Applicability of Flax and Hemp As Raw Materials for Production of Cotton
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Mechanical Properties of Unidirectional Epoxy Matrix Composites Reinforced with Scutched Flax and Tow By-Product
ECCM16 - 16TH EUROPEAN CONFERENCE ON COMPOSITE MATERIALS, Seville, Spain, 22-26 June 2014 MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF UNIDIRECTIONAL EPOXY MATRIX COMPOSITES REINFORCED WITH SCUTCHED FLAX AND TOW BY-PRODUCT N. Martina*,c, P. Daviesb, C. Baleya aLIMATB, EA 4250, Univ. Bretagne-Sud, 56100 Lorient, France bMarine Structures Laboratory, IFREMER, 29280 Plouzané, France cVan Robaeys Frères, 83 rue Saint-Michel, 59122 Killem, France *[email protected] Keywords: Flax fibers, Scutching, Flax by-products, Composite materials Abstract The decortication of flax by scutching yields scutched flax and tows. In this study, we have compared the properties of composite materials made of scutched flax and flax tows from the same batch. A series of unidirectional epoxy composites were manufactured by wet moulding. Mechanical properties of single fibers and composite materials were measured by tensile tests. The tensile properties of single fibers were in the same range. The tensile properties of the unidirectional composites show a similar evolution of properties versus fiber volume fraction. The results show that tows could be used to reinforce high performance composite materials. 1. Introduction A wide range of plant fibers have been studied for composite reinforcement including hemp, jute, sisal and flax [1]. Among them, flax fibers have excellent specific mechanical properties and are being evaluated as a replacement for E-glass fibers [2,3]. Flax (Linum usitatissimum) is the major plant fiber cultivated in northern Europe, mainly for the textile sector. The structure and composition of flax plants is complex [4,5]. The stems contain fiber bundles embedded in cortex tissues at the periphery. In these bundles, single fibers are grouped together by middle lamellae. -
Agricultural Products FLAX Linum Usitatissimum from Which Comes
Agricultural Products FLAX Linum usitatissimum from which comes our words “linen”, “linseed oil”, “linoleum”. Flax seed is sewn as early in the springtime as the ground will permit; as soon as the frost leaves it, in other words. The seed was distributed rather densely so that the plants would be forced to grow straight upward to get enough sunlight, rather than to put out branches, which was not desirable. When ready for harvesting, the plants would be about two feet high. When the mature plants were ready for harvesting along about mid-summer, they were pulled up out of the ground rather than cut, and allowed to dry on the surface for a day or two. Cutting caused the plant’s sap to flow out, and this would stain the fibers, after which no amount of bleaching would produce white cloth. After drying, the flax was pulled through a ripple comb made with coarse wooden or heavy wire teeth. This broke off the pods and the seeds, which were saved for next year’s planting, or for barter or cash sale. The stalks were then tied by the top end in bundles called “beats”, or “bates” (depending on what part of the country you came from) and the base of the stalks were spread out to form a tent-shaped stack called a “stook” for drying. Next came soaking in water for fermentation, the length of time depending on the temperature and whether the water was moving. One method was to put the stalks in a stream. This was a smelly and slow process. -
Spinning Daily Presents Alternative Fibers: the Spinner's Guide To
presents Alternative Fibers: The Spinner’s Guide to Vegan, Natural, and Wool-Free Yarns ©F+W Media, Inc. ■ All rights reserved ■ F+W Media grants permission for any or all pages in this issue to be copied for personal use Spin.Off ■ spinningdaily.com ■ 1 pinners have worked with wool for thousands of years, and with good reason: it dyes easily, wears well, and Scomes from cute sheep. But it’s not the only option available nowadays. We can spin fiber produced from other animals, from plants, or from manufacturing processes. Bam- boo, soy, and corn can all be made into yarn. So can wood pulp and seaweed: if you’ve never heard of Seacell, Modal, or Lyocell, read on. Do all of these spinnable fibers qualify as natural? Are they vegan (i.e., animal-friendly) or at least animal- neutral? How sustainable are the different production methods? It depends on your personal definitions and choices. Some people might see rayon, extruded from wood pulp, as too far removed from Nature, while others might prefer rayon to water-intensive hemp retting. You’ll read about protein and cellulose fibers in the first article, then find others on plant-based fibers, either directly from the plant or processed in some way. If you want to spin something other than wool, you can find the perfect substitute here. Happy spinning, Anne Merrow [email protected] ©F+W Media, Inc. ■ All rights reserved ■ F+W Media grants permission for any or all pages in this issue to be copied for personal use Spin.Off ■ spinningdaily.com ■ 2 What are natural fi bers? BY A MY C LARKE M OORE atural fi bers occur naturally in na- not usually included in the natural fi ber catego- a Nture, naturally. -
