RESEARCH OPEN ACCESS Ethno-Linguistic Distribution of Anthroponyms in the Name System of Multinational Region Olga N

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Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 104 https://doi.org/10.20896/saci.v7i1.418 RESEARCH OPEN ACCESS Ethno-Linguistic Distribution of Anthroponyms in the Name System of Multinational Region Olga N. Novikova,†* Rakhim Z. Muryasov,Ì Alfiya F. Aznabaeva,Î Andrey N. Belyaev,¥ Yuliya V. Kalugina,Í Albina R. Mustafina,ἷ Tatyana V. Shpar,β Tatiana N. Taletskaya,ζ and Zilya R. Khazhievaί

Abstract The purpose of the study is to examine the ethnolinguistic distribution of anthroponymic models in the multinational Republic of Bashkortostan. The authors consider the linguistic features of proper names taking into account the system capabilities of the analysed languages in the areas of language and cultural interaction. Six thousand anthroponymic units of living names of four nationalities of the region under study (Russians, Bashkirs, Germans and Latvians) were analysed. Ethno-linguistic affiliation in the anthroponymic formula of each nationality is revealed through a comprehensive analysis of proper names. Ethnically marked proper names within the framework of the corresponding system of a given language are characterised by increased distinctive ability in various communicative situations. Results show that there is no robust and direct connection between the ethnic characteristics of the first name and the nominator’s ethnic identity. With that, the name as an information source in the study of human identity allows the researchers to draw certain conclusions, as the name is the result of the choice made to reach a certain goal. It enables the actual means used to be correlated with a variety of other possible means, which makes it possible to compare socially important knowledge, shared by everyone, with individual aspects of the general. The results of this research can be useful in the practice of naming children born in exogamous marriages as well as in describing the onomastic situation in countries with a large influx of migrants. Keywords: Onomastics, Anthroponym, Anthroponymicon, Multi-Ethnic Region, Ethno-Lingual Marker, Given Name, Surname, Patronymic, Ethnolinguistic Distribution, Ethnic Identity

† Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Head of the department, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Bashkir State Agrarian University, 34 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 450001, Ufa, Russia *Corresponding Author, Email: [email protected], [email protected] Ì Doctor of Philological Sciences, Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Bashkir State University, y, 34 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 450001, Ufa, Russia, Email: [email protected] Î Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Bashkir State Agrarian University, y, 34 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 450001, Ufa, Russia, Email: [email protected] ¥ Doctor of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Bashkir State Agrarian University, y, 34 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 450001, Ufa, Russia, Email: [email protected] Í Candidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Bashkir State Agrarian University, y, 34 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 450001, Ufa, Russia, Email: [email protected] ἷ Candidate of Philological Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Bashkir State Agrarian University, y, 34 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 450001, Ufa, Russia, Email: [email protected] β Candidate of Philological Sciences, Senior Lecturer, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Bashkir State Agrarian University, y, 34 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 450001, Ufa, Russia, Email: [email protected] ζCandidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Educational Establishment «Mozyr State Pedagogical University named after I.P.Shamyakin», 28/1 Studencheskaya St., 247760, Mozyr, Republic of Belarus, Email: [email protected] ίCandidate of Philological Sciences, Associate Professor, Federal State Budgetary Educational Establishment of Higher Education Bashkir State Agrarian University, y, 34 50-letiya Oktyabrya St., 450001, Ufa, Russia, Email: [email protected] © 2019 Novikova et al. This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

