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UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations UCLA UCLA Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Language Consciousness in the Hebrew Bible during the Persian Period in Jerusalem: A Sociological Study of the Hebrew Language in its Cultural and Political Context Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8xb1b18v Author Chan, Martin Luther Publication Date 2019 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA Los Angeles Language Consciousness in the Hebrew Bible during the Persian Period in Jerusalem: A Sociological Study of the Hebrew Language in its Cultural and Political Context A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures by Martin Luther Chan 2019 © Copyright by Martin Luther Chan 2019 ABSTRACT OF THE DISSERTATION Language Consciousness in the Hebrew Bible during the Persian Period in Jerusalem: A Sociological Study of the Hebrew Language in its Cultural and Political Context by Martin Luther Chan Doctor of Philosophy in Near Eastern Languages and Cultures University of California, Los Angeles 2019 Professor Michael David Cooperson, Co-Chair Professor William M. Schniedewind, Co-Chair Language consciousness is a ubiquitous phenomenon commonly observed in human speech communities with individuals exhibiting varying levels of awareness regarding the use and importance of language as a marker of religious, cultural, and ethnic identity. While some people may only demonstrate a limited, generalized awareness regarding the existence of different tongues and forms of speech, others possess a much more nuanced understanding of the specific traits and distinguishing features that separate languages and dialects from one another. Authors are sometimes cognizant of the purpose and function of language in society, and they wielded language as a tool to convey subtle messages to their audience. For instance, the combination of Aramaic and Hebrew in Late Biblical literature together with the use of ii colloquialisms served as signals, drawing reader attention to specific elements of the literary content. Language consciousness surges during the Persian and Late Biblical Period in the city of Jerusalem as a corollary of the tectonic shifts in the political scene and demographics of the region. During this period, the Judean community comes into greater contact with speakers of other languages (a classic example is from 1 Kings 18:26), as well as undergoes a rapid transition from monolingualism to bilingualism. These external factors are responsible for the marked increase of linguistic awareness during the time. I isolated three sociolinguistic conditions responsible for the intensification of language consciousness during this epoch: bilingualism, diglossia, and exposure to a variety of dialects. The postexilic Judean community experienced all three simultaneously, convoluting the linguistic landscape significantly. Consequently, individuals became conditioned to navigate frequently between multiple languages and dialects. This in turn raised levels of cognizance regarding the nuances and key features that distinguish linguistic varieties from one another, as well as solidified the affiliation between language and identity. Language consciousness exists before the exile, but it becomes even more acute during the Persian Period as a result of the political, social, and linguistic transformations (such as the increased use of Aramaic) of the time. iii The dissertation of Martin Luther Chan is approved. Catherine E. Bonesho Alessandro Duranti Michael David Cooperson, Committee Co-Chair William M. Schniedewind, Committee Co-Chair University of California, Los Angeles 2019 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................. 1 Introduction to the Phenomenon of Language Consciousness ................................................................. 1 Historical Factors that Elevate Language Consciousness ......................................................................... 2 Problematization of Terminology: Jew or Judean .................................................................................... 5 Linguistic Phenomena Likely to Induce Higher Levels of Language Consciousness .............................. 7 Methodology and Chapter Breakdown ................................................................................................... 15 Bilingualism – Chapters Two and Three ................................................................................................ 17 Diglossia – Chapters Four and Five ........................................................................................................ 19 Internal Linguistic Diversity and Dialect Consciousness – Chapter Six ................................................ 20 CHAPTER 2: BILINGUALISM IN THE BOOK OF DANIEL AS EVIDENCE OF LANGUAGE CONSCIOUSNESS .................................................................................................................................... 22 On the Dating of Daniel .......................................................................................................................... 22 Linguistic Consciousness as a Means of Navigating Identity ................................................................. 24 Functional Bilingualism and the Book of Daniel .................................................................................... 27 Social Settings Requiring Language Shifts in Daniel ............................................................................. 33 Societal Bilingualism in the Book of Daniel .......................................................................................... 38 Additive Bilingualism in the Book of Daniel ......................................................................................... 40 Purposes of Using Hebrew in the Book of Daniel .................................................................................. 42 The Association of Aramaic with Foreignness: ...................................................................................... 48 The Association Between Foreign Nations and Languages .................................................................... 49 Equal Use of Aramaic and Hebrew – Literary Value ............................................................................. 52 Historical Context of the Composition of Daniel ................................................................................... 57 Language Change and Shift in Tendenz: Aramaic as a Language of Power, Hebrew as a Language of Eschatology ............................................................................................................................................. 59 Tendenz of Hebrew Daniel .................................................................................................................. 67 Difficulties with the Idea of Hebrew Tendenz vs. Aramaic Tendenz: Chapter 1 and 7 ............................. 71 Hebrew Portion – Daniel 8-12: ................................................................................................................... 74 Conclusions Regarding Bilingualism in Daniel ...................................................................................... 74 CHAPTER 3: BILINGUALISM AND LANGUAGE CONSCIOUSNESS IN EZRA AND NEHEMIAH .................................................................................................................................................................... 76 Aramaic in the Book of Ezra: Authenticity of the Documents ............................................................... 77 Linguistic Awareness in Ezra ................................................................................................................. 81 Use of Aramaic to Create an Outsider Perspective ................................................................................. 87 v Hebrew versus Aramaic as a Representation of the Conflict between Foreigners versus the Divine..... 92 Rebuilding Judean Identity ..................................................................................................................... 98 History of Negative Views Toward Foreigners .................................................................................... 102 Sociolinguistic Context of Bilingualism in the Book of Ezra in Jerusalem during the Persian Period 106 Bilingualism: The Affiliation of Ethnicity with Language ................................................................... 122 The Problem of Linguistic Intermarriage within Ezra-Nehemiah ........................................................ 125 The Use “Yehudit” as an Appellation for Hebrew and a Sign of Language Consciousness ................ 133 CHAPTER 4: DIGLOSSIA IN HEBREW AND ITS EFFECTS ON LANGUAGE CONSCIOUSNESS .................................................................................................................................................................. 137 Methods for Proving the Existence of Diglossia in Hebrew ................................................................. 140 Standard Biblical Hebrew as a Literary Standard in a Diglossic Situation ........................................... 145 Period of Textualization and Rise of Literacy in Ancient Judah – Implications for Language Consciousness ......................................................................................................................................
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