CIRCULAR AMSTERDAM A vision and action agenda for the city and metropolitan area FOREWORD CONTENTS
TITLE MANAGEMENT SUMMARY 4 Cities are the hotbed of innovation and circularity is now on the agenda; politically, 1. INTRODUCTION: MUNICIPALITY AMSTERDAM AS A PIONEER 8 socially and commercially. The ability to 1. INTRODUCTION City Circle Scan 12 identify and implement circular solutions at the city level will lead to job creation, a cleaner 2. VISION OF A CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION CHAIN IN AMSTERDAM 14 environment, new or rejuvenated industries, Strategies for a circular construction chain 20 and competitiveness in global markets. The Smart design 22 circular economy provides solutions for many Dismantling and separation 24 environmental, economic and geo-political 2. VISION CONSTRUCTION High quality recycling and re-use 26 challenges that cities worldwide are facing. Marketplace and resource bank 28 vision Spatial vision 30 strategies The first Circle City Scan was completed with Barriers 32 barriers Action points 34 the city of Amsterdam, which is a pioneer in the action agenda field of circular economy. This report identifies Roadmap 38 areas in which circular business models can be Potential economic and environmental impact 40 applied and highlights strategies to accomplish Scalability map 42 practical implementation of these sustainable 3. VISION OF A CIRCULAR ORGANIC RESIDUAL STREAMS CHAIN 44 solutions. The Circle City Scan addresses where 3. VISION ORGANIC Strategies for organic waste 50 and how to start with tangible projects, and RESIDUALS Central hub for biorefinery 52 what the impact is in terms of jobs, environment vision Waste and reverse logistics 54 and added (economic) value. strategies Cascading of organic flows 56 barriers Recovery of nutrients 58 action agenda Spatial vision 60 Barriers 62 Action points 64 Roadmap 68 Potential economic and environmental impact 70 Scalability map 72 4. CURRENT STATE 4. CURRENT STATE 74 Circularity measured 76 Flows through the metropolitan region 78 Selection of chains 82 Circular Economy indicators 84
5. RECOMMENDATIONS AND NEXT STEPS 86 5. RECOMMEN- Project team 88 DATIONS AND References 90 NEXT STEPS
2 3 EXECUTIVETITLE SUMMARY As a pillar of Amsterdam’s sustainability policy, which 47 billion is accounted for by the city of creating a circular economy is high on the Amsterdam (2013) (CBS, 2015). The following FACILITATING STIMULATING STIMULATING RESOURCE AND HIGH-VALUE MATERIAL municipality’s agenda. Results from the study sections summarise the future vision and 1 MATERIAL STORAGE 2 REUSE 3 PASSPORTS ‘Circular Amsterdam: A vision and roadmap roadmap that have been developed for both
for the city and region’ provide guidance to the chains and the impact that the implementation of Matching demand and supply High-value reuse of building A materials passport for municipality regarding potential steps towards these would have on the economy and the use of of building materials and materials can be encouraged buildings captures information increased circularity. The roadmap explicitly materials. resources requires temporary by the government in two on materials and processes storage. Two possible roles ways in the current early used, and the possibilities for connects with and builds on the many initiatives on which the municipality stage of development: material reuse. The municipality that are already being implemented. Construction chain can focus are: (1) allocating (1) contributing to the can recommend or make By organising the building chain in a circular way locations for the physical development of procurement mandatory a basic version of storage of these materials, and guidelines and building codes material passports for new The City Circle Scan approach consists of four while fulfilling the growth ambition to realise 70 (2) playing a facilitating role in with specific requirements for construction projects and phases. In phase 1, the main material and energy thousand new homes by 2040, the municipality drawing up the conditions that high-value reuse, and (2) being implement material passports flows as well as the employment levels in the can achieve a 3% productivity increase worth the materials have to meet in a launching customer for for its own properties. economic sectors in the region were analysed, 85 million euro per year. This economic growth order to qualify for storage recycled and reused building and reuse. materials. creating a solid base for phase 2. In phase 2, a is realised in large part by value retention due comprehensive analysis of the value chains that to material reuse and efficiency improvements. connect multiple sectors within Amsterdam was However, this cannot be realised overnight. A follow-up analysis is needed The municipality could develop Involvement of the municipality to study changes in the criteria for building regulations, and city officials is required to conducted. Utilising macro-economic statistics, construction material flows ensure compliance calls for determine how the materials the study determined which chains can achieve Growth in productivity results in increased in the city both for large an increase in commitment, passport for buildings can be the greatest impact from a circular perspective. employment opportunities; over time, about demolition projects and new and co-invest in new embedded in policy. Input construction. Complemented processing technologies and information on facilities The results were discussed during a round 700 additional jobs can be created. 75 thousand by available knowledge on through the AKEF or a Fund from the land registry are also table discussion with representatives from the people are currently employed in the Amsterdam zoning plans and a structural for Circular Development. The required for the passport.
municipality and local stakeholders, resulting in building sector. For the most part, the additional INVESTMENTS vision, such analysis can municipality’s precondition the decision to perform a detailed analysis of the jobs would be for low- to medium skilled identify locations for the could be that the activities (temporary) storage of raw are based in Amsterdam and construction chain and the organic residual flow personnel. materials. benefit the city. chain. Phase 3 explored the two chains in an ideal circular future. This future vision provides a view The outlined improvement of the reuse of materials The municipality, the Port of Construction- and waste Construction-, waste- and of how the chains (and their interactions with leads to material savings of 500 thousand tonnes, Amsterdam, the Cirkel Stad companies, such as ICT companies, such as other chains) can be set up to be more effective. which is significant when compared to the current collaborative partnership, BAM, Heijmans, AEB, Van BAM, Heijmans, AEB, Van In phase 4, an action agenda and roadmap were annual import of 1.5 million tonnes of materials. “start-up in residence”, Westas Gansewinkel, Icova and Gansewinkel, IBM, Icova and partners and AEB. Stonecycling, Circkelstad and Stonecycling, IBM and Delta drawn to kick-start relevant circular projects, and Greenhouse gas emissions are estimated to the Dutch Green Building Development Group.
potential barriers were identified. decrease by half a million tonnes of CO2 per year STAKEHOLDERS Council.
- equivalent to 2.5% of the current annual CO2- Results of the study show that Amsterdam has emissions of the city of Amsterdam. the potential to greatly reduce greenhouse gas Dismantling and separation: efficient dismantling roadmap and action agenda in the study present emissions and material consumption while, at The above impacts are based on four strategies and separation of waste streams enables high- a large number of short and long term actions that the same time, realising economic growth and that improve the circularity of the construction value reuse. (3) High-value recycling: high value can contribute to transforming the construction stimulating employment opportunities. The sector: (1) Smart design: commit to smart design recovery and reuse of materials and components. chain and, thus, to the realisation of the impacts. economic activity of the Amsterdam metropolitan of buildings in order to make them more suitable (4) Marketplace and resource bank: exchanging The table on the right presents a brief overview of region amounts to 106 billion euro annually, of for repurposing and for the reuse of materials. (2) commodities between market players. The the top 3 action points for this chain.
4 5 TITLE Organic residual streams chain annual import of 3.9 million tonnes of biomass High-value processing of organic residual streams for the entire metropolitan region. The material VIRTUAL CIRCULAR LAUNCHING RESOURCE FREE ZONE CUSTOMER for the city of Amsterdam can, over a period of savings consist mainly of materials that can be 1 PLATFORM 2 BIO-REFINERY 3 five to seven years, lead to an added value of 150 replaced by the higher-value processed waste million euro per year. flows. For example, the production of high-quality The municipality can further The municipality can initiate The municipality can introduce protein from organic waste can replace protein develop and make publicly circular free zones. This criteria in its purchasing policy This future circular scenario is based on a variety imports such as soy for animal feed, and the accessible digital (commercial) could take away certain to stimulate locally produced platforms for organic waste. (legislative) barriers that grass, wood (as in street of adopted measures, including source separation production of bio-plastics could replace oil-based Such a platform would offer currently hinder innovation, furniture) and food (catering). of organic waste in all 430 thousand households plastic production. As a result, the expected a transparent overview of such as the ban on the use The large buying power of the in Amsterdam. Separate collection makes it reduction in greenhouse gas emissions is in the the supply, the demand and of digestate on agricultural municipality itself can create the use of organic residual land. This is currently blocking an important and constant possible to direct the organic waste stream to order of 600 thousand tonnes of CO2, nearly streams in Amsterdam (and an important and essential demand that allows local new uses, such as the production of protein for 3% of the annual CO -emissions of the city of 2 beyond). In addition, it can part of the business case parties to further develop and animal feed, biogas and building blocks for the Amsterdam. address the uncertainty in for anaerobic digestion as professionalise. chemical sector, including the production of bio- the market by improving the current market value of plastics. In addition, organic waste streams from The above impacts are based on four strategies the balance of supply and digestate is low. the food processing industry in the port area that can enable the higher-value recycling of demand. offer opportunities for higher quality processing, organic residual streams: (1) Central hub for The investment in setting up The designation of circular The effects of these measures contributing to additional value creation. bio-refinery: a central hub for the valorisation a platform consists largely of free zones can be an effective may soon be visible since there of organic residue streams from household and the development of the IT- way to neutralise the barriers is a direct market demand for In the long term, this scenario is estimated to industrial waste and waste streams from the infrastructure and the time described in the local barrier local products. This is expected create an additional 1200 jobs in Amsterdam, on industry. (2) Waste separation and return logistics: it takes for the conceptual overview. It is a measure to be quickly absorbed by the development of a platform. that requires investment market. top of the current total of 10 thousand jobs in the smart waste separation and return logistics to The municipality can be the in establishing proper agriculture and food processing industry. Some deploy the logistics hub of Amsterdam in a smart initiator; however, there are supervision and enforcement.
of the jobs created will arise from the required way and to increase the value of residual flows. INVESTMENTS many market participants, The measures to be taken adjustments to the waste infrastructure, including (3) Cascading of organic flows: to deploy organic including large IT parties, fall completely within the which develop such platforms. perspective of the Municipality the installation of underground containers, pick residual streams in the smartest way possible. (4) Act. up services for the separate waste streams and Retrieving nutrients: retrieve essential nutrients the more complex processing of waste flows. to close the nutrient cycle. AMS, Floow2, Oogstkaart, Orgaworld, SkyNRG, Municipality, Caterers In addition to direct employment effects in the TNO, Municipality Schiphol Group, KLM, Port of and suppliers of facility agricultural and food industry, there are chances The roadmap and action agenda in the study Wageningen UR Amsterdam and Sita management, Local producers, for indirect increases in the number of jobs in present a large number of short and long term Exter, Kromkommer, Provalor, GRO, Holland, Taste Before areas such as engineering and logistics. actions that can contribute to transforming the You Waste, Instock, Food chain and, thus, to the realisation of the impacts. banks, Meerlanden and STAKEHOLDERS The material savings that can be achieved may The table on the right presents a brief overview of Fruityourworld add up to nearly 900 thousand tonnes per year, the top 3 action points for improved processing of a significant amount compared to the current organic residual streams.
6 7 TITLE1. INTRODUCTION: MUNICIPALITY The urgency of the transition to a circular 7. Human activities positively contribute to OF AMSTERDAM AS A PIONEER economy Our linear way of producing and ecosystems, ecosystem services and the consuming is under pressure. The world’s reconstruction of “natural capital”. population will grow to nine billion people by 2050, and, as the city of Amsterdam urbanises Circular economy as a pillar for Amsterdam and grows by 10 thousand inhabitants per year, The municipality of Amsterdam has committed the demand on resources rises. This demand, to the circular economy as an important pillar combined with the finite supply of resources, of its sustainability policy, as apparent in its will lead to scarcity and strong price fluctuations. sustainability agenda (Amsterdam, 2014a), More and more companies are, therefore, opting adopted on 11 March 2015. Within the existing for the transition to a circular economy, which policy, there is already space to accelerate the offers opportunities for innovation and export transition, through the development of circular of new production techniques and business free zones, for example. This is a good starting models, while reducing dependency on imports. position, as confirmed in the national Green Deal, For citizens, a more circular city will improve their ‘The Netherlands as circular hotspot’. quality of life, create new jobs and form new business models for entrepreneurs. Lately, the region has experimented with pilot programmes in the transition to a circular Amsterdam wants to be the front-runner in economy; however, the municipality wants to circularity, and the Amsterdam region is in a good commit to a real transition in the coming period, starting position for transitioning to a circular and the efficient recovery of natural resources economy. The region has many entrepreneurial and materials, within the construction sector is an and innovative businesses, citizens, start-ups, important area of focus. As the municipality would organisations and knowledge institutions that also like to stimulate economic activity, research are already working within the framework of a and innovation, it is important to get a picture of circular economy. the entire system, which is why Circle Economy, TNO and Fabric were hired to do a Circle Scan for The city of Amsterdam works according to the the city. following seven principles of the circular economy: 1. All materials enter into an infinite technical or The changing role of Governments Circular biological cycle. business models are increasingly seen as 2. All energy comes from renewable sources. promising by businesses (Accenture, 2014). As a 3. Resources are used to generate (financial or result, the transition to a circular economy is mainly other) value. driven by companies at the moment. These front- 4. Modular and flexible design of products and runners still experience many barriers (regulation, production chains increase adaptability of for example), which slow down the speed of the systems. transition. Governments play a crucial role in 5. New business models for production, facilitating and guiding the transition to a circular distribution and consumption enable the shift economy (EMF, 2015a). Especially at the city and from possession of goods to (use of) services. regional levels, the circular economy is taking 6. Logistics systems shift to a more region- shape and groups of citizens and businesses oriented service with reverse-logistics are starting all kinds of circular initiatives (RLI, capabilities.
8 9 TITLE 2015). These developments show that a great more circular - Construction and Organic Residual deal of interest and commitment currently exists Streams. For both value chains, we explored what to capitalise on the opportunities offered by the a circular future may look like. To make the vision circular economy. To scale up these initiatives more concrete, four strategies were developed support from the government is essential. and translated into a specific roadmap for the city and region with concrete action points. The The government of the future does not direct, report concludes with recommendations and next but brings parties together. To play that role, the steps. A key recommendation and follow-up step government ought to remove barriers resulting involves making circularity more measurable in from existing policy and actively encourage order to monitor progress. The ‘circular indicators and challenge the market. One can think of, for framework’ applied in this study offers a good example, the development of inspiring goals for a starting point. circular city, such as adjusting the private purchase and tender conditions, stimulating innovative Jump start: build on momentum The ambition research and start-ups that contribute to circular to be a circular hotspot is widely supported solutions, and implementing financial incentives. in Amsterdam. Not only is the municipality This last point, for example, can be fulfilled by progressive, but citizens and businesses are differentiating tax rates and investing in good equally enthusiastic and energetic about the infrastructure to increase exchange of resources. transition to a circular economy. The city is A close cooperation between the government buzzing with circular initiatives, and this was and the market offers a great opportunity to once again made clear during conversations accelerate the transition to a circular economy. held in the region to gather input for the future visions and action points in this document. With Amsterdam Circle Scan: from vision to the action points presented in this report, we action This document describes the results want to contribute to and build on the growing of the ‘Amsterdam Circle Scan’ and analyses momentum for the circular economy in this the opportunities and challenges of creating a region. In the action agenda, we connected and circular city. The results contribute to the further built on, as much as possible, the many initiatives development of the municipal ambitions and already underway. Internationally, Amsterdam is agenda on the theme of a circular economy. The a pioneer and is being followed by other cities in roadmap outlines steps towards stimulating the Europe and beyond. circular economy in the city. To create a circular economy, we must first understand what is not circular in our current economy. This document provides insight into the commodity flows in the city and metropolitan region. It shows where the processing of resources adds value to the local economy and how they can be reused in a smart way while highlighting where resources are being wasted. The report focuses on two value chains with a significant impact, their contribution to the regional economy and their potential to be
10 11 MAPPING OF MATERIAL FLOWS AND ADDED VALUE To get a better picture of how circular Amsterdam currently is, the main material and energy flows as well as employment in the economic sectors in the region were analysed. The analysis employed data from (regional and national) statistics and sources, and was supplemented by interviews. It provides insights into material flows in and around the city. Simultaneously, activities and places in the region were assessed for their ecological impact. In addition, the analysis provides insights on where and how value can be created in the region and where there are opportunities for job growth and economic development.
EVALUATION AND SELECTION OF CHAINS In phase 2, a comprehensive analysis was conducted of the value chains that connect multiple sectors within Amsterdam. The results of phase 1 were the starting point of this analysis. Based on macro-economic statistics, we established in which chains the greatest circular impact can be achieved. The result is a list of chains that have been prioritised on the basis of the following indicators: ecological impact, economic importance, value preservation and transition potential. These indicators were also used in the Dutch national government program, ‘Nederland Circulair!’. THE CITY CIRCLE VISIONING SCAN METHOD Then, in phase 3, we developed a future vision, exploring how the two chains can The City Circle Scan is a method that gives direction function in an ideal circular future. This future vision gives a view on how the to cities through the development of a roadmap and chains (and their interactions with other chains) can be set up differently. For action agenda for the practical implementation of each of the two chains, we formulated four strategies for a circular economy. the circular economy in their city and region. The The future vision was tested in feedback sessions and in interviews with method consists of four phases. various experts and stakeholders in Amsterdam. The feedback was used to further refine the vision for the future.
