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Articulationes Membri Thoracici • 1. Articulatio

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Articulationes Membri Thoracici • 1. Articulatio ARTICULATIONES MEMBRI THORACICI • 1. ARTICULATIO HUMERI-art. simplex, art. spheroidea (but functions as a hinge joint) movement: eq, Ru only flexion, extension is possible, in ca: rotation, abduction, adduction also between scapula (cavitas glenoidalis) and humerus (caput) Capsula articularis Recessus: cranial and caudal recesses Labrum glenoidale Ligg. glenohumeralia (eq, ca)- tickened part of the capsule (capsular ligament) in the med. and lat. walls in ca, and cranially in eq Lig. coracohumerale (eq, Ru)- capsular ligament between scapula (tub. supraglenoidale) and humerus (tub. majus, minus) No collateral ligaments! Instead of them: laterally m. infraspinatus (1), medially m. subscapularis (5) ca: part of the joint capsule surrounds the tendon of m. biceps brachii (9) and forms vagina synovialis intertubercularis eq, bo: bursa intertubercularis (=bursa bicipitalis) under the tendor of the m. biceps brachii (may communicate with the joint cavity of the shoulder joint in horse) • 2.ARTICULATIO CUBITI-art. composita, ginglymus (hinge joint) movement: extension and flexion between humerus (condyle), radius (caput), ulna (insisura trochlearis) Articulatio humeroulnaris Articulatio humeroradialis Capsula articularis Recessus: recessus cranialis, large recessus caudalis Lig. collaterale cubiti mediale- from epicondylus med. to radius (in ca also to ulna) Lig. collaterale cubiti laterale- from epicondylus lat. to radius (in ca, Ru also to ulna) Lig. olecrani (ca)- capsular ligament from fossa olecrani of humerus to olecranon •3. ARTICULATIO RADIOULNARIS PROXIMALIS- art. simplex, art. trochoidea movement: ca: rotational movements are possible (pronatio, supinatio) eq, Ru: no movement! between radius (circumferentia articularis radii) and ulna (incisura radialis ulnae) Lig. anulare radii (ca)- encircles the head of the radius, running under the collateral ligaments Membrana interossea antebrachii (ca) (in eq, Ru it is ossified) • 4. ARTICULATIO RADIOULNARIS DISTALIS- art. simplex, art. trochoidea ca: the joint exists; eq: ulna is missing, Ru: ossified radius and ulna movement: ca: rotational movements are possible (pronatio, supinatio) between radius (incisura ulnaris radii) and ulna (circumferentia articularis ulnae) Capsula articularis Lig. radioulnare (ca)- capsular ligament at the distal ends of radius and ulna, cranially FASCIAL STRUCTURES fascia axillaris fascia brachii fascia antebrachii 1 FLEXORS OF THE SHOULDER (Ca) m. deltoideus (pars acromialis et scapularis) m. infraspinatus m. teres minor m. triceps brachii caput longum m. teres major m. subscapularis 1. M. infraspinatus o Origin: fossa infraspinata, spina scapulae, margo caudalis scapulae o Insertion: facies m. infraspinati of humerus o Action: acts as a lateral collateral ligament for shoulder joint; flexor of shoulder joint 2. M. teres minor o Origin: distally on margo caudalis scapulae, tuberculum infraglenoidale o Insertion: teres minor tuberosity of humerus (laterally) o Action: flexor of shoulder joint M. triceps brachii In dogs it has four heads: caput longum, laterale, mediale and accessorium o 3. Caput longum o Origin: distal 2/3 of margo caudalis scapulae o Insertion: tuber olecrani o Action: flexor of shoulder joint and extensor of elbow joint 4. M. deltoideus o Origin: 4a. scapular part: caudal edge of spina scapulae, 4b. acromial part: from acromion o Insertion: tuberositas deltoidea of humerus o Action: flexor of shoulder joint 5. M. subscapularis o Origin: fossa subscapularis o Insertion: tuberculum minus of humerus o Action: its wide tendon acts as a medial collateral ligament for shoulder joint; extends shoulder joint, but also helps maintaining flexion 6. M. teres major o Origin: proximally on margo caudalis scapulae and angulus caudalis scapulae o Insertion: teres major tuberosity of humerus (together with m. latissimus dorsi) o Action: flexor of shoulder joint (7. M. latissimus dorsi o Origin: superficial layer of thoracolumbar fascia (from spinous processes of the last 7-8 thoracic and lumbar vertebrae); also muscular attachment proximally to the last few ribs o Insertion: on teres major tuberosity (together with m. teres major) o Action: draws free limb caudally; together with m. teres major flexes shoulder) 2 3 EXTENSORS OF THE SHOULDER (Ca) m. supraspinatus m. biceps brachii m. coracobrachialis m. subscapularis 8. M. supraspinatus o Origin: fossa supraspinata, spine and cranial border of scapula o Insertion: greater tubercle of the humerus (tuberculum majus) o Action: extends and stabilizes shoulder joint 5. M. subscapularis o Origin: fossa subscapularis o Insertion: tuberculum minus of humerus o Action: its wide tendon acts as a medial collateral