic party first openly pleaded for the cates the formation of an avant garde (Delors formation of a hard core of a small group of 2001). Although they don‘t necessarily agree member states, the debate on closer coopera- on the role and the institutional basis for such tion in the EU has taken full swing. In the IGC core, the fact that they all mention the issue in leading to the Treaty of Amsterdam, agreement their blueprints on the future Europe shows that was reached on a new Title (Title VII) laying the last word about closer cooperation amongst down the conditions under which a majority of a smaller group of countries has not been said member states6 can ‘establish closer coopera- yet. The imminent enlargement to a Union of tion between themselves’, making use of ‘the 27 makes the discussion all the more topical. institutions, procedures and mechanisms’ laid This paper focuses on the Benelux, an exam- down by the Treaties. The negotiations were ple of closer cooperation amongst a group of difficult as cooperation amongst a smaller group countries in the same geographical area. Gen- inevitably implies the exclusion of some of the erally, regional partnerships are, however, based players.7 Especially the Euro-sceptic countries on more than just having common borders. were afraid to be reduced to second-class mem- Other elements such as size, relative power, a bers. To safeguard the position of the non-par- common history or a similar level of economic ticipating countries, the conditions for enhanced development may also play a role. Before look- cooperation were defined very narrowly, to the ing at the recent attempts of the Benelux coun- extent even that the articles in question have tries to co-operate, the relationship of the three until now not been applied. It remains to be seen countries in the framework of the EC/EU will whether this will change after the entering into be placed in a historical perspective. force of the Treaty of Nice, which relaxed the conditions (Galloway 2001, 133, 142). In the area of Common Foreign and Security 3. The Benelux and the Early Years of Policy (CFSP), the debate has been dominated European integration9 by the discussions on the formation of a direc- torate amongst the three biggest member states For most observers the Benelux is inextrica- France, Germany and the United Kingdom.8 bly linked with the process of European inte- One of the proposals suggests the formation of gration itself.10 As a customs union between 8 Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, it wards, was initially opposed to Beyen’s proposal is often seen as a precursor of the European for an economic community. He feared that its Communities, promoting trade between neigh- organisation on a supranational basis would be bouring countries by abolishing tariff barriers detrimental for a small country like Luxem- and disposing of its own institutional framework bourg, but he was ultimately convinced to join including a Court of Justice. Furthermore, it was forces (Brouwer/Pijpers 1999, 105; Trausch the Benelux memorandum presented at a meet- 1996, 122f.). ing of the Foreign Affairs Ministers in Messina Also in the case of the Fouchet proposals there in June 1955 that re-launched the debate on was initially no question of a joint position European integration. A committee under the amongst the Benelux countries. Although they chairmanship of the Belgian Minister of For- shared the Dutch concern about the intergov- eign Affairs Paul-Henri Spaak prepared the re- ernmental character of de Gaulle’s Political port that ultimately led to the establishment of Union, first proposed at a press conference on 5 the European Economic Community (EEC) and September 1960, Belgium and Luxembourg Euratom. Another well-known European event were much more positive towards the French on which the Benelux countries had a major proposals than were the Netherlands. From the impact were the Fouchet negotiations on Politi- first meeting onwards the Dutch Minister of cal Union. Belgium and the Netherlands vetoed Foreign Affairs Joseph Luns made it clear that de Gaulle’s proposals to organise political co- The Hague would radically oppose a Political operation on a purely intergovernmental basis. Union of which the United Kingdom would be Both episodes in these early years of Euro- excluded. The British participation had to ad- pean integration deserve some closer attention dress a double concern: it had to prevent the because they give us some concrete indications domination of the Political Union by France and with regard to the cooperation between the three Germany; secondly it had to guarantee a close small founding member states. As a matter of link with the Atlantic Alliance.11 Belgium ini- fact, the denomination ‘Benelux memorandum’ tially took a much more conciliatory stance, but (1955) is quite misleading.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Grote Gedachten, Kleine Correcties