PROJECT SELECTION AND FORMULATION OF ACTION POINTS In phase 4, an action agenda with a planning and implementation strategy for starting relevant circular projects was drawn up. All are projects in which governments, research institutes, companies, entrepreneurs and citizens work together to make the two chains circular. Time paths for the actions and policy interventions were formulated, indicating which stakeholders are essential for a successful transition. The actions have also been assessed on four main effects: (1) value creation, (2) CO -reduction, (3) material savings 2 straatmeubilair teruggewonnen plastics and (4) job growth.
Mobiele 3Dprint faciliteit
12 13 2. VISION OF A CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION CHAIN IN AMSTERDAM
To get a picture of how the construction chain in Amsterdam can make better, higher-value and longer lasting use of material flows, we explored a potential future of the construction industry in Amsterdam. This vision of the future was partly based on interviews with experts and stakeholders. Their feedback was used to further refine the vision of the future. The starting point of this exploration was to retain the highest possible value in the construction chain by means of circular solutions. Therefore, this chapter describes four strategies that can be followed. These strategies are then placed in the context of the region (by linking with local initiatives and a selection of innovative market parties). Furthermore, a link is made with trading opportunities for the municipality, areas where the market is active and ways that the government can facilitate this. The roadmap describes concrete action points for the municipality, links this to timelines, and highlights which parties can play a role in the implementation. In addition, the impacts of implementing the strategies are calculated for: (1) value creation, (2)
CO2-reduction, (3) material savings and (4) job growth.
14 15 VISION OF A CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTIONTITLE CHAIN In an ideal circular construction chain, the Buildings can be constructed in a modular buildings are designed in such a way that way. The flexibility of multifunctional buildings materials will have the longest possible lifespan ensures that buildings have a longer life span through reuse or repurposing. The introduction despite the varying demands of residents and of a material passport is a concrete measure users. This underlines the role of architects and that can be of great help in stimulating reuse by property developers in the design of buildings increasing transparency to develop a business that are suitable for re-development. Modular case and enabling reallocation of materials. construction can contribute to rapid and cost Furthermore, chain cooperation and supply effective adaptation of different building functions, chain financing is especially important since it reducing vacancy and optimising unused building contributes to a longer term maintenance and space. use that does justice to the useful life of buildings. As a result, the economic, environmental and In a circular Amsterdam, more focus will fall social performance improves. on smarter demolition. During the demolition of buildings, re-usable products and materials Integrated planning is essential for the realisation are separated, while maintaining their physical of a circular future. Construction and demolition of characteristics and economic value. During the buildings in Amsterdam should be coordinated so separation, there is a special location (unused that the construction materials from demolished land close to construction sites, for example) for buildings may be used again in new construction storing materials that will be used directly in the projects and renovation projects. That way, the use construction of new buildings and renovation of of new materials in new construction projects will existing buildings. To support this, a materials be reduced to a minimum. Bio-based construction database is required, which is linked to an online materials can also play a role. Locally produced marketplace, where buyers can easily exchange biomass, such as the production of elephant grass these materials on the basis of quality and around Schiphol Airport or on wastelands of the quantity. port, can serve as part of this market. In addition, it is important that, next to local sources, national The described vision is illustrated in a visual (see and international sources and production opposite and enlarged on the next page) that methods for sustainable bio-based materials are depicts the flows in the city. In the next section, used. New production methods, including the use this vision is translated into strategies and action of 3D printers, can realise the local production items that use market, technical, technological of buildings. This can also increase the demand and administrative instruments to realise these for bio-based plastic and, thus, stimulate the circular opportunities in the construction chain. production of bio-composites.
16 17 VISION OF A CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION CHAIN MODULE A SMART DESIGN
MODULE A BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS
774 891 €2,5 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WAGENS
MODULE A SMART DESIGN
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MODULE A CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 BIOREFINERY HUB CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL VALUE CONSTRUCTION JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL 2 REDUCTION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CO CREATION €25 0 100 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION 200x KTONS MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 MILLION 150x KTONS VALUE €12 0 300 300 KTONS CREATION 2 x KTONS €50 100 MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS KTONS
774 891 €2,5 109 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WASTE WAGENS TRUCKS
MODULE A SMART DESIGN VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE CREATIONJOB MATERIALGROWTH SAVINGSCO2 REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL COMODULE2 A STRATEGIES FOR BUILDING A CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Explanation of the indicators The effects of the circular strategies on the environment VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 BIOREFINERY HUB CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL VALUE CONSTRUCTION JOB MATERIAL JOB MATERIAL and the economy are calculated for the construction of 70 thousand homes€23 in Amsterdam. CO2 500 VALUE 75 CO2 REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS 200REDUCTION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CIRCULAR CHAIN €25 MILLION 0x KTONS100 CREATIONKTONS €30 75 300 Here, the impact will be realised over a period MILLIONof five to seven years. 200Fourx indicators were KTONS MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS €30 500 100 KTONS MILLION 150x KTONS KTONS VALUE used in determining impact:€12 (1) net added value in millions of euro, (2) net0 job growth in FTE, 300 €50 300 100 CREATION 2 MILLION 100x KTONS 200 KTONS (3) material savings calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) KTONS MILLION x KTONS KTONS reduction in CO -emissions. These are further described below. 774 891 €2,5 109 2 MILLION From the vision described for the construction VUILNIS AUTO’s WASTE WAGENS TRUCKS chain, we developed strategies and action items 1 which enable the municipality to close the MODULE A SMART DESIGN material cycles in the construction chain. VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 JOB MATERIALGROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL VALUE CREATION VALUE COJOB2 MATERIAL 2 CO2 REDUCTION CO GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTIONMODULE A CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATIONJOB MATERIAL BIOREFINERY HUB NET ADDED VALUE IN EURO CREATION VALUE CO2
JOB MATERIALFOOD CREATION GROWTH SAVINGSVALUE REDUCTION MATERIAL CO2 VALUE CONSTRUCTION JOB MATERIAL JOB MATERIAL GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION (1) Smart design The circular strategies directly enable a number€23 of sectors CO2 500 VALUE 75 CREATIONCO2 REDUCTION street furniture salvaged plastics CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS 200REDUCTIONx KTONS GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €25 MILLION €25€..0 100 CREATIONKTONS0 25 €30 75 300 in Amsterdam to realiseMILLION added value: more200 salesx and KTONS 200KTONS MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS Smart design of buildings so that they are better MILLION x KTONS €30 KTONS 500 100 more profit. “Net” means that any decreases in added MILLION 150x €150KTONS KTONS VALUE 900 600 equipped when their purpose changes and so €12 0 300 €50 300 MILLION100 1200x CREATION KTONS 2 KTONS MILLION value are calculated100 andx that the indirect effectsKTONS of all KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS Mobile 3Dprint facility KTONS that materials can be reused. other sectors are taken into account. 774 891 €2,5 109 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WASTE (2) Dismantling and separation WAGENS TRUCKS Efficient dismantling and separation of waste 2 Deconstruction streams to enable high-value reuse. NET JOBS GROWTHVALUE IN FTE JOB MATERIALVALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CO2 REDUCTION CREATION GROWTHREDUCTION SAVINGS JOB MATERIAL VALUE One of the social CREATIONaspectsJOB of an increase inMATERIAL GROWTHcircularityVALUE is SAVINGSJOB2 MATERIAL VALUE CO2 CO CO2 REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH CREATIONSAVINGS GROWTHREDUCTION SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS represented, among other things, by the realisation of VALUE JOB MATERIAL COJOB2 MATERIAL
VALUE FOOD (3) High-value recycling CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION MATERIAL CO2 CONSTRUCTION €30 25 100 CREATION GROWTHVALUE SAVINGSJOB MATERIALREDUCTION 2 jobs (FTE, Full Time Equivalent).€23 Job growth is estimated 500 40075x KTONS REDUCTION CO 200x MILLIONKTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION The high-value recovery and reuse of materials €25 MILLION €250 100 KTONS0 25 €30 75 300 MILLION on the basis of the increase200x of added value, of KTONSsalaries in 200.. MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS MILLION KTONSx KTONS €30 KTONS 500 100 and components. that sector and of the demand for low, medium and highly MILLION 150x €150KTONS KTONS 900 600 MILLION 1200€85x KTONS 2 KTONS500 500 skilled workforces. Net jobs growth refers to job growth MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS KTONS that results in a direct reduction of unemployment. (4) Marketplace and resource bank 109 Separation Reuse WASTE The exchange of resources between market TRUCKS Storage players to enable the reuse of materials in new materials & MODULE B components SEPARATION AND COLLECTION buildings. MATERIAL SAVINGS VALUE JOB MATERIAL Repurposing VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 GROWTHCO2 SAVINGS REDUCTION existing building Use of materials is expressed in DomesticCREATION Material REDUCTION JOB MATERIAL 3 CREATION GROWTHVALUE SAVINGSJOB MATERIAL 2 VALUE CO2 CO GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Consumption (DMC)*,CREATION which, in addition GROWTHto the use SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION JOB MATERIAL These circular strategies are explained on the VALUE VALUE JOB JOB MATERIALVALUE CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTHCO2 SAVINGS REDUCTION of materials in an area, also looks at materials€30 that 25 100 GROWTHVALUE SAVINGSJOB MATERIALREDUCTION starters & €23 500 CREATION CO2 basis of relevant existing activities that currently MILLION 40075x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION students MILLION are imported and 200exported.x Apart from COKTONS-missions KTONS..0 €30 75 300 €25 2 25 450 x KTONS new facade MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS MILLION KTONS take place in Amsterdam. In addition, four (which already is explicitly included), DMC makes all €1,7 €85900 499 492 MILLION €150 8x MILLION 714600x KTONS KTONS environmental impact factors related to the circular MILLION 1200€85x KTONS 500KTONS 500 strategies are displayed in a spatial view, similar MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS of ce to the spatial vision map. Even though the projects quantifiable. 2418 Construction strategies are formulated separately, they are industry partially intertwined. Successful implementation new interior MODULE B old facade SEPARATION AND COLLECTION of high-value reuse, for example, is dependent on & interior MATERIAL CO2-REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 efficient dismantling and separation techniques. CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION Upcycling plant The most well-knownCREATION impact of economicGROWTH activities is SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATIONCO -emissions. TheGROWTH impact of the strategies onSAVINGS emissions REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL 2 VALUE VALUE JOB JOB MATERIAL CO2 4 is expressed in Global Warming Potential (GWP), a CREATION CREATION CREATIONJOB MATERIALGROWTHCO2 SAVINGS REDUCTION The following section lists the four strategies €30 25 100 CREATION GROWTHVALUE SAVINGS REDUCTION CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION translated into a concrete roadmap and action €25 globally adopted measure that expresses the 0avoided 25.. MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS CO2-emissions in the coming years, by an increase in €1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION €150 x MILLION900 714600x KTONS KTONS agenda. The action agenda further explains MILLION 8 1200x KTONS 500 Open platform Materials database circularity, over a period of 100 years. To make the impact €85 KTONS 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS where the municipality can be of influence, what comparable with the annual emissions in the region, the 2418 choice was made to convert the indicators to annual CO - other market parties can be involved and in what 2 emissions. timeframe the transitions can take place. The MODULE B roadmap and action agenda are formulated on SEPARATION AND COLLECTION Materials storage the basis of the previously described research and VALUE JOB MATERIAL MATERIAL CO2 Deconstruction Construction CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION analysis, as well as interviews with stakeholders CREATION*Domestic Material Consumption,GROWTH abbreviated as DMC, is aSAVINGS commonly used statistic that measuresREDUCTION the total amount of materials that are used directly by an economy. It measures the annual amount of materials that areVALUE extracted in JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 and experts. the geographical area, including all physical imports and minus all physical exports. CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 714 x KTONS MILLION 8x €85 500 500 KTONS MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS 20 2418 21
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION
VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
2418
MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION SMART DESIGN
Smart design of buildings is important in the printing, can play a pioneering role in reducing cost transition to a regional construction circular chain and material use (EMF, 2015b). Such technologies (EMF, 2015a). Inhabitants move more frequently, lead to less waste and offer the possibility of new so work areas should be regularly adapted to (e.g. bio-based) materials. The Amsterdam firm meet changing work patterns such as mobile of architects, SO Architects, has, in collaboration working and flexible working hours. In addition, with Hager and Henkel, started the project “3D it has been found that companies tend to move Print Canal House” to investigate the possibilities to another building rather than renovating the of 3D printing for the construction industry. current one. These factors lead to an increasing The research project looks at different building demand for flexible and customisable areas materials, such as recycled construction materials that meet the changing demands of tenants and and stone waste (SO, 2015). owners. To illustrate the concept, we will focus on four categories of smart design, namely, modular Bio-based materials New, sustainable building street furniture salvaged plastics and flexible design, 3D printing, bio-based materials with a biological origin can contribute materials and experimental construction areas. to designing smarter buildings. More than 3 million tonnes of biomass and organic residual Modular and flexible design One of the aspects streams are released from agricultural activities of smart design is a modular and flexible approach, in the Amsterdam metropolitan area, from which street furniture Mobile 3Dprint facility salvaged plastics whereby buildings can be updated to new users significant amounts of bio-composite materials MODULE A SMART DESIGN and other applications without sacrificing the can be produced. This would, at least, be sufficient MODULE A current safety guidelines (Schoenborn, 2012). to supply the materials needed for the planned BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL These designs lead to real estate that is more housing expansion of 70 thousand homes (CBS, CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION functional and more durable, thus, offering 2014). An interesting example of sustainable street furniture Mobile 3Dprint facility salvaged plastics VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION a better revenue model during the utilisation building materials is the work of Waternet, who, x KTONS €50 100 MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS period. Examples of integral modular designs are together with stakeholders such as NPSP and 774 891 €2,5 Solid in Amsterdam by housing association Het Cityblob, develop composite components. The MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s Oostent, TempoHousing student accommodation municipality of Almere has already commenced WAGENS by Keetwonen in Amsterdam and Park 20 | 20 by projects involving bio-waste, which is used to Mobile 3Dprint facility Delta Development Group in Hoofddorp. generate bio-composite for the building sector. Visual display of smart design: Recovered bio-plastics are used by a 3D printer to produce new products such as street furniture.VALUE In addition, mobile stationsJOB enable on-site production.MATERIAL The effects of circularCO strategies2 on the 2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION The 60 thousand m of buildings planned for environment and the economy have been calculated for the construction of 70 thousand new homes in Amsterdam. VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 It is expected to take five to seven years to achieve circular design within the construction industry. The impact will CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL Flexibly designed houses are often more attractive the 2022 Floriade can be built as circularly as CONSTRUCTION REDUCTION also manifest itself€25 after a similar time-frame. Four indicators have been0 used in determining impact:100 (1) net added value in millionsMILLION of euro, (2) net job growth200 inx FTE, (3) material savingsKTONS calculated by value retention in domestic to users because they can adapt to changing possible through the use of biomaterials. Another KTONS €30 500 100 material consumption and (4) reduction in CO -emissions. 150x KTONS 2 MILLION KTONS 2 lifestyles. For example, Hubbell in Amsterdam interesting example is the trajectory of Waternet KTONS builds modular spaces for individuals. Companies in which waste streams such as water plants are 109 also prefer flexible offices because they do not converted into (building) products. WASTE TRUCKS need to move as their business situation changes. Start-ups and other fast-growing companies in Experimental construction areas Laws and put their clever designs into practice. The success developments. These free zones offer a great particular can benefit from such offices. Rent or regulations can be adjusted to make it possible of Park 20 | VALUE20 is partly due to the municipalityJOB opportunityMATERIAL for start-ups that workCO 2on innovative CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 purchase of flexible office space can even result in to develop bio-based, modular buildings with of Haarlemmermeer, which created flexible rules concepts, contributing to the vision of Amsterdam CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION cost savings (Cushman & Wakefield, 2013). flexible applications (Acceleratio, 2015). By for the area in€23 which innovative building designs as a start-up500 hub. 75 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS 75 €30 450 300 modifying the building codes, developers get could be tested. In IJburg, plans are already in MILLION x KTONS KTONS 3D-printing New technologies, such as 3D more room to experiment and more freedom to place to create an experimental area for new
22 23
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €25 0 25 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €150 900 600 MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION
VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
2418
MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION DISMANTLING & SEPARATION
By dismantling existing buildings in more efficient 2013). Such contracts allow the components ways and by separating their waste streams, and materials in the building to be used again. materials and components of old buildings can These components and materials can then be be better reused. An important but often ignored sold to compensate for the demolition costs. phase in the life cycle of a building is its end-of-life In Amsterdam, there are companies already (Acceleratio, 2015). These days, a maintenance specialising in decommissioning- and demolition Deconstruction clause is sometimes included in contracts for methods. Examples of these companies are real estate development; however, this almost VSM demolition works, Demolition Company never includes end-of-life costs. Therefore, Concurrant, Demolition Support Netherlands, destruction currently seems the cheapest option Orange BV and Bentvelzen Jacobs. with a cost of only € 20 to € 30 per square metre (Circle Economy, 2015). By handling demolition of Waste separation By separating construction and buildings in a smarter way, high-quality materials demolition waste, materials can be retrieved in a can be separated to avoid them from being high-value manner without cross-contamination. contaminated by other resources. From a circular Hybrid waste management systems, which approach it, is necessary to take decommissioning combine individual and central sorting methods, into account early on in the design of buildings. can lead to better business cases. Companies Efficient separation of the waste streams can like Icova and Waltec BV offer processes and facilitate high-value recycling and reuse of these technologies to separate construction and MODULE A materials. This is especially the case in small-scale demolition waste. New technologies, such as SMART DESIGN construction projects such as renovations where the Smart breaker of SmartCrusher BV, make it MODULE A Separation BIOREFINERY HUB little attention is spent on this due to financial un- possible to separate concrete in sand, gravel and VALUE JOB MATERIAL Reuse CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION viability. However, by dismantling smarter on a cement. As a result, the value of the individual VALUE regional scale, and by separating materials and materials increases due to higher value recycling €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 StorageMILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS components in a better way, more mono-streams possibilities. materials & 774 891 €2,5 of materials are made available, which makes components MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WAGENS reuse worthwhile.