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Introduction the modern anthroponymicon of the poly-ethnic Today, proper names are generally regarded as and multicultural region of Russia are considered signs of culture, national and ethno-lingual in the context of the idea about the mutual identity. Therefore, they are actively used to influence of language, culture and society. The describe and reconstruct the development of relevance of the analysis of their interaction society (Aceto, 2002; Mateos, 2007; 2014; today can be explained by a number of reasons: Hofmann & Mueller, 2016; Gaddis, 2017; Bailey the necessity of accounting for the general and & Lie, 2017). The study of national specific characteristics of different peoples and anthroponymicon in the areas of ethnic, defining their cultural values (Gerhards, 2005); confessional, and cultural mixing is especially the trend towards the integration of the productive in this aspect (Shcherbak, 2016; Humanities, which determined the interest of Shkuropatskaya & Davaa, 2016; Pustyakov, linguists in related subject area (Kolylhalov & 2017). Pushkareva, 2018); the emergence of anthropocentric trend in linguistics (Labashchuk, The issues of studying the relationship between 2015); understanding the language as a means of language and national culture are so prevalent in conceptualising knowledge and ideas about the modern linguistic science that they claim a world and the accumulator of cultural values principal leading place in the list of its underlying (Wierzbicka, 2012). The most conservative layer problems; the statement of this fact has become of onyms – Russian anthroponymy, reveals the an inevitable common-place and a traditional signs of the new time against the background of "beginning" of many newly emerging linguistic multiple lexical innovations (Golomidova, 2005). studies (Risager, 2006). The relationship between language and culture is interpreted Describing the state of the Russian list of names variously – as interreflection {cf. set phrases in the Soviet period, the following features can language in the mirror of culture and culture in be distinguished: full dechristianisation of the list the mirror of language (Deutscher, 2010)}, of names, both in its ideological sound and diffusion {culturally loaded vocabulary, cultural specific naming practice (explanation of the connotation, cultural semantics, etc. name choice); out-of-line nature of its (Wierzbicka, 2012)}, mutual translation implementation; reduced distinctions between {languages of the culture (Virgilio, 2002)}. the list of urban and rural names; processes of Approaches to the study of language – culture onomastic transformations, manifested in the correlation are mastered by different linguistic creation of new names, in their bold borrowing, disciplines, while there is no doubt that the most the rejection of some names; active important role among them should belong to antroponymy interaction of different nations. All ethnolinguistics (Aceto, 2002). the features are considered with regard to modern history, revealing the transformations in A promising prospect for the study of the the naming practice when changing the social anthroponymicon of the multi-ethnic region is and cultural background (Golomidova, 2005). its consideration in the cognitive aspect as the The processes studied are a deepening of the interaction of the anthroponymic concept with earlier changes and affect different countries to the dialect (Shcherbak, 2014). a different extent (see the naming trends: in The key objective of this research is Spain C. Luján-García (2015), in Germany – J. anthroponyms – given names, patronymics and Gerhards (2005), in the USA – S. Lieberson surnames – as the official naming of the (1992). The researchers take the position that individual; the subject is the processes taking the macro-cultural realities of today's world – place in the anthroponymicon of the Republic of individualisation and globalisation – are Bashkortostan (RB, Bashkortostan). The reflected in the micro-phenomenon of the given qualitative processes characterising the state of Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 106 name (Gerhards, 2005; Gerritzen, 2006; Kandt & of its components by time and geographical Longley, 2018). parameters, the influence of Russian In the context of our research, the dialectic of anthroponymy (both anthroponymic formula the individual and the universal (global) is that and the qualitative composition of the onyms). due to social progress – the global trend of social The purpose of this research is to give qualitative development – individuals have more and quantitative characteristics of the opportunities, rights and freedoms. The scope of anthroponymicon of the multi-ethnic region of the naming and the attitude of the language Russia through a synchronous analysis of the group members to the names are not an observed processes. exception. A given name is not just an identifying A review of studies performed within the mark, it contains linguistic, ethnic, cultural, framework of linguistic and cognitive and religious, family, gender information about the linguistic and cultural approaches to the study of carrier of the name. There are unique name the given name phenomenon has