GLOSSARY of SPINNING TERMS Batts - Carded Hunks of Fiber As It Comes Off of a Drumcarder Bench – Also Called the Table
GLOSSARY OF SPINNING TERMS batts - carded hunks of fiber as it comes off of a drumcarder bench – also called the table. The table of the spinning wheel on which the wheel and spinning mechanism are mounted bobbin – the shaft of the spool onto which the spun yarn is wound on a spinning wheel carders – (or cards) a pair of brushes used to smooth and straighten fibers for spinning comb - used to process long stapled wool for worsted spinning crimp - amount of curl in a lock of fleece; fine wool is very crimpy distaff – a staff that holds the flax or wool fibers which are drawn from as the spinner needs them when spinning. A distaff can be attached to a belt, mounted on the bench of a spinning wheel, or free-standing. draft - the pulling out of fibers to allow only a certain amount of the fiber to twist into thread drafting triangle – the space between the spun yarn and the fibers being drawn out drive band – the cord carrying the power from the large wheel to the spindle or bobbin/pulley drop spindle – (handspindle) a stick with a weighted whorl that is used to twist fibers into thread ewe – a mature female sheep fiber – the unspun hair/wool/plant material (as opposed to the thread, which is already spun) fleece – the entire coat of wool off of a sheep flyer – the u-shaped device on a treadle spinning wheel that twists the yarn footman – the straight piece of wood or wire that connects the treadle to the axle/crank of a spinning wheel grease wool – (or “wool in the grease”) the unwashed wool as it comes off of a sheep hank – a 560-yard long skein of wool, usually wound on a niddy-noddy or reel knot – a 40-yard strand skein of yarn wound on a reel or a niddy-noddy that measures 2 yards in circumference= 80 yards maidens – (or sisters) two upright pieces of wood that hold the spinning apparatus in a horizontal position. -
Notes from the Flax Presentation by Bruce Engebertson April 29, 2017
notes from the Flax Presentation by Bruce Engebertson April 29, 2017 Bruce began spinning wool at age 10, despite the fact that no one in his immediate family had any background in spinning. A chance referral led him to Ester Kromaki about 25 years ago, and she taught him the traditional Finnish techniques for growing, processing, spinning, and weaving flax. He says his linen knowledge is firmly based in the Finnish traditions and that "he doesn't know a variety of methods but the ones he knows, he knows well." The flax plant is an annual that dies in the winter. It is a "greedy" plant which will take lots of nutrients, so it's best not to plant it in soil that has been exhausted by other crops like corn. Flax is best in full sun and protected from the wind. It is relatively free from insect pests and will even keep potato bugs away (so plant near potatoes!). Prepare the seed bed by spading up the area to be seeded (in our case, approximately 3 ft by 3 ft) and adding in some cow manure or other fertilizer. Make sure the area is free of weeds when you seed. Seed flax when the lilacs just begin blooming. The seed should be spread thickly -- about 5 to 7 seeds for a thumbprint (of course, this depends on the size of your -- hopefully green -- thumb). Do not plant in rows. Divide the seeds in half and sow half in one direction and the other half if the other direction. If the soil is the same color as the seeds, you can add sand to the mix so you'll have an idea of how the seeds are being spread out. -
Effects of Micro-Braiding and Co-Wrapping Techniques
polymers Article Effects of Micro-Braiding and Co-Wrapping Techniques on Characteristics of Flax/Polypropylene-Based Hybrid Yarn: A Comparative Study Wenqian Zhai 1, Peng Wang 2,3,* , Xavier Legrand 1, Damien Soulat 1 and Manuela Ferreira 1 1 University of Lille, Ensait, Gemtex, F-59000 Roubaix, France; [email protected] (W.Z.); [email protected] (X.L.); [email protected] (D.S.); [email protected] (M.F.) 2 University of Haute-Alsace, Ensisa, Lpmt, F-68000 Mulhouse, France 3 University of Strasbourg, 67081 Strasbourg, France * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +33-3-89-33-66-48; Fax: +33-3-89-33-63-39 Received: 12 October 2020; Accepted: 28 October 2020; Published: 31 October 2020 Abstract: Micro-braiding and co-wrapping techniques have been developed over a few decades and have made important contributions to biocomposites development. In this present study, a set of flax/polypropylene (PP) micro-braided and co-wrapped yarns was developed by varying different PP parameters (PP braiding angles and PP wrapping turns, respectively) to get different flax/PP mass ratios. The effects on textile and mechanical characteristics were studied thoroughly at the yarn scale, both dry- and thermo-state tensile tests were carried out, and tensile properties were compared before and after the braiding process to study the braidabilities. It was observed that PP braiding angles of micro-braided yarn influenced the frictional damage on surface treatment agent of flax roving, the cohesive effect between PP filaments/flax roving, and the PP cover factor; PP wrapping turns of co-wrapped yarn had a strong impact on the flax roving damage and the PP coverage, which further influenced the characteristics. -