Decommissioning In the circular construction VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 sector, the entire lifespan of a building is taken CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION REDUCTION €25 0 100 into account through close cooperation. The costs 200x KTONS MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 150x KTONS and benefits of a longer life span are divided in MILLION KTONS 2 KTONS a fair way among the cooperating partners. The 109 cost and time for each partner are monitored WASTE during all DBFMO-D (design, build, finance, TRUCKS Visual representation of dismantling and separation: Buildings are separated in a smart and efficient way so that maintain, operate and demolish) phases in which high-value resources are recovered and saved. In addition, components can be reused. The effects of circular strategies on the environment and the economy have been calculated for the construction of 70 thousand new clauses for not only design, building, financing, VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 homes in Amsterdam.CREATION It is expected to takeGROWTH five to seven years to achieveSAVINGS circular dismantling withinREDUCTION the construction VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 industry. Four indicators have been used to determine impact: (1) net added value in millions of euro, (2) net job CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION maintenance and use of buildings are contained, growth in FTE, (3) material savings calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) reduction in CO -emission.€23 500 75 but also demolition (Netherlands Court of audit, 2 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €30 75 300 MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS
street furniture salvaged plastics 24 25
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €25 0 25 MILLION Mobile200x 3Dprint facilityKTONS KTONS €150 900 600 MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS
street furniture salvaged plastics
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Mobile 3Dprint facility €30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION
VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
2418
MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION HIGH-VALUE RECYCLING AND REUSE
The construction chain is responsible for 40% of thousand tonnes worth of building materials the total waste stream of Amsterdam (CBS, 2014). in which eight kilotons of CO are permanently 2 Repurposing Although more than 90% is recycled, the vast stored (AEB, 2015). existing building majority of these materials are used as gravel for roads, a low-value application (Circle Economy, Retrieving materials from street furniture and 2014) leaving a chance for higher-value reuse paving materials The city of Amsterdam aims to options. Office spaces also offer opportunities retrieve more materials from street furniture by from a circular perspective. At the moment, about introducing certain procurement criteria (such starters & one-fifth of the office spaces in Amsterdam are as in the project ‘’The Street of the Future’’ in students new facade vacant, which is inefficient when you look at the Amsterdam). Struyk Verwo recycles old concrete MODULE A SMART DESIGN (financial) resources and raw materials used (DTZ, pavements into new products that consist of 70% MODULE A 2015). At the same time, the buildings present recycled or reused concrete (Struyk Verwo, 2015). BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 considerable financial potential. The challenge is Such technologies can bring companies together, CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION of ce CREATION to take advantage of the opportunities for high- enabling them to experiment and to extend their VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 value reuse of components and materials in knowledge. Almere is working on the construction MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS
buildings and the redevelopment of the buildings of a plant meant to recycle building materials in a Construction 774 891 €2,5 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s themselves in Amsterdam. high-value manner. industry WAGENS
Better reuse Building- and waste materials can Repurposing existing buildings Excessive and new interior VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 be reworked into new products. In Amsterdam, vacant buildings in Amsterdam have a large share CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL a special installation can be built that enables in the material and energy costs in the region. It is CONSTRUCTION REDUCTION €25 old facade 0 100 200x KTONS high-value recycling of building materials. This recommended that these buildings are optimised MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 & interior 150x KTONS MILLION KTONS 2 installation allows different companies to process and are given a new purpose. Major renovation KTONS
and recycle varying streams of construction waste. projects, such as ‘Stroomversnelling’, show 109
Upcycling plant WASTE A number of companies, such as Stonecycling, that high-value renovation of existing housing TRUCKS who work together with construction waste can form a solid business case. Expansion and companies to recycle stone and ceramic waste to renovation projects lead to a significant energy VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 bricks, have already settled in Amsterdam. consumption reduction during the remaining CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION lifespan. Redevelopment projects in Amsterdam €23 500 75 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €30 75 300 Demo clean building materials Another are also attractive for the inhabitants due to an MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS example is AEB Amsterdam. They use the inert increase in housing possibilities. group-ash that is left behind when burning residual waste to produce building materials. Next year, a demo-scale pilot will start in which clean building materials will be created through Visual representation of high-value recycling: Repurposing existing buildings for new applications. In addition, components (such as interior) are retrieved so that they can be reused by an upcycling plant. The effects of circular a process in which CO is permanently captured. strategies on the environment and the economyJOB have been calculatedMATERIAL for the construction of 70.000 new homes in 2 VALUE CO2 Amsterdam. ItCREATION is expected to take five to sevenGROWTH years to achieve high-valueSAVINGS recycling within the constructionREDUCTION industry. Currently, this fraction is down cycled for use in Four indicators have been used in determining impact: (1) Net added value in millions of euros (2) Net job growth in VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FTE (3) Material savings calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) Reduction in CO - road construction, but, in the future, that material €25 0 25 2 emissions. MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €150 900 600 can be recycled into building material. The pilot MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS presents an opportunity to create a total of 300
street furniture salvaged plastics
26 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 27 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Mobile 3Dprint facility €85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS
street furniture salvaged plastics
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION
VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Mobile 3Dprint facility €1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
2418
MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION MARKETPLACE AND RESOURCE BANK
MODULE A Each building can be seen as a material bank full Logistics for collection An online marketplace SMART DESIGN of valuable materials. A building could be seen alone does not necessarily make the collection and MODULE A as a modern take on traditional mines (United transportation of construction- and demolition BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 Nations University, 2014). However, after the waste easier or cheaper as the material is very CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION dismantling, separation and recycling of building diverse and voluminous. Therefore, there is a VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 materials, a gap between the demand and supply need for an advanced collection system and MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS
of these resources remains. Demolition and for intelligent logistics, which would make the 774 891 €2,5 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s decommissioning projects provide opportunities exchange of building materials easier. Because WAGENS for processing and direct reuse of recovered many developing locations are located near materials in nearby construction projects. waterways, the port of Amsterdam can be a central Open platform Materials database However, it is often unclear which materials are point in that logistical system. Shipping companies VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 present in existing or decommissioned buildings could play an important role in transport. Many CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION REDUCTION and of what quality they are. High-value reuse logistics companies such as DHL and PostNL have €25 0 100 200x KTONS MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 150x KTONS is, therefore, a major challenge. There is a need considered offering reverse logistics for a wide MILLION KTONS 2 for a comprehensive online marketplace and range of material flows. In reverse logistics, an KTONS a supporting logistics system that facilitates empty truck would be used for retrieving waste 109
WASTE the exchange of building materials between after it has delivered its products. TRUCKS demolition, construction and recycling companies in Amsterdam. In addition, a physical location is Commodity bank Currently, there are challenges VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 required where these materials can be stored in the temporary storage of construction waste at CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Materials storage temporarily, a so called ‘resource bank’. companies, mainly because this requires space €23 500 75 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €30 75 300 and, thus, investment. A solution could be to MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS Online Marketplace Via an online marketplace, arrange a centrally located physical storage for Deconstruction Construction supply and demand of building materials for local materials (commodity bank) - materials that are construction projects can be aligned (by means of then traded in the online commodity market GIS data) (Zhu, 2014). Besides information on the place. Vacant plots around Amsterdam, such as in building, an information management system, the port and in Westpoort, Zaanstad and Almere, building passports, and information on the are ideal locations for the temporary storage of VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 quality and quantity of materials used in a specific construction waste before it is traded through CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 building can be documented and made accessible. the online marketplace. Designers and architects CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €25 0 25 This provides opportunities for trading and the are invited to view a catalogue with materials to MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €150 900 600 exchange of building materials between parties, see if they can come up with new applications for MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS and encourages reuse and high-value recycling. these materials. Several companies, such as Brink Enviromate has developed an online marketplace Industrial, Repurpose, Turntoo and Icova, are where construction companies can exchange and working on their own resources banks. trade waste materials of construction projects in VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 the United Kingdom. Such a system can also be CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Visual representation of market place and commodity bank: Raw materials are traded between disassembly of old used in Amsterdam. For new buildings in Park buildings and new construction by means of a physical repository and online marketplace. The effects of circular strategies on the€30 environment and the economy have been calculated25 for the construction 100of 70 thousand new VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION 20|20, material passports are already being homes in Amsterdam. It is expected to take five to seven years to achieve a marketplace and resource bank within CREATION developed. These can also be applied for buildings the construction industry. Four indicators have been used in determining impact: (1) net added value in millions of euro, (2) net job growth in FTE, (3) material savings calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption €85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS in the rest of the region. and (4) reduction in CO2-emissions.
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION street furniture salvaged plastics 28 VALUE JOB 29 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
2418 Mobile 3Dprint facility
street furniture salvaged plastics MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION
Mobile 3Dprint facility SPATIAL VISION
The spatial vision map indicates how circular strategies for the building chain in Amsterdam can be applied and how they are interlinked in a spatial context. The following strategies are described: (1) smart design, (2) dismantling and separation, (3) high-value reuse and (4) market Material market Upcycling facility place and commodity bank.
Material showroom 3D-printed street furniture
Showcase Resource bank
Multiple functions
Dismantle
Material showroom Sort waste streams
30 Reuse of material 31 streams Bio-based materials BARRIERS Strategy Barriers
Description Many of the ways to achieve a circular economy secondary resource flows. The lack of externality There are limited opportunities in making 3D-printed buildings or components comply with may already be profitable but often barriers current building regulations. The Building Act contains no guidelines enforcing cooperation pricing, including that of CO2, can also have a present themselves when up-scaling a solution. between developers and the city, its current residents and future residents in developing a flexible significant effect on the market. The last barrier design plan (National Government, 2011). Policy can play an important role in removing these that we want to mention in this category is the Modular homes are, in most cases, only acceptable for social housing. These are difficult to finance barriers. We distinguish four types of barriers: limited access to financing for circular initiatives. because the income of the tenant is modest compared to that of tenants of more expensive types of housing (Tempohousing, 2015).
Laws and regulations Existing policy often Technology Technological development has Financing is difficult and it can be more expensive to implement new systems or sustainable leads to unforeseen consequences of changing two important challenges: the up-scaling of materials. This approach requires a shift from cost-oriented thinking to a life-cycle approach (Buildings, 2009) market conditions. An example of this is the a small pilot to commercial scale, and the Environmental Management Act (art. 1.1), which interdependency and complexity of technologies The speed with which technological innovation in the construction sector takes place - especially the development and application of new materials - is high (Sinopoli, 2010). 3D printing is such a describes what is classified by law as waste and that require simultaneous development. recent innovation: its use is still very limited in the construction sector. The challenge for upscaling what is not (Government, 2015). is mainly to achieve economies of scale. These barriers have important implications for Green building materials are currently seen as a niche product. This is because of a lack of economies of scale: there is not yet enough demand for the technologies, which is necessary in Culture The circular economy requires close the extent to which some of the strategies can order to be able to reduce the cost of production (Remodelling, 2008). cooperation between sectors and chains. A lack of be implemented successfully, especially in the The building/construction industry is a conservative sector that has not embraced new methods inter-sector networks and a conservative culture short term. In some instances, governments can and smart design for buildings have not yet (Barkkume, 2008). can be obstacles to quickly forming successful co- overcome these barriers or the market may break operations. Vested interests in sectors can add to down barriers; but, in many cases, the solution Costs for dismantling and collection can be 2.5 to 3 times higher than demolition costs. The costs for dismantling and collection form a barrier when the added value of the recovered building this barrier. requires cooperation, experimentation and materials is not yet fully understood (Chini, 2002).
iteration. Below, an impact assessment per barrier Fast and economical cost effective techniques are essential to accept dismantling and collection Market The existence of ‘split incentives’ is a is made for each of the four circular strategies. The as the default application (Big House, 2014). barrier; the investments must be done by one assessment of the severity of the barrier comes There is a lack of information, experience and resources to design for both decommissioning and stakeholder in the chain while the income is from insights obtained from the interviews and is collection. earned by another. Another market-related barrier further based on estimates of the research team. is knowledge asymmetry, for example, knowledge For the top 3 proposed actions, the roadmap will Many buildings are designed for a lifespan of several decades. There is too little account of what happens with the building after this time. with regards to the availability and quality of address options to overcome these barriers. High taxation on labour and low tax on resources discourages using recycled resources. Besides, labour-intensive processing methods are relatively expensive (national Government, 2011). LAWS & STRATEGY TECHNOLOGY MARKET REGULATION CULTURE The Building Act contains no reuse and high-value recycling of building materials over downcycling or burning (National Government, 2011).
Recovery of valuable materials from buildings is often not economically viable because conventional SMART DESIGN building methods often mix materials making recovery difficult or impossible. (Buildings, 2009).
Building constructions often have unique dimensions and are build for specific purposes, making DISMANTLING & it difficult to use them for other purposes (Phys, 2015). SEPARATION
In some cases, reconstruction and reuse of a building is more expensive and the impact on nature HIGH-VALUE REUSE is bigger than demolishing it and building anew (Tempohousing, 2015).
There is no transparency and alignment in the market on the supply and demand of (regained) MARKETPLACE & building materials, resulting in high transaction costs. It is essential that all information in the field RESOURCE BANK of building production and the assembly process remains available (National Government, 2011).
There is a lack of market for reclaimed building materials (Remodeling, 2008).
This table indicates how high the barrier to a circular economy is for SMALL MODERATE LARGE each of the strategies. (Source: Insights from interviews, literature BARRIER BARRIER BARRIER ((Acceleratio, 2015; EMF, 2015) and assessment of the research team.) Overview of barriers in the construction sector, based on research, literature, interviews and insights from the research team.