led to the systems in different parts of the world, but in the conclusion that idio-ethnic (national) and era of globalisation, the need of individuals for universal (supranational) cultural dominants self-identity is often lost – people have the right reflect the anthroponymicon specifics of the not to manifest their belonging to the region under analysis. ethnolinguistic community. On the other hand, even the most unusual, rare name (for example, To describe the processes of borrowing and Landysh, ‘Lily of the Valley’) can perform an assimilating names in a foreign language identifying function and serve as a distinctive environment, as well as to identify factors sign since its significant component is negligible. affecting changes in the given name system of While interacting with the world, the given name the representatives of the Slavic, Germanic, is perceived as the personal name of the Baltic groups of Indo-European language family individual. The background knowledge that living on the territory of the Republic of representatives of different linguocultural Bashkortostan – a region densely populated by communities have allowed them to recognise Bashkirs (the Turkic group of the Altai language the “naming base” as their own national variant family) – the following steps were taken: among other national invariants. Cf: Ivan . comprehensive analysis of the living (Russian) – Johann (German) – Juan (Spanish, names – of students of Bashkir State Port.) – John (English) – Giovanni (Italian) – Agrarian University and the names Janusz (Polish) – Jean (French). However, in the recorded in the latest reference books; context of multinationality anthroponymic . statistic data analysis of the ethnic studies have their own specifics. We consider composition of the Republic of multinationality as a group of people belonging Bashkortostan; to different cultural and historical communities, . oral survey data processing. speaking different languages, sometimes belonging to different religious groups, but living We have revealed the explicit and implicit in a specific territory, characterised by the unity properties of the anthroponym that allowed us of foreign and national policies and close to get results (Table 1) and come to a conclusion: economic ties. In the multinational subject of the a given name possesses the ontologically Russian Federation, the Republic of inherent feature to act as a marker of identity. Bashkortostan, idioethnic, all-Russian and global However, there can be no link between the naming tendencies are interrelated. ethno-characterisation of the name and the individual’s ethnic identity in multicultural, The history and current state of the official multilingual anthroponymic environment. The naming of an individual in Russia show the materials and methods deployed for this qualitative variability of the anthroponymic research are discussed in the next section. formula itself, the differences in the distribution Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 107

Materials and Methods informants; as well as 2,350 personal names obtained in the course of The research has been performed on the statistics on quantitative and qualitative processing 115,000 birth records of the composition of RB anthroponymicon for 2001- registry office archive of the Republic of 2018; dictionaries of Bashkir (Tupeev, 2010), Bashkortostan . German, Russian personal names and surnames Structural analysis. It allowed identifying (Superanskaya, 2006); data on full naming of onymic models and lexemes and affixes 3,200 extramural students of Bashkir State that fill them, to reveal the way they Agrarian University (for 2015-2018). All of them were formed (affixation, compounding, are residents of the Republic of Bashkortostan, hybridization, juxtaposition). . aged 17 to 40. To preserve confidentiality, the Comparative. This method made it research intentionally does not disclose the full possible to find common and distinctive names. The field data obtained in Blagovarsky features peculiar to different languages through thematic and semantic analysis and Arkhangelsky regions of the Republic in 2015-2018 through an oral survey of informants of the units under study. Types and were used. models of anthroponymic nomination, semantic models of names, the To solve the tasks, the following interrelated semantics of reproducing word-stem are methods were used at different stages of the subject to comparison. research: Although the research is conducted in the . Descriptive method. It gave an idea synchronic aspect, sometimes it is necessary to about the anthroponymic system on the refer to history to compare anthroponymic basis of observing its functioning in models in diachrony and to establish the synchrony, the qualitative characteristics correlation of onomastic phenomena with of the onyms under study, and ethno- certain