Textile Yarns
TEXTILE YARNS 1970 40 2010 Years of Progress ® ® Printed on Re-Cycled Paper Save a tree. 1 Textile Yarns 1.0 Introduction A textile yarn is a continuous strand of staple or filament fibers arranged in a form suitable for weaving, knitting, or other form of fabric assembly. Also, a yarn is a textile product of substantial length and relatively small cross-section consisting of fibers with twist and/or filaments without twist. The yarn can be twisted with one or more yarns to create added value or aesthetics. Traditionally, yarns have been constructed of fibers of finite length called staple fibers. Today, continuous filament yarns are also used to construct yarns. Filament yarns tend to be smoother, more lustrous, more uniform, harsher, and less absorbent. Spun yarns have a hairy surface, are more uneven in appearance, have lower luster, are softer, and more absorbent. Spun yarn is the yarn of choice in many woven and knitted fabric products. The short fibers can be natural fibers such as cotton where the fiber grows in short lengths. But they can also be synthetic fibers such as polyester that are manufactured in a continuous length and then cut into shorter staple lengths. This document will discuss how yarns are formed. It covers fiber preparation and spinning for cotton and blends of cotton. Also covered is the production of synthetic filaments and their conversion to tow and how the tow in turn gets cut into short fibers. Then the steps in the processing of cotton and cotton/synthetic blended spun yarns and the various spinning systems used will be addressed. -
Prairie Clothes: Woman’S World
1 Prairie Clothes: Woman’s World By William R. Harshbarger Arcola, Illinois December 2017 2 Prologue Pioneers knew how to survive. In our time, we cannot know the nuances of prairie life, or fully appreciate the effort and time that our ancestors spent on the basic skills necessary to get through the day. For the most part, the work was exhausting and demanding. Fortunately, the power of community undergirded their survival, assuring each family of support in time of need. The indelible frontier experience created a sense of equality and liberation from the constraints of bias and social etiquette. Pioneers valued each other. They measured a person’s worth by the standard of honesty, skill, and the contribution made to the community. The prairie experience changed the settlers. Eliza W. Farnham came to Illinois in 1836, stayed about five years, married, and returned to New York. In 1846, she fondly recalled the experience in her book, Life in Prairie Land. She explained how people were struck by the breath-taking beauty of the prairie—the grasses, the birds, springing flowers, and the motion of the wind through the expanse of land. And she foresaw, and was elevated by, a vision of the “glory and greatness” that would develop there. She wrote: “It is the enjoyment afforded by this kind of emancipation which so endears the Western country to those who have resided in it. It steals upon the heart like what it is, the very witchery of nature; so that those who are susceptible to it, feel the charm but not the inconvenience through which it is invoked. -
Spinning and Weaving
Spinning and Weaving Introductory Information . 2 Materials List Your Responsibility . 3 What the Fort Will Provide . 4 Instructions Washing Wool . 4 Picking & Teasing Wool . 4 Carding Wool . 5 Spinning Wool with a Spinning Stick . 5 Dyeing Wool. 6 Weaving on the ELP Loom . 7 Hints from Other Schools . 9 General Information Introduction . 11 2500 years of History on a Page and a Half . 11 Common Processing Steps From the Sheep's Back to Your Back . 13 From the Field to Your Back . 14 Dyeing History . 15 Common Processing Steps for Dyeing . 15 Common Dyes of Sutter's Time . 15 Colored Fabric . 16 Personal Glimpses . 17 Glossary . 20 Weaver's Knot . 22 Bibliography . 23 Spinning and Weaving Page 1 of 23 Revised 7/08 I. GOAL Students will learn about hand spinning and hand weaving on the American frontier of the 1840's. II. OBJECTIVES A. Students will spin wool into yarn and weave that yarn into fabric. By doing this they will gain an understanding of the time involved in the hand manufacture of textiles, and why the people of that time were so thrifty. Instead of discarding scraps of cloth, they used the scraps to make quilts, rag rugs, or to patch holes in garments. Instead of discarding worn garments, they often cut out the most worn parts of a garment and remade it to fit a smaller person. Quilts were often stuffed with old blankets or tattered quilts. B. Students should learn that textile production at Sutter's Fort was not state of the art for the 1840’s. -