32 33 ACTION POINTS
To create a circular construction chain, the lifespan of buildings, and make the end-of-life 3. Encourage local companies in the 4. Aim for high-value reuse in waste processing following key interventions have been formulated value as large as possible through material and processing and the reverse logistics of waste contracts Waste disposal contracts can specify for the municipality of Amsterdam. The actions component recovery. It should take into account The municipality can encourage local companies the method of processing in order to stimulate stem from the vision and the underlying strategies the lowest impact on the environment in the long to be more self-steering with regards to waste high-value processing and to create market and are linked to the previously described barriers. term. An example of a similar set of instruments collection so that retailers can take the initiative to demand.
is the CO2-performance ladder (SKAO, 2015). use their waste streams. A materials map where SMART DESIGN The municipality can start with the circular local demand and supply for waste streams can MARKET PLACE AND RESOURCE BANK 1: Assigning pilot projects in new areas New procurement of new soils and road- and water be found could stimulate this further. This way, 1: Initiating a ‘materials showroom’ for districts are ideally suited for testing new concepts construction projects. the municipality is also partially relieved of its own construction waste A large proportion of such as smart design. The new developments processing of waste. construction projects and initiatives for urban in Centrumeiland in IJburg offer a chance to 4. Challenge startups to develop solutions for development are located near water, and the port test alternative building codes. The municipality smart design The city of Amsterdam can build HIGH-VALUE RECYCLING AND REUSE of Amsterdam aims to become a hub for circularity. has already prepared an exploratory document on the newly launched ‘Startup in residence’ 1: Adjust zoning plans to allow for It is therefore conceivable that undeveloped areas entitled ‘Dromen over Centrumeiland’ (City of programme where startups and companies seek multifunctional buildings The municipality of the port can be used for (temporary) storage of Amsterdam, 2014b). These include DIY plots solutions to local problems (SIR, 2015). Here, a could assign areas like the ArenaPoort and construction waste. The municipality could work (where residents have more control over the possible solution could be to use local recycled or Oosterdokseiland in Amsterdam with multiple together with stakeholders to make temporary construction of their house) for which the new written off materials in the city through the use of permissions. This provides flexibility for buildings storage of construction waste possible. The building codes are tested. In allocating land, the smart design. Knowledge from AEB may be used to be given a new destination at the end of their municipality can also stimulate innovation in the municipality may make requirements regarding in the waste processing and design implications. life cycle. logistics and marketing of secondary materials by the degree of circularity of the new building. writing out innovation contests or projects such A specific ceiling height could, for example, be DISMANTLING AND SEPARATION 2. Innovation projects offer renovation and as “startup in residence”. recorded as a criterion, making repurposing 1: Establishing procurement criteria of possible redevelopment projects for existing easier. separation at demolition projects from the buildings The municipality can ask market 2. Facilitate the exchange and use of high- second half of 2015 to 2016, the Bijlmerbajes in participants to redesign existing buildings (in value building materials The municipality can 2. Land allocation can be scored to the degree Amsterdam has been tendered by the national creative ways) through innovation projects. This facilitate the exchange of building materials of circularity High-value recycled products, parts government. The municipality can use this could start with empty school buildings or other between construction companies and waste and materials hereby form an important selection demolition project as a pilot for the separate buildings that the city administers. To speed up companies by taking the initiative for setting up criterion. Rebates on land prices can be given to collection, reuse and high-value recycling of this process, the municipality can create guidelines an online marketplace. projects that have a maximum score on circularity. construction waste. Selection criteria can be that encourage companies to renovate or find a This may include the use of bio-based insulation drawn up to encourage local use of construction new purpose for similar or new applications. For 3. Encourage companies to use a material materials, 3D printers applied in construction, and demolition waste. This way, dismantling example, renovation is already being applied to passport The municipality can encourage and modular and flexible design for foundations is stimulated and more value is created from convert buildings to energy neutral conditions construction companies in future construction and construction elements. construction and demolition waste. (LALOG, 2014). and development projects to register and report material volumes and types. This could 3. Tender criteria for smart design principles 2. Initiate dialogue for better dismantling 3. Establishing guidelines and goals for high- be incentivised by providing discounts on plots in soil, road- and water construction Based on and waste separation in demolition projects value recycling of construction waste To once the stakeholder decides to adopt a material the results of pilot projects with smart design, in The municipality can enter into dialogue with ensure that construction waste is being reused in passport. Then, at the end of the useful life of a IJburg, for example, and based on feedback from stakeholders on future demolition projects to a high-value manner, the municipality can issue project, the information in the passport can be local stakeholders, the municipality can define discuss, for example, the removal of buildings in guidelines and targets with respect to the amount made available before demolition. This provides tender criteria, construction requirements and stages to maximise the recovery of materials and of recycled or reused building materials used in waste management companies with relevant rules for future developments in Amsterdam. components. new construction projects. information regarding which materials will be The goal here is to request the longest possible available.
34 35 ACTION POINTS TOP 3
Three action points, as shown in the table, have been selected from the interviews and discussions with locations for temporary storage of materials (action 1). The municipality can act as a launching customer stakeholders. In selecting these three action points, four major effects have been taken into account: (1) via its purchasing policy, for example, when developing or renovating the municipal building portfolio
value creation, (2) CO2-reduction, (3) material savings and (4) job growth. The barriers that have been (action 2). Lastly, the municipality can contribute to the development of a building passport and apply it identified for the construction chain and the role that the municipality can fulfil has also been taken into to its own portfolio (action point 3). account. The municipality can play an important role in directing the land allocation and the definition of
FACILITATING RESOURCE STIMULATING HIGH-VALUE REUSE BY BEING A BOOSTING MATERIAL PASSPORTS AND MATERIAL STORAGE LAUNCHING CUSTOMER AND CONTRIBUTING TO THE AND CONTRIBUTING TO THE 1 2 DEVELOPMENT OF PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES. 3 DEVELOPMENT OF GUIDELINES.
Matching demand to the supply of building materials and resources requires In the early stages of development, high-value reuse of building materials A materials passport for buildings captures information on materials used, temporary storage, especially since the availability of large volumes of can be encouraged by the government in two ways. The government can processes and possibilities for reuse. The Government can make sure a materials often does not synchronise with demand. A possible role for the contribute to the development of procurement guidelines and building codes (minimal version of a) material passport is recommended or made mandatory government could be twofold. On the one hand, there is a need for physical in which specific requirements have been formulated aimed at high-value for new construction projects. Also, the municipality could implement material storage facilities, for which the municipality can play a role in allocating reuse. Also, the government can play a role as launching customer for the use passports for its own property portfolio. Besides this, the municipality can locations. Given the expected volumes, locations near waterways are ideal of recycled materials. Every year, 1.5 billion is tendered by the municipality contribute to the development of guidelines for passports. An example of this for replacing road transport with water transport. On the other hand, the for roads, waterways and construction. In addition to contributing to physical could be exploring how the use of passports can be made mandatory in real government can play a facilitating role in drawing up conditions that materials locations for the storage of resources, an online platform for the trading of estate development and the issue of plots of land. will need to meet in order to qualify for storage and reuse. building materials to match supply and demand is under development.
Initiatives to establish physical resources banks have sprouted up throughout The municipality’s material department plays an important role, and parties Some construction companies in The Netherlands are currently experimenting the country. Individual companies are now starting to set up their own that innovate by reclaiming high-quality materials, such as Stonecycling, are with material passports. In the vicinity of Amsterdam, Park 20/20, realised by resources banks in collaboration with up- and downstream companies. also key players. Struyk, for example, uses end-of-life concrete pavement. Delta Development, Reggeborgh and VolkerWessels, is a great example. In Amsterdam can facilitate innovation by creating a material repository that is The municipality can bring these like-minded parties together and encourage addition, these principles are most likely implemented in the Buiksloterham backed by a wide range of stakeholders. This ambition’s logistical challenges them to experiment in extending their technologies. Furthermore, this links area as well. align with the initiative to the give the Westas an important logistical role in to CO Green in Slotervaart, an ongoing project where 95% of high-quality the circular economy. (ALB, 2015) material is reused locally after demolition. In addition, it is connected to Cirkel CONNECTION FOR PROJECTSFOR Stad Amsterdam where local projects in the field of circular construction, renovation and demolition are realised and, where possible, additional jobs are created (Cirkel Stad, 2015).
A follow-up analysis is needed to study changes in the construction material Developing criteria for building regulations and ensuring compliance calls Involvement from the municipality and city officials is required to determine flows in the city, both for large demolition projects and new construction. for an increase in commitment. The municipality could possibly co-invest in how the materials passport for buildings can be embedded in policy. Services Complemented by city planning expertise, this analysis forms the input new processing technologies via the AKEF or a circular development fund. A like those offered by the Kadaster are needed in registering passports. The required for assigning locations for the (temporary) storage of resources. possible condition for this contribution could be that the activities are based introduction of the passport also requires investment into the expansion of The actual operation and organisation of these sites can be organised by in the city of Amsterdam so that any employment gains are realised in the registration systems. both market participants and the municipality - or through public-private city. AND RESULTS INVESTMENTS partnerships. Depending on the direction taken, the precise role of the municipality is to be determined.
The municipality, the Port of Amsterdam, the Cirkel Stad collaborative Construction and waste companies like BAM, Heijmans, AEB, Van Gansewinkel, Construction, waste and ICT companies like BAM, Heijmans, AEB, Van partnership, “start-up in residence”, Westas partners and AEB. Icova en Stonecycling, Cirkelstad and Dutch Green Building Councel. Gansewinkel, Icova en Stonecycling, IBM and Delta Development Group. STAKE- HOLDERS
36 37 ROADMAP CONSTRUCTION
SHORT TERM (1YEAR) LONG TERM (20+YEARS)
1. FACILITATION RESOURCE AND MATERIALS STORAGE
2. STIMULATING HIGH-VALUE REUSE BY BEING A LAUNCHING CUSTOMER TOP 3 3. STIMULATING MATERIAL PASSPORTS AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF PROCUREMENT GUIDELINES
ASSIGNING PILOT PROJECTS IN NEW AREAS
LAND ALLOCATION CAN BE SCORED TO THE DEGREE OF CIRCULARITY
TENDER CRITERIA FOR SMART DESIGN PRINCIPLES IN SOIL, ROAD- AND WATER CONSTRUCTION SMART DESIGN CHALLENGE STARTUPS TO DEVELOP SOLUTIONS FOR SMART DESIGN
ESTABLISHING PROCUREMENT CRITERIA OF SEPARATION AT DEMOLITION PROJECTS
INITIATE DIALOGUE FOR BETTER DISMANTLING AND
LING AND WASTE SEPARATION IN DEMOLITION PROJECTS
ENCOURAGE LOCAL COMPANIES IN THE PROCESSING AND THE REVERSE LOGISTICS OF WASTE DISMANT SEPARATION
ADJUST ZONING PLANS TO ALLOW MULTIFUNCTIONAL BUILDINGS
INNOVATION PROJECTS OFFER RENOVATION AND POSSIBLE REDEVELOPMENT PROJECTS FOR EXISTING BUILDINGS ESTABLISHING GUIDELINES AND GOALS FOR HIGH-VALUE RECYCLING OF CONSTRUCTION WASTE HIGH VALUE REUSE AIM FOR HIGH-VALUE REUSE IN WASTE PROCESSING CONTRACTS
INITIATING A ‘MATERIALS SHOWROOM’ FOR CONSTRUCTION WASTE
FACILITATE THE EXCHANGE AND THE USE OF HIGH-VALUE BUILDING MATERIALS
ENCOURAGE COMPANIES TO USE A MATERIAL PASSPORT MARKET PLACE AND RESOURCE BANK
ARROWS BARRIERS The arrows indicate when a certain action can be applied and when impact is expected. This Technology Market Regulations Culture is dependent on many aspects such as speed of market implementation and market scalability.
38 39 MODULE A SMART DESIGN
MODULE A BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS
774 891 €2,5 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WAGENS
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION REDUCTION €25 0 100 200x KTONS MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 150x KTONS MILLION KTONS 2 KTONS
109
WASTE TRUCKS
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €23 500 75 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €30 75 300 MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF A CIRCULAR CONSTRUCTION CHAIN COMPARED TO A LINEAR SCENARIO IN AMSTERDAM
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION The total economic activity of the Amsterdam in productivity growth, representing a value of 85 Improving VALUEthe reuse of materials JOBleads to a can beMATERIAL characterised as significant.CO The2 expected CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION metropolitan region amounts€25 to 106 billion euro million euro per year0 for the city of Amsterdam.25 saving of 500 thousand tonnes of materials reduction in greenhouse gas emissions rounds MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS 900 annually, of which 47 billion is accounted for by Compared to the 2.8% decline over 2005-2012, this required for€150 the 70 thousand new houses to off to half a million tonnes of CO6002, equivalent to MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS
the city of Amsterdam (2013) (CBS, 2015)* and 1.7 is highly significant. This added value, however, be built in Amsterdam alone. Set against the 2,5% of the annual CO2-emissions of the city of billion euro by the construction industry per year. cannot be realised overnight. Depending on the current annual import of 1.5 million tonnes of Amsterdam. Amsterdam has plans to realise 70 thousand diligence with which companies adopt circular biomass for the entire metropolitan region, this new homes by 2040 (Amsterdam, 2011). Part methods and depending on the speed with which
of this new constructionVALUE is replacing existingJOB stimulating policyMATERIAL is implemented, the economicCO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION homes that have been demolished and another decline could be redirected to a 3% growth per
part is accommodating€30 the growth of the city. A year over a period25 of five to seven years.100 This VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION macro-economic analysis has been carried out economic growth is realised for the most part by based on the circular strategies that can reshape greater value retention due to material reuse and €85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS Amsterdam’s construction activities. The results efficiency gains. provide insight into the effects of implementing these strategies on economic growth, Productivity growth means increased employment MODULE B employment, material savings and reduction in opportunities; for example, increasedSEPARATION demand AND COLLECTION greenhouse gas emissions. for targeted demolition activities requires more STRATEGY VALUE manpower. On top of this, return logistics VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION This ‘circular scenario’ can be compared to will become more complex. From a logistical SMART linear growth paths in Amsterdam and takes standpoint, it is not the disposal€1,7 of just a container €85 15% 499 492 MILLION 8x DESIGNMILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS both the direct and indirect effects of circular of demolition waste but the transport of different 2418 strategies into account. Efficiency gains from waste fractions to various processing locations and DISMANTLING high-value reuse in cement production could, then back to new construction after processing. A AND SEPARATION 29% for example, lead to cost savings that, in turn, total of about 700 additional jobs can be realised lead to an increase in spending on machines for in the city - a structural expansion of the number MATERIAL CO2 HIGH-VALUE REDUCTION REDUCTION 27% which cement is an input. The net effect of the of jobs. For the most part, these are jobs for REUSE efficiency improvement can, therefore, be lower low- to medium skilled personnel. Set against than the direct effect. In contrast to other sectors, the current 75 thousand jobs in the Amsterdam MARKETPLACE AND 29% productivity in Amsterdam’s construction industry building sector, the approximately 1% gain would RESOURCE BANK declined 2.8% over the 2005 to 2012 period. be a significant contribution, resulting in a 10% drop in unemployment in the construction sector TOTAL VALUE 100% = €85 million A circular building chain can lead to a 3% increase (averaging 8.1% in Amsterdam).
In this study, the value creation of circular initiatives is compared to the total added value at basic prices, NOT The potential economic and environmental impact of a circular construction chain compared to a linear scenario is to the Gross Regional Product. In this chapter, a TNO-analysis is applied, and the assumptions used stem from calculated for Amsterdam. The impact will be realised over a period of five to seven years. Four indicators have been the following sources: (2014) Macro-level indicators to monitor the environmental impact of innovation. EMInInn used in determining impact: (1) net added value in millions of euro, (2) net job growth in FTE, (3) material savings
(Environmental Macro-indicators of Innovation) THEME [ENV. 2011.3.1.9-3], FP7 project for the EU; O. Ivanova, M. calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) reduction in CO2-emissions. The values for Chahim. (2015) CBS. the four indicators are shown in the four circles. The bar chart shows the distribution of added value.
40 41 SCALABILITY MAP
The scalability map shows locations where opportunities exist to apply the four circular construction strategies for the construction chain. The strategies are dismantling and separation, high-value reuse, smart design, and the creation of a marketplace and resource depots. The red areas indicate future real estate projects. Blue represents areas where circular strategies on existing buildings can be applied. The white circles represent locations currently not in use, which can be considered as possible locations for the storage of materials or for developing new circular building projects. 3. VISION OF HIGH-VALUE RECYCLING OF ORGANIC RESIDUAL STREAMS IN AMSTERDAM
In order to achieve high-value recycling of organic residual streams in Amsterdam, we established a circular vision. The vision and roadmap were supplemented and refined based on conversations with experts and stakeholders. The starting point for the analysis was the realisation that there are many initiatives in the city and in the region that are focused on higher value processing of organic streams. At the same time, there is an opportunity to develop a strong cluster that focuses on further value retention and optimised cascading of organic residual streams in Amsterdam and the surrounding region. This chapter describes four strategies that are tailored to the region and link with local initiatives and innovative market parties. Furthermore, the chapter considers trading opportunities for the municipality, areas where the market is active and the role of the government is that of a facilitator. The roadmap describes concrete action points for the municipality to link to time lines, and highlights which parties can play a role in the implementation. The impacts of implementing the strategies are calculated for (1) value creation, (2) CO2-reduction, (3) material savings and (4) job growth.
45 VISION OF ORGANIC In the ideal circular future of organic residual smarter systems that provide information about TITLERESIDUAL STREAMS streams in Amsterdam, organic flows such the quality and shelf-life trajectories of their food as food and water of the highest quality are supply, allowing them to optimise their sales delivered to consumers. Organic residues are before the expiry date of their food and before it recovered in a high-value manner and reused in needs to be discarded. innovative applications. Core to this circular vision is integrated food production, food processing Food that can still be used but needs to be and biological processes, where nutrients and discarded due to its shape for marketing or other water flows are efficiently directed and residual reasons can be offered on a virtual marketplace flows are valorised. This leads to a more varied where food producers, retailers and restaurants chain for organic residual streams that requires can buy and sell ‘food waste’. This enables a less energy, nutrients, water and resources and growth of innovative companies that can take achieves significant economic, environmental and advantage of this food waste stream. social benefits. In a circular future, Amsterdam becomes a bio- In a circular future, consumers have easy access refinery hub, processing organic residual streams to local food sources. Local, cooperative farms that can no longer be reused in a high-value and breeders in the vicinity of cities will ensure manner. Separation and processing of mixed the direct supply of fresh seasonal produce to and homogeneous waste streams by producers, consumers. The food chain will, therefore, be consumers and retailers offers opportunities to shorter, with more interaction between local recover important nutrients that can be used in growers and citizens resulting in a greater sense the agricultural sector. Processing these streams of community. By using underutilised city, roof also provides opportunities for new packaging and community spaces in a smart way for urban solutions, biochemicals, biofuels and biogas agriculture and city gardens, consumers get much products, which can either be exported or used easier and closer access to fresh food. in Amsterdam.