    Bachelorscriptie Jeroen Brinkman (s4354001) Begeleider: Lennert Savenije Inleverdatum: 15 juni 2016 Grote gedachten, kleine correcties Over de impact van de Nederlandse annexatie van 1949 – 1963 Inhoudsopgave 1. Inleiding 2 2. Achtergrond van de Duits-Nederlandse betrekkingen 8 3. Annexatieplannen: 1944-1949 3.1.Brochures 12 3.2.Nederlandse overheid 15 3.3.Receptie in de BRD en Nederland 17 4. Voortzetting van het beleid: 1949-1957 4.1.West-Duitse receptie 21 4.2.Nederlandse receptie 22 4.3.Duitse acties 23 5. Teruggave: 1957-1963 5.1.Onderhandelingsproces 25 5.2.Nederlandse en Duitse receptie 27 6. Conclusie 29 Bibliografie 31 1 1. Inleiding Sinds lange tijd weet ik waar Elten ligt. Met mijn vader kwam ik er vaak in de buurt en tegenwoordig maak ik regelmatig een fietstocht door het grensgebied, waarbij het kerktorentje van Hoch-Elten lange tijd het uitzicht bepaalt. Vaak waren voor mij de verschillen met Nederland duidelijker zichtbaar dan de overeenkomsten. Ik beschouwde het als een typisch Duits dorp, een ander stukje wereld aan de Duitse kant van de grens. Toch kwam ik er onlangs achter dat het stukje Duitsland niet altijd zo Duits is geweest als ik dacht. Elten heeft na de Tweede Wereldoorlog bij Nederland gehoord, een feit dat voor mij niet direct aannemelijk was. Nederland was vijf jaar door Duitsland bezet, dat wist ik. Maar een Nederlands Elten, dat vond ik merkwaardig. Het Duitse dorpje was kennelijk toch niet helemaal buitenlands. In mei 1945 werd Nederland bevrijd door de geallieerden. Nederlanders waren blij dat zij werden bevrijd, maar hadden direct plannen voor de annexatie van Duits grondgebied.
    [Show full text]
  • Verloren Vertrouwen
    ANNE BOs Verloren vertrouwen Afgetreden ministers en staatssecretarissen 1967-2002 Boom – Amsterdam Verloren vertrouwen Afgetreden ministers en staatssecretarissen 1967-2002 Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. dr. J.H.J.M. van Krieken, volgens het besluit van het college van decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op woensdag 28 maart 2018 om 14.30 uur precies door Anne Sarah Bos geboren op 25 februari 1977 te Gouda INHOUD INLEIdINg 13 Vraagstelling en benadering 14 Periodisering en afbakening 20 Bronnen 22 Opbouw 23 dEEL I gEïsOLEERd gERAAkT. AftredEN vanwegE EEN cONfLIcT IN hET kABINET 27 hOOfdsTUk 1 dE val van mINIsTER dE Block, ‘hET mEEsT gEgEsELdE werkpAARd’ VAN hET kABINET-dE JONg (1970) 29 ‘Koop prijsbewust, betaal niet klakkeloos te veel’ 32 ‘Prijzenminister’ De Block op het rooster van de oppositie 34 Ondanks prijsstop een motie van wantrouwen 37 ‘Voelt u zich een zwak minister?’ 41 De kwestie-Verolme: een zinkend scheepsbouwconcern 43 De fusie-motie: De Block ‘zwaar gegriefd’ 45 De Loonwet en de cao-grootmetaal 48 Tot slot. ‘Ik was geen “grote” figuur in de ministerraad’ 53 hOOfdsTUk 2 hET AftredEN van ‘IJzEREN AdRIAAN’ van Es, staatssEcretaris van dEfENsIE (1972) 57 De indeling van de krijgsmacht. Horizontaal of verticaal? 58 Minister De Koster en de commissie-Van Rijckevorsel 59 Van Es stapt op 62 Tot slot. Een rechtlijnige militair tegenover een flexibele zakenman 67 hOOfdsTUk 3 sTAATssEcretaris JAN GlasTRA van LOON EN dE VUILE was Op JUsTITIE (1975) 69 Met Mulder, de ‘ijzeren kanselier’, op Justitie 71 ‘Ik knap de vuile was op van anderen’ 73 Gepolariseerde reacties 79 In vergelijkbare gevallen gelijk behandelen? Vredeling en Glastra van Loon 82 Tot slot.
    [Show full text]
  • M.A. in Political Science Sem-II. Paper VII Dr. Sarita Kumari, Associate
    M.A. in Political Science Sem-II. Paper VII Dr. Sarita Kumari, Associate Professor RLSY College Bakhtiyarpur, Patliputra University CONTEMPORARY ISSUES IN INTERNATIONAL POLITICS EUROPEAN UNION (EU) The European Union (EU) is a unique political and economic partnership that currently consists of 27 member states. Built through a series of binding treaties, the Union is the latest stage in a process of integration that began after World War II to promote peace and economic recovery in Europe. These countries came together to make things better, easier, and safer for people. They agreed to work together and help each other. Currently, there are 27 members of the EU. These are Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, the Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, and Sweden. In June 2016, the United Kingdom decided to stop being part f the EU. So, from 31sat January 2020 the UK is no longer part f the European Union. History of the European Union The European Union started its journey over half a century ago. Visionary leaders came together to create economic and political stability to ensure long term peace in Europe. From then on, many others have followed in their footsteps, striving to build on this vision through successive treaties. Some aspiring leaders and pioneers were Konrad Adenauer, Joseph Bech, Johan Beyen, Winston Churchill, Alcide De Gasperi, Nicole Fontaine, Walter Hallstein and there were many greats. 1945 - 1959. A Peaceful Europe – The Beginnings Of Cooperation Around 1950, the European Coal and Steel Community begins to unite European countries economically and politically to secure lasting peace.