periods of society. lingual markers; allowed to identify the factors determining such parameters as - Historical – to determine the onomastic stability and dynamics, degree of formations by language, in particular, when openness of ethnic anthropystems, analysing the qualitative changes in the global and idio-ethnic trends in the anthroponymy of ethnic Germans, Latvians living anthroponymicon development. in the Republic of Bashkortostan; . Statistical. This method was used to Thus, the integrative use of these methods obtain, process and analyse the makes it possible to distinguish onomastic information about the anthroponyms, formations according to the following criteria: which allowed to quantify the patterns of the method of name formation, the chronology their existence; the research material of its appearance, name structure, the semantics consists of the data on the ethnic of the word-stem. The findings of the research composition of the multi-ethnic region in are discussed in the following sections. question – the Republic of Bashkortostan Results and Discussions (results of 2010 Russian population census), 7,500 Russian names National anthroponymicon is a complex system (Superanskaya, 2006); 3,000 Bashkir that combines several subsystems built on the personal names (Tupeev, 2010), German word-formation, semantic or communicative personal names; 3,200 names of principle. extamural students of Bashkir State According to the data of the Federal State Agrarian University, 43 units of Latvian Statistics Service based on Russian Census 2010, anthroponyms, 28 units of German there are representatives of 160 nationalities anthroponyms selected by targeted including 13 ethnic groups on the territory of the result sampling of an oral survey of Republic of Bashkortostan (Results of 2010 Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 108

Russian Population Census in the Republic of However, even in this edition, the names of Bashkortostan). Spanish, French, German origin are indicated. The majority of families in the Republic are For example, male names Artur and Robert. mono-national. There are more nationally These two male names are included in all homogeneous marriages in the village than in dictionaries of Bashkir names. Thus, the issue is the city. Russians dominate urban endogamous the degree of name development. G.R. Galiullina marriages. In exogamous marriages, the share of identifies three directions of modern Tatar Bashkir-Tatar marriages is high, which is anthroponymicon development: continuation of primarily determined by the affinity of many the ancient Turkic tradition; a tradition that cultural and domestic traditions, the religion of came into the national consciousness of the these ethnic groups and the proximity of their people along with Islam; Russian and European languages. The lists of names of all nations are traditions (Galiullina, 2002). systems, including anthroponyms that In 2010, there were nine most numerous genetically date back to different languages. nationalities in the Republic of Bashkortostan. Of Rating of baby names in the Republic of these, three nationalities (Russians, Bashkirs and Bashkortostan for the period from 2011 to 2018 Tatars) accounted for 90% of the Republic indicates the relatively stable popularity of boy population (more than 3.6 million people) names Artyom, Timur, Kirill, Amir, Danil and girl (Results of 2010 Russian population census in names – Arina, Sofiya / Sof'ya, Samira, Viktoriya, the Republic of Bashkortostan). Small ethnic Anastasiya. By the way, originally rare female groups are often dissolved in a foreign-language name Samira (in 2011), today included in the environment, but ethnic Germans (one of the shortlist of popular names, was not recorded in most numerous nations in Europe), being long- earlier dictionaries of Bashkir names. time settlers in the Republic of Bashkortostan, not only saved their ethnic identity but also had In endogamous marriages "Russian/Russian", an impact on local anthroponymy. Such fairly the preference is given to traditional personal frequent onyms as German, Artur, Rudol'f names (Aznabaeva, 2006). Similarly, in acknowledge the facts of the popularity of endogamous marriages "Bashkir/Bashkir", German names among Bashkirs and Tatars. "Tatar/Tatar", Turkic names of Arabic and Persian origin experience fierce competition Let us now turn to the analysis of personal from numerous borrowed (mastered) and names taken from the Germans living in the fantasy names (Aznabaeva, 2006). In general, territory of the Republic of Bashkortostan (the the author positively assesses the rejection of island Diaspora, which is the specificity of the dissonant names despite still dominant region). meaningful criterion in the naming processes of According to the 2010 Russian Population modern Turkic-speaking ethnic society and