ligament for shoulder joint; extends shoulder joint, but also helps maintaining flexion 9. M. biceps brachii o Origin: tuberculum supraglenoidale of scapule; a retinaculum transversum fixes its tendon in the intertubercular groove (between tuberculum majus and minus). Tendon in vagina synovialis intertubercularis. o Insertion: tuberositas radii and tuberositas ulnae (proc. coronoideus medialis) o Action: extends shoulder joint and flexes elbow joint 10. M. coracobrachialis o Origin: coracoid process of supraglenoid tubercle, o Insertion: crest of minor tubercle on humerus (behind attachment of m. triceps brachii caput mediale) o Action: extensor of shoulder joint FLEXORS OF THE ELBOW (Ca) m. biceps brachii , m. brachialis 9. M. biceps brachii o Origin: tuberculum supraglenoidale of scapule; a retinaculum transversum fixes its tendon in the intertubercular groove (between tuberculum majus and minus) o Insertion: tuberositas radii and tuberositas ulnae (proc. coronoideus medialis) o Action: extends shoulder joint and flexes elbow joint 11. M. brachialis o Origin: caudally on neck of humerus; (then it will twist laterally, then cranio-medially in sulcus m. brachialis towards antebrachium) o Insertion: tuberositas radii and tuberositas ulnae (proc. coronoideus medialis) o Action: flexes elbow joint 4 EXTENSORS OF THE ELBOW (Ca) m. triceps brachii (caput longum, laterale, mediale, accessorium) m. anconeus m. tensor fasciae antebrachii M. triceps brachii In dogs it has four heads: caput longum, laterale, mediale and accessorium o 3. Caput longum o Origin: distal 2/3 of margo caudalis scapulae o Insertion: tuber olecrani o Action: flexor of shoulder joint and extensor of elbow joint o 12. Caput laterale o Origin: linea m. tricipitis o Insertion: tuber olecrani o Action: extend elbow joint o 13. Caput mediale o Origin: proximal medial surface of humerus (near teres major tuberosity) o Insertion: tuber olecrani o Action: extend elbow joint o 14. Caput accessorium o Origin: caudally from neck of humerus o Insertion: tuber olecrani o Action: extend elbow joint Bursa between skin and olecranon (1. bursa subcutanea olecrani), between tendons of caput mediale and caput longum (2. bursa intratendinea olecrani) and between olecranon and tendons (3.bursa subtendinea m. tricipitis brachii). 15. M. anconeus o Origin: lateral epicondylar (supracondylar) crest, and around fossa olecrani o Insertion: latero-proximally on olecranon (tuber olecrani, proc. anconeus) o Action: extends elbow joint 16. M. tensor fasciae antebrachii o Origin: detaching from m. latissimus dorsi o Insertion: medially on tuber olecrani, then radiates into antebrachial fascia o Action: tenses antebrachial fascia and extends elbow joint 5 MUSCLES THAT CONNECTS THE FORELIMB WITH THE TRUNK AND ARE ATTACHED TO THE SCAPULA: a. M. trapezius o Origin: between C3-Th9 region. - pars cervicalis: from raphe of neck - pars thoracica: from supraspinous ligament o Insertion: cervical part inserts on proximal ¾ of scapular spine (distally there is the omotransversarius muscle); thoracic part inserts on proximal third of scapular spine o Action: supports trunk, elevates (lifts) forelimb, draws it cranially b. M. rhomboideus o Origin: nuchal crest of occipital bone (pars capitis); from raphe of neck to spinous processes of Th1-3 vertebrae (pars cervicis); and from processus spinosus of Th4-7 vertebrae (pars thoracis) o Insertion: dorsomedial border of scapula o Action: elevates limb and pulls base of scapula against trunk forwards or backwards (depending on which part will contract more) c. M. serratus ventralis o Origin: cervical part from proc. trans. of C2-7, thoracic part from middle of ribs 1-8. o Insertion: facies serrata on scapula (medially) o Action: supports trunk, helps at inspiration, carries shoulder cranial or caudal with respect to position of forelimb d. M. omotransversarius o Origin: distal part of scapular spine, then runs under m. sternocleidomastoideus o Insertion: caudal border of ala atlantis o Action: if limb is free: draws shoulder cranially; if limb is fixed: flexes neck laterally MUSCLES THAT CONNECTS THE FORELIMB WITH THE TRUNK AND ARE ATTACHED TO THE HUMERUS: e. Pectoral muscles M. pectoralis superficialis It has two parts: m. pectoralis descendens and transversus o Origin: m. pectoralis descendens from manubrium sterni, m. pectoralis transversus from 1-3rd sternebrae o Insertion: crest of greater tubercle of humerus (crista tuberculi majoris), upper part of crista humeri o Action: ventral connection to forelimb, adduction, draws limb cranially or caudally depending its position M. pectoralis profundus Also called: m. pectoralis ascendens 6 o Origin: all sternebrae of sternum and costal cartilages of true ribs o Insertion: main part inserts on minor tubercle of humerus (and just a small aponeurosis joins to major tubercle)
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