Processing of Fiber Flax in Oregon
Processing of Fiber Flax Plymouth and by the early settlers at Jamestown. Nearly every farmhouse had a spinning wheel and women were skilled in the art of spinning linen and in Oregon woolen yarns. Homespun cloth was the chief textile of Colonial days. Flax Jesse E. Harmond growing and processing increased in the United States until Eli Whitney in- vented the cotton gin in 1793. The flax processors, unable to compete with the lower-cost cotton production, were Fiber flax is processed in the United forced to close their plants. States only in the Willamette Valley of Flax is grown commercially for seed Oregon. Flax plantings there have and for fiber. The varieties grown for varied from 18,000 acres in 1942 to seed are generally short plants with about 1,000 acres in 1950. The 1942 many lateral branches. Fiber from the crop yielded 2,000 tons of line fiber, seed varieties is often coarse and harsh which is about a third of the quantity and is not well suited for textiles. The imported each year. Nearly 6,000 tons varieties grown for fiber have fewer of unmanufactured flax fiber and 35 lateral branches and reach a greater million dollars' worth of manufactured height than seed flax. The fiber is finer, linen were imported into the United longer, and softer than that in seed flax. States in 1948. The seed from fiber flax is as valuable The future of the Oregon industry for oil and meal as that from seed flax. depends largely on the ability of Amer- Production of high-grade fiber flax ican farmers and processors to mecha- calls for a cool, moist growing season, a nize their operations so that high- requirement that has somewhat re- grade fiber can be supplied at a price stricted the areas where the crop can that will make competition possible be successfully grown. -
A Guide to Spinning Flax: Linen Spun from Flax Fibers
presents A Guide to Spinning Flax: Linen Spun from Flax Fibers ©F+W Media, Inc. ■ All rights reserved ■ F+W Media grants permission for any or all pages in this issue to be copied for personal use Spin.Off ■ spinningdaily.com ■ i ne of the very first flowers that I had success growing from seed when I had my very own garden at my first home was flax. I was delighted by the delicate stalks Owith bead-like leaves and ethereal blue flowers. They were stronger than they looked (and I know this simply because they survived my gardening techniques). This was before I really understood the connection between the flowers and the fiber that I eventually learned to spin. I haven’t yet grown enough to harvest and rett the flax into linen—but I dream of it. We’ve collected some articles from past issues of Spin.Off to share with you— and in reading them again my love of flax and linen is revitalized. I’m ready to sow seeds in my garden, to set up a distaff, and to spin a useful and enduring yarn that will delight me for ages. One of the oldest of Interweave’s publications, Spin.Off is a quarterly magazine that has been around since 1977 inspiring spinners new and old to make beautiful yarn and find enchanting ways to use it. We also host the spinning community, spinningdaily.com complete with blogs, forums, and free patterns, Spin.Off Autumn Retreat (SOAR)—an intense and inspirational week with like-minded spinners, and our series of workshop videos where the living treasures of the spinning world share their knowledge with you. -
Synthetic Staple Fiber Production the Right Solution for Every Need Your Benefits
Synthetic staple fiber production The right solution for every need Your benefits From Melt to Fibers – Solutions along the textile value chain ................... 4 Synthetic staple fiber production with Oerlikon Neumag technology .......................... 6 Two-step plants for commodities, bicomponents or specialties ................................... 8 One-step plants for special applications .............. 16 Crimper and cutter – key components in staple fiber production ..................................... 22 Solutions for manufacturing polymers .................. 24 Engineering Competences.................................... 26 Partnering for Performance .................................. 28 Our promises ........................................................ 30 MELT PREPARATION From Melt to Fibers Continuous Extrusion Solutions along the textile value chain Polycondensation Place your business ideas in professional hands! Consulting, engineering, plant construction, SPINNING high-tech machinery and lifecycle management – the whole package from a single source. Many years of experience in textile machine construction and our strong global network form a solid basis and the perfect prerequisites for us as your solutions provider. Ring type Rectangular Define your yarn properties from the very outset From melt to fiber, from polycondensation or extrusion to syn- this the fact that our brand strength will make financing your QUENCHING thetic staple fibers – we have your value-added chain under project a profitable investment. control.