    [Show full text]
  • The Legal Constitution of the European Union2
    European Scientific Journal August 2018 /SPECIAL/ edition ISSN: 1857 – 7881 (Print) e - ISSN 1857- 7431 2 The Legal Constitution of the European Union Academic Director Dr. iur. Dr. phil. Franz-Rudolf Herber Frederic-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Germany Doi: 10.19044/esj.2018.c4p9 URL:http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2018.c4p9 Abstract World War II (1939 – 1945) was a catastrophe for the whole world and for Europe in particular. It is one of the great miracles of the 20th century that the West European war parties did draw a line and founded an economic alliance for coal and steel production. This economical alliance is based on common values and on the rule of law. A main problem of the European Union is to give a democratic legitimation to the European institutions. It is good that e.g. the European Parliament is elected directly, it is bad that e.g. the President of the European Commission is not elected directly. In some Member States of the European Union common values and common interests are only partim shared. The people of Great Britain did decide in 2016 to leave the European Union; according to the legal constitution of the European Union a leave is allowed. The main achievement of the European Union is the abolition of inter-European taxes and thus the promotion of economical relationships between the Member States of the European Union. The Euro that is the currency of (only) some Member States has become a global player. Keywords: European Union, Member States of the European Union, Treaties of the European Union, common values, common market, separation of powers, European Commission, European Parliament, President of the European Council, High Representative of the Union for Foreign Affairs and Security Policy, European Central Bank Introduction One should be aware of the fact what kind of brutal military violence the greatest war criminal of human history – Adolf Hitler (1883 – 1945) and his crazy followers – had brought to the former Czechoslovakia (CSSR)3.
    [Show full text]
  • European Democracy: What Can the Church Contribute Today?
    1 European Democracy: what can the Church contribute today? Dr. Ian Linden The origins of the European Union are not to be found in a Catholic conspiracy led by Schumann, de Gaspari and Adenauer driven by the arch-federalist, Jean Monnet and the Dutch Foreign Minister, Johan Beyen. Nor in a Catholic-Socialist plot with Paul Henri- Spaak and Sicco Mansholt. But as a response to the experience of total war, the Nazi occupation of Europe, and the rise of Stalinist communism. A Nunca mas - never again – lay behind an emergent consensus around democracy and cooperation involving some pooling of sovereignty, as an ethical and political imperative for post-war Europe. Earlier, the European resistance movements, Czech and Polish notably, in exile in London during the war years, had developed similar thinking and motivations. Nonetheless, some of the intellectual roots that nourished the European project drew on the “sap” of Christian tradition expressed most clearly in the thinking of Jacques Maritain, a Catholic layman, Catholic enough for Pope Paul VI later to want to make him a cardinal. Maritain sought to reach across the secular divide through the concept of integral humanism, and to refect what Weber might have called the “elective afnity” (a little less than a causal link) between Christianity and Democracy. Most importantly Maritain tried to integrate Aquinas, with his positive, socially constructive scafolding of law, with realist accounts of the actual practice of politics that acknowledged, in an Augustinian understanding, the sinfulness of the human condition. “I do not share the romantic optimism which ascribes to the people a judgement which is always just and instincts which are always upright”, he wrote in Christianity and Democracy.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives for the European Union's External Energy Policy
    Working Paper Research Unit EU Integration Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik German Institute for International and Security Affairs © Oliver Geden, Clémence Marcelis*, Andreas Maurer Working papers are papers in Perspectives for the the subject area of a Research Unit, which are not officially European Union’s published by SWP. These papers are either preliminary studies External Energy Policy: that later become papers Discourse, Ideas and Interests in published by SWP or papers Germany, the UK, Poland and France that are published elsewhere. Your comments are always welcome. Ludwigkirchplatz 3ñ4 10719 Berlin Phone +49 30 880 07-0 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] *Clémence Marcelis studied law and public administration in Paris and London. She did internships at the SG of the European Commission and at the European Parliament. She is currently taking a Msc in Working Paper FG 1, 2006/ 17, December 2006 European politics at the LSE. SWP Berlin Table of Contents I. Problems and findings 2 SWP Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik II. State of Play 4 German Institute 1. The increasing predominance of imports in EU for International and Security Affairs energy supply 5 2. Energy situation in the Member States 6 Ludwigkirchplatz 3ñ4 2.1. Oil 6 10719 Berlin 2.2. Gas 7 Phone +49 30 880 07-0 2.3. Coal 7 Fax +49 30 880 07-100 2.4. Nuclear energy 7 www.swp-berlin.org [email protected] 2.5. Renewable energy 8 3. Growing awareness of energy security issues 9 4. The rise of a coordinated energy European policy 10 5.