Innovative technologies for the distribution and The described vision is illustrated in a visual storage of food also offer better opportunities representation (see opposite and enlarged for documentation and management of food on the next page) that depicts the chain and products. Smart logistic solutions will continuously stakeholders in the city. In the next section, the monitor food quality and ensure that food vision is translated into strategies and action is transported within the correct time frame items that use market, technical, technological from producers to retailers and restaurants. At and administrative instruments to realise circular the same time, retailers and restaurants have opportunities in the chain.
46 47 VISION OF ORGANIC RESIDUAL STREAMS MODULE A SMART DESIGN
MODULE A BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS
774 891 €2,5 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WAGENS
MODULE A SMART DESIGN VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION JOB MATERIAL MODULE A VALUE CO2 BIOREFINERY HUB CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL VALUE CONSTRUCTION JOB MATERIAL REDUCTION CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH€25 SAVINGS REDUCTION0 100 GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION 200x KTONS CREATION MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 MILLION 150x KTONS KTONS VALUE CREATION 2 €12 0 300 300 KTONS x KTONS €50 100 MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS 109 774 891 €2,5 MILLION WASTE VUILNIS AUTO’s TRUCKS WAGENS
MODULE A SMART DESIGN VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 STRATEGIES FOR ORGANIC REDUCTION JOB MATERIAL Explanation of the indicators The effects of circularVALUE strategies on theCREATION environmentJOB and the GROWTHMATERIAL SAVINGS VALUE CO2 CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTIONMODULE A CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 BIOREFINERY HUB economy are calculated for the organic residual flow chain in Amsterdam. Here, the impact will FOOD CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION MATERIAL RESIDUAL STREAMS VALUE CONSTRUCTION JOB MATERIAL€23 2 500 VALUE 75 JOB MATERIAL MILLION 200COx KTONS CO2 REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION KTONS GROWTH SAVINGS€30 REDUCTION 75 300 be realised over a period of five to seven years. Four€25 indicators have been used in determining 0 100 CREATION MILLION 450 x KTONS 200x KTONS KTONS MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 impact: (1) net added value in millions of euro, (2) net job growth in FTE, (3) material savings MILLION 150x KTONS KTONS VALUE €12 0 300 €50 300 100 CREATION 2 MILLION 100x KTONS 200 KTONS calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) reduction in CO - KTONS MILLION x KTONS KTONS From the described vision for high-value recycling 2 774 891 €2,5 109 1 emissions. MILLION of organic residual streams, we developed VUILNIS AUTO’s WASTE WAGENS TRUCKS strategies and action items, such as land allocation Net added value in euro The circular strategies Biohub MODULE A and purchasing, to close material cycles in the re nery SMART DESIGN Pharma directly enable a number of sectors in AmsterdamVALUE JOB MATERIAL Food CO2 industry Fodder VALUE JOB MATERIALREDUCTION JOB MATERIAL industry VALUE CREATIONJOB MATERIALGROWTH SAVINGS2 CO2 VALUE 2 organic residual streams chain. The strategies Biofuel GROWTHCO SAVINGS REDUCTION CO industry to realise added valueCREATION through more sales andGROWTH more CREATIONSAVINGS REDUCTION CREATIONJOB MATERIALGROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTIONMODULE A production VALUE VALUE COJOB2 MATERIALBIOREFINERY HUB 2
FOOD CO are: CREATION GROWTH CREATIONSAVINGS GROWTHREDUCTION SAVINGS MATERIAL REDUCTION VALUEprofit. “Net”CONSTRUCTION means JOBthat any decrease inMATERIAL added€23 2 500 VALUE 75 JOB MATERIAL REDUCTION 200CO€.. x KTONS CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGSMILLION REDUCTION€250 KTONS0 25 €30 REDUCTION 75 €25 MILLION 200100x CREATIONKTONS GROWTH SAVINGS 300 medicines MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS KTONS MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS food value is calculated and that the indirect effects of all €30 500 900 products €150 100 600 animal feed MILLION 150x MILLIONKTONS 1200KTONSx VALUE KTONS KTONS (1) Central bio-refinery hub Retail biofuels CREATION 2 Retail €12other sectors are taken into account. 0 300 €50 300 100 KTONS MILLION 100x KTONS KTONS 200x KTONS (2) Waste separation and return logistics Agro gas stations MILLION KTONS 774 891 €2,5 109 (3) Cascading of organic flows Net jobs growth in FTE One of the social aspects MILLION Coded bags WASTE VUILNIS AUTO’s TRUCKS (4) Recovering nutrients 2 of an increase in circularity is represented, among WAGENS other things, by the realisation of jobs (FTE, Full Time Households VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 Equivalent). Job growthVALUE is estimated on the basisJOB of CREATIONMATERIAL GROWTHCO2 SAVINGS REDUCTION These circular strategies are explained on the CREATION GROWTH SAVINGSJOB MATERIALREDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL VALUE JOB MATERIALVALUE 2 CO2 CO2 CO REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATIONthe sectoral increaseGROWTH of added value, salariesCREATIONSAVINGS and GROWTHREDUCTION SAVINGS JOB MATERIAL basis of relevant existing activities that currently VALUE VALUE COJOB2 MATERIALJOB MATERIAL2 collection system €30 25 100 VALUEREDUCTION FOOD CO CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS GROWTH SAVINGS MATERIAL REDUCTION CO2
CONSTRUCTION 400x €23 MILLION500 75 KTONS KTONS CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION sewage the demand for low, medium and highly 200skilled REDUCTION take place in the city and region. In addition, the MILLION €250 x KTONS KTONS0 25 €30 75 300 €25 100.. MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS MILLION 200x MILLIONKTONS 200KTONSx KTONS KTONS workforces. Net jobs growth refers to job growth €30 €150500 100 900 600 four strategies are displayed in a spatial view, MILLION 150x KTONS 1200€85KTONSx KTONS 500 500 MILLION MILLION 700 x KTONSKTONS groceries that results in a direct reduction of unemployment. 2 KTONS similar to the spatial vision map. Even though the KTONS GFT strategies are described separately in order to 109
Material savings Use of materials is expressed in WASTE distinguish action points that can accelerate the Smart street containers Pick-up and delivery service TRUCKS Domestic Material Consumption (DMC)*, which, MODULE B circular economy, they are partly intertwined with SEPARATION AND COLLECTION 3 Household in addition to the use of materials in an area, also VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 each other and should, therefore, be considered VALUE JOB MATERIAL GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION looks at materials that are imported and exported.CREATIONJOB MATERIALCO2 CREATION GROWTHVALUE SAVINGS REDUCTION CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 JOB MATERIAL GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE GROWTH SAVINGS VALUEREDUCTION 2 as a total package. Urban food CREATION CREATION JOB CO CREATION VALUE CREATION JOB CREATIONMATERIAL GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION composting production Apart from CO2-emissions (which is already explicitly CO2 25 VALUE JOB MATERIALREDUCTION €30 400x 100 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS CO2 Supermarket €23 MILLION500 75 KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION MILLIONincluded), DMC makes200€25 x all environmental impactKTONS KTONS..0 25 €30 75 300 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS MILLION 450 x KTONS €85KTONS 499 492 €1,7 714 x KTONS The following section lists the four strategies near-due-date food factors related to the circular projects quantifiable. MILLION €150 8x MILLION900 600 KTONS ‘ugly’ vegetables MILLION 1200€85x KTONS KTONS500 500 700 x KTONS translated into a concrete roadmap and action MILLION KTONS 2418 Oyster mushroom farming Restaurant agenda. The action agenda further explains CO2-reduction The most well-known impact of coffee residu separate sales where the municipality of Amsterdam can be of reduced prices economic activities is CO2-emissions. The impact of MODULE B influence, what other market parties can become the strategies on emissions is expressed in Global SEPARATION AND COLLECTION MATERIAL CO2 involved and in what timeframe the transitions Warming Potential VALUE(GWP), a globally adoptedJOB MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION Household CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUEmeasure that expressesJOB the avoided CO -emissionsMATERIAL can take place. The roadmap and action agenda 4 2 CO2 JOB MATERIAL CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB VALUE CO2 CREATION JOB MATERIAL GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION GFT in the coming years, €30by an increase of circularity, 25 VALUE CREATION VALUE CREATIONJOB MATERIALCO2 are formulated on the basis of the previously 100 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Decentral 0 .. Nutrient hub €25over a period of 100 years. To make the impact 25 described research and analysis, as well as MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €85 499 492 €1,7 714 x KTONS comparable with the annual emissions in the region, MILLION €150 8x MILLION900 600 KTONS Public urinal MILLION 1200€85x KTONS KTONS500 500 interviews with stakeholders and experts. or event sanitary MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS urine the choice was made to convert the indicators to 2418 Agriculture annual CO -emissions. compost 2
Household Cattle farming proteins MODULE B algae SEPARATION AND COLLECTION waste water WKK MATERIAL CO2 JOB MATERIAL REDUCTION REDUCTION biogas VALUE CO2 CREATIONDomestic Material Consumption,GROWTH abbreviated as DMC, is a commonlySAVINGS used statistic that measuresREDUCTION the total amount of materials that are used directly by an economy. It measures the annual amount of materials that are extracted in the VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 geographical area, including all physical import and minus the physical export. CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS 50 €85 500 500 51 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS 2418
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION
VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
2418
MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION MODULE A SMART DESIGN
MODULE A BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CENTRAL BIO-REFINERY HUB CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS Through cascading, the highest possible value and 5000 tonnes of fertiliser. Chaincraft develops Bio-based materials The use of bio-based building using conversion technologies for the production 774 891 €2,5 can be extracted from organic residual streams a technology on-site to distil components for the materials is an important opportunity to reduce of renewable fuels and bio-based plastics (PEF) MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WAGENS (Bio-based Economy, 2015). These activities food and chemical industry from organic residual the impact of scarce building materials (Ecorys, that can serve as an alternative to PET. At this will be bundled into a central bio-refinery hub streams (Port of Amsterdam, 2014). 2014; EMF, 2015). Locally sourced biomass can time, Port of Amsterdam, Orgaworld and AEB
and a logistics hub where bulk products can be (partly) be usedVALUE for the production ofJOB bio-based are workingMATERIAL together with TNO,CO 2Attero and the CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 transported on a large scale, and where local small Close cooperation between AEB Amsterdam and materials, reducing the impact of transport. Association of Waste Companies on a project to CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION REDUCTION flows can come together. The port is an important Waternet has resulted in a joint industrial cluster €25 replace 0petrochemical polymers100 and coatings 200x KTONS MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 150x KTONS node in the global trade of agricultural and in which AEB is burning 80 thousand tonnes of dry In Amsterdam, there are several companies active with bio-chemical components (for example, bio- MILLION KTONS 2 KTONS energy products because of its strategic location sewage sludge per year. The 11 million cubic metres in this area. For example, Avantium is a pioneer in aromatics). and logistic connections. Processed materials of biogas that is produced from the fermentation 109 WASTE from all over the world are traded here, and a of sewage sludge is burned in the CHP (combined TRUCKS processing cluster will enable the local marketing heat and power) plants of AEB. Some of the energy of organic residual streams. To realise a hub for and heat is delivered back to Waternet to use for VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION the processing of organic waste and the optimal their own processes and 10% is used by OrangeGas Biohub 500 reuse of organic residual streams, a certain scale to produce green biogas (City of Amsterdam, €23 200 75 re neryMILLION x KTONS KTONS €30 75 300 MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS is required, which is possible for Amsterdam to 2015b). Plans are in place to increase production to Pharma industry Food achieve (Green Raw Materials, 2014). Such a hub around 22 million cubic metres. AEB has plans to Fodder industry will be able to produce a variety of bio-products, extract fruit and vegetable fractions from waste - a industry Biofuel production such as biomaterials, building blocks for the first step towards further processing these waste chemical industry, food, feed, biodiesel, biogas, streams to make products such as proteins, bio- lubricants, bio-based paint and oil, fertilisers, algae oil and hydrogen. The production of sustainable VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION and bio-aromas. steams and CO2 by AEB will further improve the CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS medicines VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 circularity. CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION food 0 €25 200 25 Optimised cascading of organic residual MILLION x products KTONS KTONS €150 900 600 animal feed MILLION 1200x KTONS streams To enable optimised cascading of organic Similar activities are planned for Schiphol Airport, Retail biofuels KTONS Retail residual streams, it is necessary to link and upscale such as an anaerobic digester plant. This facility, Agro existing initiatives so that the resulting volume which, in the future, will be responsible for 6% of gas stations is greater. Existing pioneering activities in the the energy supply of Schiphol (Croes, 2015), will
region include the Greenmills-cluster, an alliance make use of grass clippings from surrounding VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION between six companies (Noba Vetveredeling BV, areas and from organic residues from the region,
Rotie BV, Biodiesel Amsterdam, Tank Storage such as the nearby flower auction and Greenport €30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION Amsterdam BV, Chaincraft BV and Orgaworld Aalsmeer. Another project is Bioport Holland, BV) that is active in the further development of a consortium between SkyNRG, the Dutch €85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS bio-refinery concepts and the optimal reuse of Government, KLM, Neste Oil, Schiphol Airport organic residual streams. On-site organic residual and the Port of Rotterdam that produces jet bio- streams (including finished edible fat, animal fats fuels. With its direct airplane fuel pipeline (60% of Visual display of bio-refinery: Organic residual streams are processed and used as raw MODULEmaterial Bin, for instance, medication, food producers, feed and biofuel. The effects of circular strategies onSEPARATION the environment AND COLLECTION and the and supermarket waste) are processed for the the jet fuel consumption of Schiphol stems from economy are calculated for the organic residual streams in Amsterdam. It is assumed that it will take five to seven years to achieve a circular arrangement of the processing of organic residual streams coming from all 430,000 production of almost 300 million litres of biodiesel, the port of Amsterdam), the port area has the Amsterdam households in the long term. Four indicators have been used in determining impact: (1) net added value in millions of euro, (2) net job growth in FTE, (3) material savings calculatedVALUE by value retention in domesticJOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 25 million cubic metres of biogas through infrastructure, utilities and resources to produce CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION material consumption and (4) reduction in CO2-emissions. anaerobic digestion (City of Amsterdam, 2015b) jet bio-fuel. €1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
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52 53
MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION WASTE SEPARATION AND RETURN LOGISTICS
Good waste separation and smart reverse The underground containers can be equipped Coded bags logistics are important in the optimal valorisation with smart sensors for the measurement of of organic residual streams (Consonni, 2015). At waste streams. This enables superior processing this time, the waste separation rate in Amsterdam of waste streams, increased information on is far below the Dutch average (CBS, 2015c) and the composition of the waste and improved organic waste in particular is rarely separated logistics to match supply and demand. Where Households at the source. Finding solutions for the effective no underground waste containers are available, separation of domestic waste at the source separate collection can be realised via alternate in densely populated urban areas requires a systems, such as the use of specific bags for complex technological approach, particularly for the separation of different waste materials. A existing homes. pilot for this is taking place in Reigersbos, where collection system inhabitants receive coloured bags to separate AEB is considering building a waste separation and dispose of wastes in special containers (City sewage installation that can extract plastics, fruit and of Amsterdam, 2015c). vegetable waste (organic waste) from the collected residual waste. The fruit and vegetable Smart reverse logistics The market for meal waste will initially be used for the production of boxes such as the BeeBox is growing fast, and groceries green gas as a transportation fuel. At a later stage, other large retailers like Albert Heijn have recently this can serve as raw material for the production entered this market. It is expected that the market GFT of biochemicals such as bio-aromas. It is expected for meal boxes will grow significantly over the next that this technology will mature in about five to few years (Keuning, 2015). The meal box trend, in ten years (AEB, 2015). The separation installation combination with the growing interest in reverse will serve as an interim solution until source logistics among logistics service providers such as Smart street containers Pick-up and delivery service separation by means of collection systemsMODULE isA PostNL, offers opportunities for the development introduced and widely adopted. SMART DESIGN of solutions for the reverse logistics of organic MODULE A waste. Once food boxes are delivered, the same BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL Street smart containers A possible solution for carriers can be used to collect organic waste, andCO 2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION existing buildings is to place waste separators in organic residual streams can then be transported VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 existing underground waste collectionMILLION systems to 100to the bio-refinery hub for high-value processing.KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS
enable separation of organic and mixed waste. 774 891 €2,5 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WAGENS
Visual display of waste separation and return logistics: Organic residual streams are processed and used as raw VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION material in, for instance, medication, food producers, feed and biofuel. The effects of circular strategies on the VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 environment CREATIONand the economy are calculatedGROWTH for the organic residualSAVINGS streams in Amsterdam.REDUCTION It is assumed that it FOOD MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION will take five to seven years to achieve a circular arrangement of the processing of organic residual streams coming REDUCTION €25 0 100 200x KTONS from all 430,000 Amsterdam households in the long term. Four indicators have been used in determining impact: MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 (1) net added valueMILLION in millions of euro, (2)150 netx job growth in FTE, (3) materialKTONS savings calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) reduction in CO -emissions. KTONS 2 2 KTONS
109
WASTE TRUCKS
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 54 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 55 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €23 500 75 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €30 75 300 MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €25 0 25 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €150 900 600 MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION
VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
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MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION CASCADING OF ORGANIC FLOWS
Although there are a variety of options for the algae growth projects (Loftus, 2013). GRO Holland recovery and reuse of organic waste for other uses discarded coffee grounds from cafes and purposes, 97% of the household organic waste restaurants in which to grow oyster mushrooms, in Amsterdam is burned for energy recovery and which are then immediately sold or used as Household only 3% is reused or recycled for other purposes ingredients for food. (Circle Economy, 2014). Incineration currently provides valuable energy and heat, but several Production of high-quality protein The new technologies and business models can now emergence of insects as a source for both animal Urban food be applied to these waste streams to create more feed and human consumption has led to the composting production value (Bio-based Economy, 2015). growth of insect farming using organic residues, Supermarket as seen in companies like Amsterdam-based The recovery of foods In the Amsterdam Protix Biosystems, which uses food waste to grow metropolitan area, new restaurant and catering insects. In addition, algae grown from organic near-due-date food concepts aim to preserve edible food scraps from wastes are rich in high-quality protein and can ‘ugly’ vegetables warehouses and shops. Many of these companies, be processed into a wide range of products such such as InStock, are well set up with permanent as animal feed, fertilisers, fuels, chemicals and Oyster mushroom farming shops and a neat shop front. There are also pharmaceuticals. Algae can be used to improve Restaurant MODULE A bottom-up community initiatives, such asSMART Guerilla DESIGN plant production, reduce sensitivity to diseases
Kitchen, and companies like Kromkommer and act as a natural pesticide. MODULE A coffee residu BIOREFINERY HUB process edible but deformed or damaged foods, JOB MATERIAL separate sales VALUE CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL 2 GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CO which are not suitable for retail,CREATION to make soups Biomass in public spaces Public areas and reducedCREATION prices GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE and other food products, giving€12 them a second unused spaces, such as port0 areas or the berms300 €50 300 100 CREATION MILLION 100x KTONS KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS life that is in line with their original purpose. of highways, can be used in a smart way for the KTONS 774 891 €2,5 production of biomass. Different grass types are MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s Cascading of organic residual streams Organic suitable for the production of fibre and protein WAGENS residual streams that cannot be directly reused can and can be used locally as raw material for the be cascaded to high-value applications (Wahab, production of cardboard or as an alternative to VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION 2015). Companies like Exter can extract additives soy. Organisations such as Meerlanden have VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION REDUCTION for the food processing industry;€25 an example of experimented with alternative0 uses of public100 200x KTONS MILLION KTONS €30 500 100 this is the extraction of bio-aromatics and reactive green areas. Initiatives such as Fruityourworld 150x KTONS MILLION KTONS 2 flavours from vegetable proteins as a replacement show that it is possible to share public spaces with KTONS for chemical flavourings. Waste water and organic others and to grow fruit there for and by local 109
WASTE waste from a variety of municipal, industrial and residents. TRUCKS agricultural sources can be treated in large-scale
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 Visual display of cascading: Organic residual streams that cannot be directly reused can be cascaded to high-value CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION applications. TheVALUE effects of circular strategiesJOB on the environmentMATERIAL and the economy are calculatedCO2 for the organic CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION residual streams in Amsterdam. It is assumed that it will take five to seven years to achieve a circular arrangement of €23 500 75 the processing of organic residual streams coming from all 430,000 Amsterdam households in the long term. Four MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS indicators have €30been used in determining impact: (1) net added value75 in millions of euro, (2) net300 job growth in FTE, (3) MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS material savings calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) reduction in CO2-emissions.
56 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 57 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €25 0 25 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €150 900 600 MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION
VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
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MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION RECOVERING NUTRIENTS
Across the whole food chain – from field to fork are being processed. Residues from these – only 5% of the nutrients placed in the soil are companies can be used in the production of Household actually used to provide us with nutritional value fertilisers through a process in which phosphates (Circle Economy, 2014a). The remaining 95% of can be recycled. An example of a company in the the nutrients are lost somewhere in the cycle. Amsterdam port area that recycles nutrients from For example: crops absorb only 30 to 50% of the waste streams of Cargill is ICL Fertilizers Europe, GFT applied fertiliser and use almost 25% of that for the which uses residual flows with a high phosphate growth of non-edible parts, which, in the current content. ICL Fertilizers strives to replace 15% of Decentral model, are disposed of as waste; in Amsterdam, the phosphate ore in 2015 and 100% in 2025 Nutrient hub large quantities of nutrients, such as minerals,MODULE A (Langefeld, 2015). The first tests show promising SMART DESIGN fertilisers, foodstuffs or animal food that, at some results for the use of ‘secondary’ phosphates, but Public urinal MODULE A point, end up in the environment, are imported; additional research is needed to further extend BIOREFINERY HUB JOB MATERIAL or event sanitary VALUE CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL 2 GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CO and the sewer drainage systemCREATION is a valuable this approach. CREATION GROWTHurine SAVINGS REDUCTION resource for nutrient retrieval. Mankind produces, VALUE €12 0 300 €50 300 100 Agriculture CREATION MILLION 100x KTONS 200 on average, 500 litres of urine and faeces in a year. Decentralised processing The municipality couldKTONS MILLION x KTONS KTONS Because the human body does not absorb all the develop local pilots in order to recover nutrients 774 891 €2,5 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s compost nutrients from the food we consume, this waste from the food system through anaerobic digestion WAGENS is full of nutrients. An important opportunity to plants and develop techniques to convert urine Cattle farming improve the nutrient cycle in Amsterdam is in the into valuable nutrients such as nitrogen and Household VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 proteins application of decentralised,CREATION local processes to GROWTHphosphate. A disadvantageSAVINGS of these techniques REDUCTIONis VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL recover these nutrients.CONSTRUCTION that they are often not financially profitable (AEB, algae REDUCTION €25 0 100 MILLION 200x KTONS waste water 2015). Decentralised management of waste waterKTONS €30 500 100 WKK 150x KTONS MILLION KTONS 2 Fertiliser manufacturing Globalisation can be beneficial in areas linked to excessive KTONS biogas of the food production system has led to water through-flow, such as densely populated 109
WASTE the concentration of many large-scale food urban areas. Further investment in the cascading TRUCKS processors in the Amsterdam port area, such as of waste water and process technologies could soy processing companies like Cargill, and Ahold, lead to improvements in the recovery of energy, VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 Coffee Company, Starbucks, Olam International heat and nutrients. CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION and ADM Netherlands, where €23coffee and cocoa 500 75 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €30 75 300 MILLION 450 x KTONS KTONS
Visual display of recovery of nutrients: Organic residual streams are processed through decentralised, local processes to recover nutrients. The effects of circular strategies on the environment and the economy are calculated for the organic residual streams in Amsterdam. It is assumed that it will take five to seven years to achieve a circular arrangement of the processing of organic residual streams coming from all 430,000 Amsterdam households in the VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 long term. Four indicators have been used in determining impact: (1) net added value in millions of euro, (2) net job CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION growth in FTE, (3) material savings calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) reduction VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 in CO2-emissions.CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €25 0 25 MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS €150 900 600 MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS
58 59 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€30 25 100 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 MILLION 400x KTONS KTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€85 500 500 MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS
MODULE B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION
VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION
€1,7 €85 499 492 MILLION 8x MILLION 714 x KTONS KTONS
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MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION Smart street containers
Supply and delivery Coded bags service
Algae facade Out-of-date products
Waste reuse Protein hub
Insect farming Circular restaurant
Logistics hub Festival testing ground SPATIAL VISION
The spatial vision map indicates how circular strategies for the organic residual streams in Amsterdam can be applied and how they are interwoven in a spatial context. The following strategies are described: (1) central bio- refinery hub, (2) waste separation and return logistics, (3) cascading of organic flows and (4) Bio-refinery recovering nutrients. hub
61 Strategy BARRIERS Barrier
Description Many of the ways to achieve a circular economy pricing, including that of CO , can also impact the 2 The flow of organic residual streams is highly varied, both geographically and across time (impacted, may already be profitable but, when up-scaling market. The last barrier that we want to mention among other things, by seasonal variations in green waste such as roadside grass), which forms an obstacle when trying to complete the business case. a solution, barriers often emerge. Policy can play in this category is the limited access to financing an important role in removing these barriers. We for circular initiatives. High-value bio-refinery technologies are in the early stages of development. For up-scaling and commercial viability, significant investment into additional research and development (R&D) distinguish four types of barriers: is required. A lack of funding for this can make both the speed of and the chances for success Technology Technological development has two uncertain. Laws and regulations Existing policy often leads important challenges. Up-scaling a small pilot to Market demand for end products of bio-refining is currently low due to factors such as ignorance to unforeseen consequences in changing market a commercial scale is often challenging, and the of market players, a limited ability to realise significant supply and a lack of clear quality criteria. conditions. An example is the Environmental interdependency and complexity of technologies The production of high-quality protein by growing insects (larvae) on organic residual streams Management Act (art. 1.1), which describes what that must be developed together can also be a must comply with the current laws and regulations regarding slaughter of live animals, which is legally classified as waste and what is not barrier. raises practical and, thus, financial barriers. (Government, 2015). Policies that aim to increase the share of green gas into the natural gas network give too little consideration to the interests of importers and more to the interests of (traditional) network These barriers have important implications for operators. Culture The circular economy requires close the extent to which some of the strategies can be Recovered nutrients, such as phosphates (by processing of struvite, for example) from waste cooperation between sectors and chains. A lack of implemented successfully - especially in the short water may, under current laws and regulations, not be applied as fertiliser on agricultural land inter-sector networks, a conservative culture and term. In some cases, governments can overcome and can, therefore, not be capitalised on, which makes the business case more difficult. A recently signed green deal provides an adjustment in the classification of waste under VANG and REACH vested interests in sectors can be obstacles to the these barriers, and the market may break down (Sloover, 2014). efficient formation of successful cooperation. barriers in others, but, in many cases, the solution According to current legislation, digestate from anaerobic digestion cannot be used as fertiliser requires cooperation, experimentation and on agricultural land (to replace artificial fertilisers), which complicates the profitability of digester Market The existence of ‘split incentives’ is a iteration. For each of the four circular strategies, plants. barrier; the investments must be done by one an impact assessment per barrier is made below. For waste substances, a waiver on the legislation is required per waste substance and per installation. This is an intensive and lengthy process that has been undertaken for struvite in stakeholder in the chain while the income is earned The assessment of the severity of the barrier Amsterdam. by another. Another market-related barrier is comes from insights obtained from the interviews European regulations concerning the 'expiry date' and food hygiene create uncertainty for the knowledge asymmetry, such as knowledge with and is further based on estimates of the research high-value reuse of food. regard to the availability of secondary resource team. For the top three actions, the roadmap will flows and its quality. The lack of externality address options to overcome these barriers. Various technological possibilities to enable greater source separation rates of organic residual streams are being examined. The technological complexity of these solutions (such as the link between technological installations in households and the necessary infrastructure) raises challenges that require both further technological development and the planning of underground installations and infrastructures. LAWS & STRATEGY TECHNOLOGY MARKET REGULATIONS CULTURE The above table is a summary of the most relevant and significant barriers that apply to this chain in achieving a transition towards a circular economy. This is based on research, literature, interviews and insights from the research team.)
CENTRAL BIO-REFINERY HUB
WASTE SEPARATION AND RETURN LOGISTICS
CASCADING ORGANIC FLOWS
RECOVERING NUTRIENTS
This table indicates how high the barrier to a circular economy is for SMALL MODERATE LARGE each of the strategies. (Source: Insights from interviews, literature and BARRIER BARRIER BARRIER assessment of the research team.)
62 63 ACTION POINTS
CENTRAL BIO-REFINERY HUB by uncertainty around quality specifications for 2. Rebuilding waste hubs into centres for the area in which agriculture is fully integrated 1. Expanding and designating new ‘free zones’ bio-based products. The lack of clear criteria is circular economy Current waste hubs can be (Jansma, 2015). and ‘circular field labs’ In a number of industrial currently a problem for two projects involving transformed into recycling activity hives similar clusters, such as the harbour area, policies can be the breeding of insects using organic waste with to the municipal recycling platforms in Almere, 2. Stimulating locally produced products, temporarily eased to support the development of the aim to produce proteins that can be used where high-value recycling is applied locally biomass and nutrition through purchasing bio-refining activities. Legislation that currently as fodder in, for example, aquaculture. Growing (Municipality of Almere, 2015). This would increase policy Local production of biomass and food stands in the way of the development of bio- insects now falls under the complex regulations the local level of circular activities. In addition, it reduces the need for transport, benefitting the refinery concepts includes the ban on the use of the Slaughter Act. The establishment of clear would increase the knowledge of local residents environment (PBL, 2014). One of the sources for of digestate, which is rich in nutrients (especially criteria can give clarity to this underdeveloped by involving them in recycling and other circular wood is green areas of the city (City of Amsterdam, phosphate), on agricultural land. This is currently market. activities. 2014a). To increase the production of biomass blocking an important and essential part of the at the municipal green facilities, a more holistic business case for anaerobic digester plants 4. Differentiating Amsterdam as an 3. Equipping street containers and waste approach to the management of municipal green because the current market value of digestate ‘(innovative) hub for bio-refinery’ A infrastructure with smart IT systems This and waste is required. Public green spaces can be is low. This legislation also affects Waternet, communication strategy is required to strongly optimises reverse logistics and the share of used for the growing of special species of plants which recovers phosphate from waste water (by distinguish Amsterdam from other port cities separated waste collection at source (Amsterdam (e.g. shrubs) (Urgenda, 2015) that are specially the precipitation of struvite crystals through the in the field of circular economy and bio-refining Connecting Trade, 2014). This can lead to a bred to grow quickly, produce more biomass, take decrease in the amount of transport needed. By addition of magnesium) but cannot currently activities. The municipality can invite leading in more CO2, save more rain water and absorb sell the reclaimed nutrients nor apply them to companies to establish and further develop connecting information about the composition more particulates. agricultural land. A Green Deal, recently signed their activities in Amsterdam. This can build on of waste, the residual flows may be worth more. between the Dutch Ministry of Infrastructure and existing initiatives, such as Startup Amsterdam, The system can be tested on ease of use and RECOVERING NUTRIENTS the Environment and the water boards, should, with a focus on bio-refining, and be deployed (financial) feasibility through small-scale pilots 1. Realising an integrated phosphate strategy however, lead to changes in the classification of as an innovation hub. The port of Amsterdam, in cooperation with companies, suppliers and The municipality can help realise a closed recovered substances under VANG and REACH together with the surrounding cities, can develop households. phosphate cycle. The municipality ought to (Sloover, 2014). a stimulus package and match-making services to encourage industrial symbiosis and technological entice companies to locate in the region. 4. Creating variable tax rates for different waste innovation in order to achieve this. Residual 2. Further developing of a sustainability fund categories (in the so-called Diftar-system) In streams containing phosphate should be matched specified for the circular economy A circularity WASTE SEPARATION AND RETURN LOGISTICS very densely populated residential areas of urban up with parties with a demand for phosphate. First fund should be financed by public and private 1. Renovating underground waste containers regions, it is more difficult to separate household steps in this direction have already been taken parties with the aim of financially supporting The renovation of waste containers, in waste. By taxing grey household waste more in projects that involve AEB, ICL and Waternet, innovative projects before the market provides Amsterdam-West, for example, can lead to an heavily through a differentiated tax system (Diftar) among others. starting capital, private equity and bank financing. improvement in the share of source separated (Drift, 2014), source separation of domestic waste The circularity fund can build on the experiences waste. The suggestion is to equip existing and will be (financially) stimulated. 2. Promoting decentralised waste-water of the ‘Amsterdam climate & energy fund’ (AKEF) new containers with the ability to separate fruit management systems This enables the local Sustainability Fund, which provided financing and vegetable waste in addition to the current CASCADING ORGANIC RESIDUAL STREAMS recovery of heat, energy and resources. Research and investments in the form of loans, guarantees separation of paper and glass. A container 1. Creating ‘breeding grounds’ to promote done in Buiksloterham has shown how the urban and capital shares (AKEF, 2015). The fund should replacement campaign is being rolled out in urban agriculture This increases local food environment can be set up at a neighbourhood provide a solution to the financing of early stage Amsterdam West over the next three years. This production and biomass production. In addition, level to allow decentralised reception of waste (usually lab- or pilot scale) projects that want to modernisation could act as an incentive for local empty buildings can be used to produce food. and water (Amsterdam Smart City, 2015). It should upscale to a commercial level. SMEs and for metal- and installation companies in Examples of and initiatives in urban agriculture include, for instance, the separation of waste particular. New requirements for separate waste are expanding rapidly. An example in Almere is water types (grey, yellow and black water) and the 3. Establishing criteria for ‘new bio-based collection can also be included in procurement ‘Agromere’, which aims to put a process in motion local valorisation these streams. The municipality products’ Currently, the market is being hampered criteria for the municipal waste infrastructure. that should eventually lead to a new residential can build on this research.