    [Show full text]
  • Pierre Gerbet, the Franco-German Duo and Europe
    Pierre Gerbet, The Franco-German duo and Europe Source: Pierre Gerbet, Institut d'études politiques de Paris, Paris (2005). Copyright: (c) Translation CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/pierre_gerbet_the_franco_german_duo_and_europe- en-1a00a313-d581-4b5a-aeab-ca9d18bedafb.html Last updated: 05/07/2016 1/12 The Franco-German duo and Europe by Pierre Gerbet, Emeritus Professor of the Universities at the Institute of Political Studies (IEP) in Paris. The rapprochement between France and Germany after the Second World War paved the way for the establishment of the European Communities. The joint action by the two countries contributed, often decisively, to the Communities’ development and to the setting up of the European Union. For half a century, however, the solidity of the Franco-German duo and its capacity to contribute to European integration went through some major ups and downs, during which the leaders of the two countries played a decisive role. 1. Establishment of the European Communities It was the French Foreign Minister, Robert Schuman, who took the historic first step, on 9 May 1950, towards reconciling France and Germany within the framework of a robust European organisation. Inspired by Jean Monnet, he invited the newly established Federal Republic of Germany (the FRG) to join, as a full and equal partner, a supranational European community, initially restricted to coal and steel and open to membership by other countries.
    [Show full text]
  • European Y Documentation /; \
    SPECIAL ISSUE european y \ documentation /; ; L---- a survey INDEX 1966-1969 EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Secretariat General directorate of parliamentary documentation and information Centre europeen Plateau du Kirchberg Luxembourg EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT Directorate-General for Parliamentary Documentation and Information EUROPEAN DOCUMENTATION A SURVEY Special issue Index 1966-1969 INDEX OF 'EUROPEAN DOCUMENTATION- A SURVEY' 1966 - 1969 PE-i-830 - 1 - FOREWORD This special issue, containing an index for the years 196B to 196 9, is being published in addition to the four ordinary issues of 'European Docu­ mentation' to appear in 1971. The form of 'European Documentation' changed somewhat between 1966 and 1969. It ceased to appear monthly in July 1967 and became a quar­ terly. At the same time it was decided to insert the section covering the activities of the European Parliament in a separate publication, i.e. 'European Parliament -Information Bulletin'. The index for 1970 will be attached to the issue of 'European Docu­ mentation' covering the first quarter of 1971. - 3 - INDEX I. Political and institutional matters ...••...•••..•...... 7 II. Economic and financial matters .•.........••.......•. 37 III. Social matters ...................••................. 49 IV. Agriculture .•.•.......•.••.....................•... 54 V. Competition .••.....••....•...••.............••..... 64 VI. Transport...••...•................................. 65 VII. Energy and space ..•••..••....•.............•...•... 67 VIII. Overseas countries and territories .................
    [Show full text]
  • The Benelux Memorandum
    The Benelux Memorandum Source: CVCE. European NAvigator. Étienne Deschamps. Copyright: (c) CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_benelux_memorandum-en-58119e2d-faf6-4faa- 9bc1-d1918343bb6e.html Last updated: 03/08/2016 1/2 The Benelux memorandum Following on from the many initiatives taken over the previous two years by Johan Willem Beyen, Netherlands Minister for Foreign Affairs, with a view to reviving European integration on the basis of a general common market, Paul-Henri Spaak, the Belgian Minister for Foreign Affairs, and Joseph Bech, the Luxembourg Minister for Foreign Affairs, met with their Netherlands colleague in The Hague on 23 April 1955. Adopting the principle of a joint memorandum combining the ideas of Jean Monnet and Beyen, they decided to propose to their European partners a sectoral approach for transport and energy, especially nuclear energy, and the parallel establishment of a general common market. The Benelux memorandum was finalised on 18 May and officially submitted to the French, German and Italian governments two days later. It laid great stress on the need to extend the scope of the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC) to other fields such as transport, energy and the peaceful use of atomic power. The Three also emphasised the need for an Economic Community based on a common market, to be achieved through the gradual abolition of quantitative restrictions and customs duties.