64 65 ACTION POINTS TOP 3 Three action points, as shown in the table, have been selected from the interviews and discussions with By making (open) data available, the municipality can stimulate innovation in the city (action point 1), play stakeholders. In selecting these, four major effects have been taken into account: (1) value creation, (2) an important role in settling the high barriers around laws and regulations and for bio-refining technology
CO2-reduction, (3) material savings and (4) job growth. These measures have also taken into account the (action point 2), and can increase the demand for circular products by altering its own purchasing policy barriers that have been identified for the construction chain, and the role that the municipality can fulfil. (action line 3).
VIRTUAL RESOURCE PLATFORM TO FURTHER CIRCULAR BIO-REFINERY FREE ZONE LAUNCHING CUSTOMER TO DEVELOP DEVELOP AND MAKE PUBLICLY ACCESSIBLE TO IDENTIFY SPECIFIC LOCATIONS INTENDED AS PURCHASE CRITERIA FOR THE USE OF 1 SPECIFIC GEO-DATA WITH REGARD TO DEMAND 2 CIRCULAR FREE ZONES AND DRAW UP RULES FOR 3 LOCALLY PRODUCED GRASS, WOOD AND FOOD AND SUPPLY OF ORGANIC RESIDUAL STREAMS FURTHER DEVELOPMENT IN THE CITY AND REGION
The municipality can further develop and make publicly accessible a The municipality can initiate circular free zones. This could take away certain The municipality can introduce criteria in its purchasing policy to stimulate digital (commercial) platform for organic waste. Such a platform can offer (legislative) barriers that currently hinder innovation, such as the ban on the locally produced grass, wood (as in street furniture) and food (catering). a transparent overview of the supply, demand and use of organic residual use of nutrient-rich digestate (especially phosphate) on agricultural land. This The large buying power of the municipality itself can create an important streams in Amsterdam (and beyond). In addition, it can address the uncertainty is currently blocking an important and essential part of the business case for and constant demand that allows local parties to further develop and in the market by improving the matching of supply and demand. This may be anaerobic digester plants because the current market value of digestate is professionalise. With the local production of biomass and food, the need for a response to the current uncertainty in market participants about supply low. transport and its associated environmental impact is reduced (PBL, 2013). The and demand of flows. The lack of understanding has been mentioned as local production of wood can take place in the municipal green facilities of the an obstacle to planning by many of the regional stakeholders, which, in city (Municipality of Amsterdam, 2014a). To increase the production of biomass turn, affects the financing due to supply risks. The platform would provide in the municipal green facilities, a more holistic approach to the management insight into fluctuations in supply and demand on the basis of, for example, of municipal green and waste materials is required. Public green spaces can be seasonal variations in the availability of green waste. The municipality can used for the planting of special species of plants (e.g. shrubs) (Urgenda, 2015)
also stimulate innovation concepts, linking small and large businesses. that are specially bred to grow rapidly, deliver more biomass, take in more CO2 and absorb particulates.
The AMS-run program ‘Urban Pulse’ has initiated planned activities around It is important that new projects build upon and are linked with pre-existing There are several companies and initiatives in Amsterdam that produce the mapping of resource streams such as organic residual streams into spatial pioneering activities in the region. One such example is the Greenmills site, a local biomass such as food as well as fibres for products. In order to achieve maps. There are also activities within the municipality around providing consortium of six companies active in the further development of bio-refinery higher volumes of these local products, the municipality needs to redirect its insight into waste streams associated with geo-data. In addition to this, the concepts and the optimal reuse of organic residual streams. Furthermore, purchasing policy. The municipality is already a signatory of the ‘green deal municipality can engage with organisations that use big data and have great Waternet and AEB are involved in and well informed about local initiatives circular purchases’ (Geet, 2013). The theme of circular purchases for the potential for the circular economy (Lacy, 2015), such as Wageningen UR and including the processing of sewage sludge for biogas production. purpose of local production and consumption is also a major topic at Cirkel CONNECTION FOR PROJECTS AMS, who conduct research into the use of big data (Top, 2015). Stad (Cirkel Stad, 2013).
The investment required to set up a platform is largely for the development The designation of circular free zones could be an effective way to neutralise The effects of these measures may soon be visible since there is a direct market of the IT-infrastructure and for the conceptual development of the platform. the barriers described in the local barrier overview. It is a measure that demand for local products. Although there are many market participants, including large IT parties, that requires investment, especially in organisation, supervision and enforcement. deal with the development of such platforms, the municipality can play the The measures to be taken fall completely within the terms of the Municipality role of initiator. The ‘out-of-pocket’ development costs for a platform can be Act. financed by private and public parties. The effects and impact on the actual
AND RESULTS AND volume of processing organic flows through the deployment of the platform INVESTMENTS will probably take several years before it is of significant size. This is because the development, buy-in and critical mass required by market parties will take time.
AMS, Floow2, Oogstkaart, TNO, The municipality and Wageningen UR Orgaworld, SkyNRG, Schiphol Group, KLM, Amsterdam port, Sita, Awakenings, Municipality, caterers and suppliers of facility management, local producers, Loveland and Air Exter, Kromkommer, Provalor, GRO, Holland, Taste Before You Waste, Instock,
STAKE- Food banks, Meerlanden and Fruityourworld HOLDERS
66 67 ROADMAP ORGANIC RESIDUAL STREAMS
SHORT TERM (1YEAR) LONG TERM (20+YEARS)
1. FURTHER DEVELOPMENT AND ENSURING PUBLIC ACCESS TO GEODATA FOR SUPPLY AND DEMAND OF ORGANIC WASTE IN THE CITY 2. TO IDENTIFY SPECIFIC LOCATIONS INTENDED AS CIRCULAR FREE ZONES AND DRAWING UP RULES FOR FURTHER DEVELOPMENT TOP 3 3. TO DEVELOP PURCHASE CRITERIA FOR THE USE OF LOCALLY PRODUCED GRASS, WOOD AND FOOD
EXPANDING AND DESIGNATING NEW ‘ FREE ZONES ‘ AND ‘ CIRCULAR FIELD LABS
FURTHER DEVELOPING OF A SUSTAINABILITY FUND SPECIFIED FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
ESTABLISHING CRITERIA FOR ‘NEW BIO-BASED PRODUCTS’
CENTRAL HUB FOR BIOREFINERY DIFFERENTIATING AMSTERDAM AS AN ‘(INNOVATIVE) HUB FOR BIO-REFINERY’
RENOVATING UNDERGROUND WASTE CONTAINERS
REBUILDING WASTE HUBS INTO CENTRES FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY
EQUIPPING STREET CONTAINERS AND WASTE INFRASTRUCTURE WITH SMART IT SYSTEMS SEPERATION AND RETURN LOGISTICS CREATING VARIABLE TAX RATES FOR DIFFERENT WASTE CATEGORIES
CREATING ‘BREEDING GROUNDS’ TO PROMOTE URBAN AGRICULTURE
STIMULATING LOCALLY PRODUCED PRODUCTS, BIOMASS AND NUTRITION THROUGH PURCHASING POLICY CASCADING OF ORGANIC STREAMS
REALISING AN INTEGRATED PHOSPHATE STRATEGY
PROMOTING DECENTRALISED WASTE-WATER MANAGEMENT SYSTEMS RECOVERY OF NUTRIENTS
ARROWS BARRIERS The arrows indicate when a certain action can be applied and when impact is expected. This Technology Market Regulations Culture is dependent on many aspects such as speed of market implementation and market scalability.
68 69 MODULE A SMART DESIGN
MODULE A BIOREFINERY HUB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE €12 0 300 300 CREATION x KTONS €50 100 MILLION 100 KTONS MILLION 200x KTONS KTONS
774 891 €2,5 MILLION VUILNIS AUTO’s WAGENS
VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION FOOD MATERIAL CONSTRUCTION REDUCTION €25 0 100 MILLION 200x KTONS as soy for animal feed. The production of bio- KTONS which has various€30 bio-refinery factories with 500 100 150x KTONS ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF private operators,MILLION compared to a facility where based building blocks for theKTONS chemical industry 2 KTONS all large-scale and unsorted waste is processed. enables the production of bio-plastics to replace A CIRCULAR ORGANIC RESIDUAL STREAMS 109 In addition to the direct employment effects in oil-based products. The material savings that can WASTE TRUCKS COMPARED TO A LINEAR SCENARIO the agricultural and food industries, there is the be achieved may add up to 900 thousand tonnes potential for the creation of additional jobs in the per year. This is significant when compared to VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 supply industry in activities such as engineering the current annual import of 3.9 million tonnes of The total economic activity ofCREATION the Amsterdam GROWTHperiod between 2005 andSAVINGS 2012, the agriculturalREDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 CREATION GROWTH biomassSAVINGS for the entire metropolitanREDUCTION region. The metropolitan region amounts to 106 billion euro sector and food industry in the metropolitan and logistics. €23 500 75 expected reduction in greenhouse gas emissions annually, of which 47 billion is accountedMILLION for by region200x showed a productivityKTONS growth of 5.7% andKTONS €30 75 300 MILLION 450 x KTONS The material savings consists mainly of materials is in the order of 600 thousandKTONS tonnes of CO , the city of Amsterdam (2013) (CBS, 2015)*. The 13.6% respectively. 2 that can be replaced by higher-value processed equivalent to a small 3% of the annual CO - contribution of the agricultural sector to the city 2 emissions of the city of Amsterdam. of Amsterdam amounts to 248 million euro and In our calculations for a circular scenario for flows. An example of this is the production of high- the contribution of the food sector amounts to the processing of organic residual streams, value protein to replace imported protein such 593 million euro. The current recycling of organic we adopted source separation of the organic residual streams in Amsterdam provides a lot of fraction over time in all 430 thousand households VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 room for optimisation. The cityCREATION of Amsterdam GROWTHin Amsterdam. In 2015,SAVINGS every inhabitant ofREDUCTION VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 has ambitions to increase the source separation Amsterdam generated an average of 92 kilograms CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION €25 0 25 percentage to generate more MILLIONvalue from the of200 vegetable-,x fruit- and gardenKTONS waste (Amsterdam,KTONS €150 900 600 organic residual streams in household and 2015d). This separate collection makes it possible MILLION 1200x KTONS KTONS industrial waste. Moreover, organic wastes from to use the organic fraction for new uses such as the food processing industry in the port area offer the production of protein for animal feed, biogas opportunities for higher quality processing and and building blocks for the chemical industry. A can, thus, contribute to additional value creation. fully circular organic residual stream chain can VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 A macro-economic analysis CREATIONhas been carried GROWTHresult in an increase in productivitySAVINGS of 14% for theREDUCTION STRATEGY VALUE out based on the circular strategies that can agricultural sector and 7% for the food sector in 25 VALUE JOB MATERIAL €30 400x 100 CO2 contribute to an optimised processingMILLION (cascading) the city of Amsterdam overKTONS a period of five to sevenKTONS CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION CENTRAL BIO-REFINERY 11% of organic residual streams in Amsterdam. The years. This is on top of the linear growth scenario. HUB €85 500 500 results provide insight into the effects of the The resulting added value to the economy could MILLION 700 x KTONS KTONS implementation of these circular strategies on amount to 150 million euro per year. WASTE SEPARATION AND 37% economic growth, employment, the saving of RETURN LOGISTICS material use and the reduction in greenhouse gas In addition, this transition could create 1200MODULE local B SEPARATION AND COLLECTION emissions. jobs in the long term, nearly 8% of the current CASCADING OF 24% 10 thousand jobs in the agriculture and food ORGANIC FLOWS VALUE JOB VALUE JOB MATERIAL CO2 The ‘circular scenario’ can contribute to industry. Jobs created would includeCREATION employment CREATION CREATION GROWTH SAVINGS REDUCTION autonomous (linear) growth in Amsterdam for the adjustment of waste infrastructure such RECOVERING€85 499 492 €1,7 714 x KTONS 28% through both the direct and indirect effects of as underground containers due toMILLION an increased 8x NUTRIENTSMILLION KTONS circular strategies. Reprocessing organic material need for pick up services for the separate 2418 flows to raw material for bio-plastic could, for waste streams, as well as for the more complex TOTAL 100% = €150 million example, result in cost savings that enable processing of these flows. There is a greater labour VALUE investment in additional improvements. In the requirement for a facility such as Greenmills, MATERIAL CO2 REDUCTION REDUCTION
In this study, value creation of circular initiatives is compared to the total added value at basic prices, NOT to the The potential economic and environmental impact of a circular construction chain in Amsterdam compared to a Gross Regional Product. In this chapter, a TNO-analysis is applied, and the assumptions used are from the following linear scenario is calculated for Amsterdam. Here, the impact will be realised over a period of five to seven years. sources: Chiewa, et al. (2014) ‘Environmental impact of recycling digested food waste as a fertilizer in agriculture—A Four indicators have been used in determining impact: (1) net added value in millions of euro, (2) net job growth in
case study’, Resources, Conservation and Recycling; Vandermeersch, et al. (2012) ‘Environmental sustainability FTE, (3) material savings calculated by value retention in domestic material consumption and (4) reduction in CO2 assessment or food waste valorisation options’, Department of Sustainable Organic Chemistry and Technology; emissions. The values for the four indicators are shown in the four circles. The distribution in added value is shown Leceta, et al. (2015) ‘Bio-based films prepared with by-products and wastes: environmental assessment’, Journal of in the bar chart. Cleaner Production.
70 71 SCALABILITY MAP
The scalability map shows the organic residual streams chain where opportunities lie for four circular strategies: (1) waste separation and return logistics, (2) cascading of organic flows, (3) recovery of nutrients and (4) bio-refinery hub. Green markings show places where household waste is released and, thus, where the potential lies for separation and return logistics. Green and yellow points indicate supermarkets and street markets and reflect the potential for cascading in retail and industry. In addition, large multinationals and food processors are displayed on the map to indicate opportunities for the industry. 4. CURRENT STATE
To create a circular economy, we must first understand what is not circular in our current economy. This chapter provides insight into how resources move through the city, where they will be processed to add value to the local economy and where resources are wasted or cascade back into the system to be reused. To reach this understanding, the region was looked at in terms of material flows, energy consumption and employment. The various streams were then examined in order to identify which areas of circularity, quality of life and economic vitality can be improved in the city. For example, where is waste created? And where are the short and long term opportunities to convert these into opportunities for the city and the region? To get a more detailed picture of the ‘non-circular’ situation at present, we conducted an analysis based on regional and national statistics supplemented with specific organisational data.
75 CIRCULARITY MEASURED
One of the challenges in determining a strategy ECOLOGICAL IMPACT to create a circular economy is measuring circularity and gaining a good understanding of Metal exhaustion the status quo. For measuring the circularity of Fossil exhaustion Ecological impact the city, region and sectors, the ‘circular indicators Construction industry Abiotic depletion Ecological impact Energy supply framework’ was developed by Circle Economy Acidification and TNO. The framework describes four main Eutrophication indicators that provide insight into the essential Global warming aspects of circularity. The first three indicators Ozone layer depletion were evaluated using quantitative data provided Human toxicity by CBS and TNO. The indicator for transition Fresh-water aquatic toxicity potential was investigated by means of interviews Electrical and Specialised business Maritime aquatic toxicity electronic industry services and qualitative reviews of specific companies, Terrestrial toxicity organisations and other stakeholders within their Financial services Food and Photochemical Oxidation Agriculture respective chains. This framework was also used beverage industry Land use by Circle Economy and TNO for establishing the ICT Others industries Retail industry priority chains for a national project with the Renting and business ECONOMIC INTEREST Paper and printing Ministry of Infrastructure and the Environment. services industry Real estate trading The four key indicators, with each specific sub- Metal products industry Added value Chemical industry indicator, are represented on the right. Mining industry Wholesale POTENTIAL FOR In the figure opposite is an overview of the results Metal industry VALUE RETENTION Culture, sport and recreation of the framework applied to the thirty sectors Health and social care Hospitality industry that CBS differentiates in the macro-economic Transport industry Resource efficiency statistics of the region. Per sector, the figure Machinery industry Storage industry Valuable waste generation indicates how big the ‘economic added value’ is to Public administration Dispersion factor and services the regional economy (y-axis), what the ‘ecological Recycling rate impact’ is (x-axis) and how big the potential is for value retention (size of the bubble). Other services TRANSITION POTENTIAL
Petroleum industry Transition readiness Education Organisation and culture Households goods Visibility and impact and services EconomicEconomic importance Interest
The above figure shows how the 30 sectors in the Amsterdam metropolitan area score on ‘economy’, ‘ecology’ and ‘value retention’, the three main indicators in the ‘circular indicators framework’. (Source: based on CBS-data with analysis of TNO and Circle Economy team)
76 77 FLOWS THROUGH THE TITLEMETROPOLITAN REGION The material flows for Amsterdam are analysed and visualised in the following diagram. This figure provides insight into how resources move through the metropolitan region and city, where they will be processed to add value to the local economy and where resources are wasted, or, ideally, cascaded back into the system to be reused. From this review, three important aspects - which are largely linear but which have the potential to create a circular economy in the region - appear to determine the current status.
The current state of materials and energy per sector used in the metropolitan region of Amsterdam. Further, the waste flows are shown by sector in the metropolitan region of Amsterdam (Megatonnes stands for millions of tonnes) (Source: based on CBS data with analysis of TNO and Circle Economy team).
78 79 ECONOMIC PERSPECTIVE Use of materials and processing of by-products The import, processing and transport of Use of materials in the making and processing 3500 materials and goods is an important economic industry is dominated by biomass and minerals In 3000 activity in the metropolitan region The the metropolitan area, more than 10 megatonnes Amsterdam metropolitan area has the largest of materials – of which 40% is biomass and 40% is 2500 seaport and airport in Europe. Through these two fossil fuels – are consumed annually (CBS, 2015b). Figure 4.1: Extraction and ports combined, more than 100 million tonnes Biomass is used mainly by industry (70%) and the 2000 import of materials in the Import metropolitan region of of goods are imported and 30 million tonnes are agricultural and food sector (20%). A large part of
(kiloton) Amsterdam in 2014 (source: 1500 Extraction exported annually (Port of Amsterdam, 2013). The the biomass use is allocated to the extensive food based on CBS and port of Amsterdam data with analysis gross added value of the seaport amounted to 3.5 and beverage industry. Minerals such as coal are 1000 by TNO and Circle Economy) billion euro in 2012, which was derived mainly from mainly used in the utility sector (74%) and industry business and industry, including the metal industry, (17%) (CBS, 2015b). Metals are mainly used in 500 and the transport and logistics sector. For Schiphol industry (90%). Raw material import and (local) extraction 0 Airport, the gross added value in 2012 amounted Metal Non-metallic Fossil Biomass to 5 billion euro (Ministry of I and M, 2015). The Large flows of organic and mineral waste mineral total direct employment of the Amsterdam seaport originate from industrial waste Of the waste is 34 thousand jobs; for Schiphol it is 65 thousand that is produced in the MRA, only a small part (Port of Amsterdam, 2013). is collected through the municipal system as household waste - see Figure 4.3 for further details. The food and construction sectors have a (CBS, 2015b). One-sixth of the 6 million tonnes per 25000 relatively low use of circular services Circular year is municipal solid waste, consisting mainly of
services are sectors that are focused on product minerals and organic waste (in Amsterdam 14% 20000 design, rental, repair and recycling. The average use is household waste and 86% is industrial waste). of circular services in the Amsterdam metropolitan Non-municipal waste amounts to about 5 million 15000 Figure 4.2: Import and area is 14%. The construction- and food chain is tonnes a year and consists mostly of organic export of materials in the slightly below the average, making use of only 12% waste. This offers opportunities for bio-refinery Import metropolitan region of Amsterdam (source: based on Export and 13% of circular services respectively. applications for high-value use of both municipal 10000 CBS and port of Amsterdam and non-municipal residual streams. data with analysis by TNO and Circle Economy) LOGISTICS HUB 5000 The metropolitan region is highly dependent Waste in Amsterdam is, to a large extent, Matrerial import and export (kiloton) on imports of resources In the metropolitan processed in a relatively low grade One third of region, 10 million tonnes of material are consumed the total waste is incinerated to generate electricity 0
annually, of which 60% is imported from abroad, and heat. This creates less value compared ne Oil Coal Crude Re Energy Other Cattle Ores Fertili Other see Figure 4.1 and 4.2 for further details (CBS, to recycling or reuse. For domestic waste, the Cereals 2015b). More than 50% of the import consists of rate for ‘useful reuse’ as defined by the CBS is fossil fuels, used mainly in the petroleum industry 85%. This includes activities such as the use of for the production of plastic. granulated demolition and construction waste for 25000 road foundations, which, in a circular economy,
The supply of materials is vulnerable to strong can be regarded as a low-value application of Chemical20000 waste price fluctuations and distortions in the recycling. Through high-value reuse, recycling and Mineral geopolitical context The high trading volume in composting, more value can be extracted from 15000 the MRA offers economic opportunities but, at these waste streams. Rest Figure 4.3: Residual streams Import in the metropolitan region of the same time, exposes the MRA to disruptions Amsterdam (source: based Organic Export in supply. In addition, the import of biomass from 10000 on CBS and AEB data with analysis by TNO and Circle abroad has significant negative consequences for Plastics Economy) the environment, due to non-sustainable land 5000 Paper use and agriculture in South America and other Import en export van materialen (kiloton) regions. Metal 0 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 Oil Cattle Coal Ores Fertili Crude Refine Energ ResidualOther Cerea stream (megaton) Other
80 81 MINERALS VALUE PRESERVATION STONE Slimbreker SELECTION OF CHAINS CONCRETE VSM Sloopwerken PRIORITISATION OF CONNECTING FACTORS IN A CIRCULAR ECONOMY Neighbour communities AEB Loon op Zand Struyk Verwo infra Nijssen To understand the extent to which various transition potential. The ten value chains are shown Holderfin BV Bellen chains contribute to the economic and ecological in the table below, with shades of blue indicating the ARCHITECTURE T Paro Decostone-natuursteenTransshipme ourism and ag AND DESIGN potential impact. Of the ten chains, six are included in Pet n impact in Amsterdam, a chain analysis has been rol clus ribulk t ter PO RT OF A + MSTERD Van Gansewinkel the final analysis. Redstone A conducted. This chain analysis provides insight M A.E .B Icova into the connections between sectors in an Cortlever
was te w WASTE PROCESSING ater tr Putman After consultation with the municipality and local ea economy, such as the connection between the tme Langhout Betonfabriek nt AMSTERD materials (physical flows) and economic value stakeholders, the decision was made to focus on AM (monetary flows). An example of this can be seen the construction chain and organic residual streams, Miscanthusgroep
REAL ESTATE shop CONSTRUCTION winkel
as these have the highest economic and ecological Stonecycling C in the production of oil, which is linked to the rea tie clust BANK er production of plastic from this oil, which is then impact, as well as the highest value retention and Anci
linked to the use of plastic packaging material transition potential. Cebo Arup Engineering Delta Development in the food chain, and later linked to the waste PLP Architecture BAM Group Omnya Group The analysis of the value chains serves not only to G&S Bouw treatment of plastic packaging. Exploring which Mondo Minerals N3O SCHIPHOL AIRPO OVG ZUI of the chains between sectors result in large achieve a transparent selection of important chains DAS Fluor BV Eggerding RT VolkerWessels at which circular initiatives should be focused, but Rabo Real Estate Group impacts is a starting point for prioritising possible ENZO Architectuur AW Groep interventions. The four indicators used to measure also provides an overview of economic sectors and Turntoo UBA Alliantie impacts from the ‘circular indicators framework’ actors that are associated with that particular chain. RHDHV Heijmans SADC have been explained in the beginning of this These actors can be a source of inspiration in the chapter. For the economical and ecological impact development of concrete projects in the Amsterdam Timpaan Gemeente Almere 3D Canal House metropolitan area. Overview of a select and non-exhaustive group and value retention, a comprehensive analysis was of stakeholders in the construction chain. The Ballast Nedam Eigenhaard size of the circle indicates the importance of the conducted, linking hundreds of value chains and organisation. (Insights from interviews, literature sectors together. The ten chains with the highest Opposite is a representation of a non-exhaustive and and assessment by the research team) impact or the greatest potential were selected. select group of actors for the construction chain and
Stakeholder interviews were used to assess the organic residual streams chain. VALUE PRESERVATION
AEB Meerlanden FOOD AND Voedselbanken ECONOMIC ECOLOGICAL CONSERVATION TRANSITION BEVERAGE IMPACT IMPACT POTENTIAL POTENTIAL PRODUCTION eerlanden Neighbour communities Waste transformers CONCRETE AND MINERAL STREAMS GREAT POTENTIAL ADM Cocoa Nijssen Recycling
ARCHITECTURE, AND DESIGN SERVICES MODERATE Cargill Cocoa POTENTIAL CHAIN AAK
CONSTRUCTION REAL ESTATE DEVELOPMENT AND LOW TRANSPORT Buteressence Transshipment Tourism and agribulk REALLOCATION OF BUILDINGS POTENTIAL Petrol cluster AND STORAGE Agriculture and owers
LooijePORT OF Tomaten AMSTERDAM
FOOD PRODUCTION AND WASTE GRO Holland A.E.B PROCESSING Overview of ten chains in the MRA. Analysis Orgaworld CATERING developed by TNO and waste water treatment RETAIL BANK PACKAGING Circle Economy. Biodiesel Amsterdam AMSTERDAMCULTURE AND FOOD CHAIN winkel LEISURE Albert Keijzer HOUSEHOLDS NOBA AGRICULTURAL INPUT Rotie Albert Heijn shop Greenery winkel
Creatie cluster Exter Spar Groenveld Vlees METAL TRANSPORTATION STREAMS Frigo Jumbo ID&T Instock Beebox Meerlive Vork & Mes LOGISTICS IN THE FOOD SECTOR Aldi BinBang Vokomokum Haarlemmermeer Qunis CHAIN METAL FoodSharing Koole Amsterdam New York Pizza Meerjazz SCRAP METAL PROCESSING Food Surplus SCHIPHOL AIRPORT Pieter Bon Westeinder Lidl ZUIDAS Entrepreneurs Marqt Waterweek Network
Ekoplaza BuurtBuik
Overview of a selective and non-exhaustive group of stakeholders in the organic residual streams chain. 82 The size of the circle indicates the importance of the 83 organisation. (Insights from interviews, literature and assessment by the research team) INDICATORS CIRCULAR ECONOMY
This page represents how the city of Amsterdam, and Circle Economy calculated these indicators at the metropolitan region and The Netherlands score the national level. The value retention is estimated on three indicators: value retention, economic according to resource efficiency: the amount of impact and ecological impact. Together, these waste that is produced to generate an added value three indicators give an initial idea of how, on a of 1000 euro. The economic impact is measured city-level, circularity could be measured. The three in added value per person and the percentage of indicators were developed in the context of RACE circular services in the economy: the proportion of (Realisation or Acceleration towards a Circular the added value in an economy that is generated by Economy), a program initiated by the Ministry of services focused on product design, rental, repair Infrastructure and the Environment. A summary of and recycling. The ecological impact is measured
the indicators is presented later. Previously, TNO by environmental costs and CO2-emissions.
VALUE PRESERVATION ECONOMIC IMPACT ECOLOGICAL IMPACT RAW MATERIAL EFFICIENCY GROSS VALUE ADDED ENVIRONMENTAL Raw material efficiency indicates possible waste reduction in production of Gross Value Added per person is Environmental costs are the costs of exhaustion, water pollution, goods, measured in kilograms of waste per €1,000 output the economic value in € per person CO2-emissions, toxicity and land use in € per kilogram
AMSTERDAM MRA NEDERLAND AMSTERDAM MRA NEDERLAND AMSTERDAM MRA NEDERLAND
N/A 39 N/A 61295 33616 31256 N/A 52 63 €/kg kg €/kg € € € €/kg €/kg €/kg
USE OF RENEWABLE RESOURCES CIRCULAR SERVICES CO2-EMISSIONS The use of renewable resources is the percentage of imports (net and Circular Services is the percentage of services - related to the CO2 emission is the amount of carbon dioxide which is domestic) consisting of biomass compared to total imports circular economy - compared with the Gross Value Added released into the atmosphere in kilograms of CO2 per person
AMSTERDAM MRA NEDERLAND AMSTERDAM MRA NEDERLAND AMSTERDAM MRA NEDERLAND
66% 27% N/A 14% N/A 5345 8575 9343 kg CO2 kg CO kg CO €/kg kg CO2 2 2
N/A
84 85 5. RECOMMENDATIONS The roadmap and action agenda presented in this To come to a detailed feasibility of the proposed TITLEAND NEXT STEPS Quick Scan offer a starting point, giving concrete actions, more analysis is needed. This analysis direction to the ambition, vision and agenda can include, for example, a detailed (social) on the theme of a circular economy for two cost-benefit assessment for the various parties specific value chains – construction and organic needed for implementation. Next steps in the residual streams. The municipality can focus on investigation of opportunities for the city and expanding the details of these plans as a next region are part of the program ‘Urban Pulse’, step. Stakeholders, both within the government which is led by Amsterdam Metropolitan Solutions and in the market, will need to be engaged to (AMS) and Circulaire Stad. actually take action on the proposed directions. Listed below are some next steps advised for the The need for greater transparency and a better municipality. understanding of the demand of (secondary) resource flows in the region and beyond is Further development and selection of indicators mentioned by many stakeholders as a condition that provide insight into the level of circularity in for a circular economy, particularly for an optimal the city of Amsterdam can be undertaken. This exchange and high-value processing of streams. basic set of indicators can be used, among other Further development of (geographically explicit) things, to measure progress. The applied ‘circular digital material platforms would be crucial to indicators framework’ in this study (Chapter 4) connecting the supply and demand of residual can give direction to the next steps. streams and materials.
The indicators can be applied in an interactive Related to the previous point, there is also a circularity dashboard that displays the progress need for active coordination to match supply of the most important indicators. The dashboard and demand. The municipality could potentially can be used internally, but can also involve explore the appointment of chain directors who inhabitants of the city more actively on the subject would be responsible for active matchmaking. of a circular economy. In addition, Amsterdam can (in the future) benchmark against other cities on their circular performance.
86 87 TITLEPROJECT TEAM Circle Economy Raymond Groot Lipman, Senior Account Circle Economy is a cooperative whose mission is FABRIC is a knowledge-intensive design studio Klaske Kruk, Director of Programs manager Grootbedrijf, Rabobank Almere to globally accelerate the practical implementation led by Eric Frijters and Olv Klijn. The involvement Marc de Wit, Director of Strategic Alliances Peter van Heerde, Account manager MKB, of a circular economy. To accelerate the worldwide of the two founders in architecture, urban Shyaam Ramkumar, Lead Tool Development Rabobank Schiphol transition towards a circular economy, we use planning and research led to the creation of Jurn de Winter, Lead Circle Cities Angeline Kierkels, Director Public Sector, two main levers: FABRICations. Our motto is: “Think while you do.” Merve Güvendik, Project Manager Circle Market Meerlanden 1) Practical action, aimed at developing practical The motto expresses the thorough approach that Kay van ’t Hof, Designer Fokke Kroesen, Environmental Manager, KLM solutions; characterises FABRIC. Our innovative solutions Jeroen Lubbers, Deputy head Economic Affairs 2) Campaigns, communication and engagement, are rooted in a huge technical, historical and TNO municipality of Almere aimed at spreading our message. We focus on cultural knowledge. With each project, we invest Ton Bastein, Program Manager Resource Kees van der Lugt, Strategic advisor & projects and activities that are both practical and in research to further increase the available Efficiency and Circular Economy innovation manager, Waternet scalable. knowledge and to further improve the quality of Jacco Verstraeten-Jochemsen, Project Manager, Ward Massa, Co-owner, Stonecycling our proposals. We want to be the best knowledge Sustainable Cities Dominique van Ratingen, Program manager TNO is a non-profit organisation that applies provider and the most innovative solution creator. Elmer Rietveld, Researcher sustainability, Amsterdam Economic Board thorough scientific principles to a wide range That is why we often form partnerships with other Mara Hauck, Scientist Specialist on life-cycle Jan Willem Reuchlin, Consultant Strategy & of disciplines. TNO is active within five key similar knowledge-intensive companies. assessment, Climate, Air and Sustainability. Innovation, Port of Amsterdam sustainability themes: industry, healthy living, Rene van Schaijk, Senior Account manager energy, the environment and defence and security. FABRIC Grootzakelijk, Rabobank Amstel en Vecht TNO is one of the most internationally oriented Eric Frijters, Co-founder Wouter Schrier, Advisor on mobility and electric research and technology organisations in Europe Olv Klijn, Co-founder mobility and has an unparalleled knowledgebase full of Bas Driessen, Co-founder Jeroen Slot, Head of research, employee information about innovation, sustainability and research and statistics, municipality of policy making. Maintaining and improving this CONSULTED EXPERTS Amsterdam knowledgebase is a high priority as we continue to We would like to express our gratitude to the Marc Spiller, Waste water treatment, Advanced develop within international knowledge networks. following for sharing their expert knowledge Metropolitan Solutions and specific data about the various streams in Sven Stremke, Principal Investigator for Energy, Amsterdam with us: Advanced Metropolitan Solutions Sabrine Strijbos, Sector Specialist Economic Sietse Agema, Strategic Advisor, Amsterdam Sustainability and Fashion, municipality of Energie Bedrijf Almere Olaf Blauw, Director, Delta Development Andre Struker, Strategic Advisor, Waternet Martijn Bovee, Manager Strategic Accounts, Philippe Vorst, Founder & Director, New York Orgaworld Pizza Bart Brink, Director Business Unit, RHDHV Ad van Vught, Strategic Purchasing Manager, Marc Brito, Senior Relationship Manager Public Exter Sector, Rabobank Amsterdam Bart de Wit, Manager SME’s, Companies, Jeremy Croes, Programme Coordinator Raw Rabobank Zaanstreek Materials & Waste Streams, Schiphol Airport Pieter Goudwaard, CSR advisor, Sustainable business development, Jumbo
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