    [Show full text]
  • Mit Und Gegen Deutschland
    Mit und gegen Deutschland Das „deutsche Problem“ als Motiv der westeuropäischen Einigungsdiskussion 1945–1954 Dissertation zur Erlangung des Grades des Doktors der Philosophie an der Fakultät Geisteswissenschaften der Universität Hamburg im Promotionsfach Mittlere und Neuere Geschichte vorgelegt von Mathias Schütz Hamburg, 2017 Erstgutachterin: Prof. Dr. Gabriele Clemens (Universität Hamburg) Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. Wolf D. Gruner (Universität Rostock) Tag der mündlichen Prüfung: 5. September 2016 Inhaltsverzeichnis „Deutsche Frage“? „Deutsches Problem“! Begriffliche Vorbemerkungen 4 1 Das „deutsche Problem“ als europäische Erfahrung 15 1.1 Thema und Untersuchungsgegenstand 15 Von Henry Morgenthau zu Jean Monnet 15 Foren der europäischen Einigungsdiskussion 20 1.2 Theoretische Überlegungen und Vorgehensweise 26 Deutsche Vergangenheit, europäische Zukunft: Perzeption und Integration 26 Quellen und Aufbau der Darstellung 31 2 Transnationale Erfahrung – europäisches Gedächtnis? 37 Kriegserfahrung und Problemstellung 38 Westeuropäisches (Un-)Bewusstsein 45 3 Das „deutsche Problem“ als Ausgangspunkt der Einigungsdiskussion 1945–1949 54 3.1 Die Deutschlandkommission der Union Européenne des Fédéralistes 56 Föderalistische Motive gegenüber Deutschland 56 Erziehung der Erzieher 61 3.2 Die Deutschlandkonferenz der Nouvelles Equipes Internationales 67 Katholische Selbstvergewisserung 67 Über Deutschland nach Europa 72 3.3 Heilsames Vergessen? Das Mouvement Européen 80 Winston Churchill und die europäische Bewegung 80 Der Haager Kongress und die
    [Show full text]
  • The Political Economy of European
    THE EU CONSTITUTIONAL TREATY IN THE NETHERLANDS COULD A BETTER EMBEDDING HAVE MADE A DIFFERENCE? B.J.J. Crum WEBPUBLICATIONS 25 The Hague, June 2007 2 The Webpublications series comprises studies carried out as part of the activities of the WRR. Responsibility for the content and views expressed rests with the authors. A list of all Webpublications can be found on the WRR website (www.wrr.nl). 3 CONTENTS 1 Introduction ..........................................................................................................................4 2 Defining the Challenge: Towards The Laeken Declaration .................................................6 3 Negotiating the Constitution Treaty: Convention and IGC ...............................................10 3.1 Early Convention Debates...........................................................................................10 3.2 From the Convention to the IGC.................................................................................12 3.3 Societal Engagement, the Media and Civil Society .................................................... 15 3.4 Public Opinion............................................................................................................. 17 4 Ratification ..........................................................................................................................18 4.1 The Campaign..............................................................................................................18 4.2 The Voters..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Wilfried Loth Building Europe
    Wilfried Loth Building Europe Wilfried Loth Building Europe A History of European Unification Translated by Robert F. Hogg An electronic version of this book is freely available, thanks to the support of libra- ries working with Knowledge Unlatched. KU is a collaborative initiative designed to make high quality books Open Access. More information about the initiative can be found at www.knowledgeunlatched.org This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivs 4.0 License. For details go to http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. ISBN 978-3-11-042777-6 e-ISBN (PDF) 978-3-11-042481-2 e-ISBN (EPUB) 978-3-11-042488-1 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A CIP catalog record for this book has been applied for at the Library of Congress. Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available in the Internet at http://dnb.dnb.de. © 2015 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston Cover image rights: ©UE/Christian Lambiotte Typesetting: Michael Peschke, Berlin Printing: CPI books GmbH, Leck ♾ Printed on acid free paper Printed in Germany www.degruyter.com Table of Contents Abbreviations vii Prologue: Churchill’s Congress 1 Four Driving Forces 1 The Struggle for the Congress 8 Negotiations and Decisions 13 A Milestone 18 1 Foundation Years, 1948–1957 20 The Struggle over the Council of Europe 20 The Emergence of the Coal and Steel Community
    [Show full text]