Census, the number of Germans in the Republic notes the readiness of Bashkir anthroponymicon was 5,909 people. The first German settlers to integrate into the global anthroponymic served in the Ufa garrison as early as the 17th system. However, most researchers of modern century. Various historical events (Stolypin national anthroponymicons give a negative agrarian reform, the deportation of Germans assessment of the name borrowing in any form, from the liquidated Republic of the Volga considering it disrespectful to their people, Germans and others) contributed to the language and culture. The naming by borrowed subsequent influx of Germans into the territory names is regarded as a result of speech of Bashkortostan. community passivity leading to destructive In a compact environment, the German consequences: speech "clogging", population maintained its cultural traditions and communication complexity, value displacement, language, which was also expressed in the and destruction of the national consciousness names given to their children. Thus, such (see, for example, Tupeev S.Kh. (2010)). personal names as Vil'gel'm, Rudol'f, Vanda, Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 109

Gil'da, Georg, Karl, Fridrikh, Gergard and others could arise on the basis of national testify to belonging to the German ethnic group. enmity. In accordance with the Russian tradition of giving . Social: living in "foreign" territory, small a person a surname, name and patronymic the national groups are influenced by Germans in Russia, in addition to family and culture, mentality, the social personal name, are also endowed with father's organisation of larger nationalities, as name: Doroteya Abramovna, Rayngol'd well as other ethnic groups in the same Genrikhovich, Agata Osval'dovna, Genrikh territory. The Germans assimilated with Gergardovich, Teodor Teodorovich, Ida the local population, adopting, among Arnol'dovna, Garri Reyngol'dovich. Compliance other things, its naming system. The of all three components – surname, given name, Russian anthroponymicon was the most and patronymic – to the German national list of appropriate, as part of the personal names is clearly in evidence at inhabitants of names refers to international onyms German settlements in Bashkiria up to 1941. recorded in both Russian and German Children born after the beginning of the Great lists of names: Anna, Aleksandr, Roza, Patriotic War and in the postwar period more Anton. Some personal names are of the often assume names from the Russian same origin but may differ slightly in anthroponymicon. There are combinations of form: Nikolay – Nickolaus, Pyotr – Peter, "Russian given name + patronymic" derived from Ivan – Johann, Yakov – Jacob, Elena – the name of the German list of names: Nina Helen. . Karlovna, Nina Oskarovna, Lidiya Yeval'dovna, Linguistic: since the Russian language had Nadezhda Reyngol'dovna, Liliya Vol'demarovna, the status of the state language, there is Irina Yernstovna, Konstantin Rudol'fovich. no doubt that the language realities of the Russian language had a huge impact At the present stage of development of on the entire area of Russia. Naturally, anthroponymicon of Russian Germans living in that hard to pronounce Vil'gel'm, the territory of Bashkortostan, the combination Gergard, Aaron, Gertruda were replaced "Russian given name + Russian patronymic" by the usual Nina, Ivan. predominates Elena Vasil'evna, Vladimir . Onomastic: naming is subject to the Viktorovich, Igor' Ivanovich, Tat'yana vagaries of fashion for names. Each time Evgen'evna, Veronika Dmitrievna, Elena period is characterised by certain Aleksandrovna. personal onyms, which are most popular Thus, the name and patronymic cease to be a among the population. Perhaps, such marker indicating the ethnicity of the individual. names as Korneliy or Gotlib, Yerna or The use of Russian names for ethnic Germans Irma became antiquated at some time. over the past two or three generations levels the Other, more modern ones replaced onomastic determinancy unifies the named fund them. of the residents of the multi-national Republic. Thus, the following trends in the development of In our opinion, this process was influenced by a German anthroponymicon in Bashkortostan can number of factors: be distinguished: assimilation with Russian . Historical: the World Wars of the first half anthroponymicon, the disappearance of of the 20th Century dealt a crushing blow indigenous German given names, simplification, to the image of Germans, everything a narrowing of their range. German was taken extremely negatively. Let us turn to the representatives of another The tendency to use Russian nationality – Latvian. This layer of proper names anthroponyms for naming children in is of great importance for us, since the study of Russian German families was intended to island Latvian anthroponymy can provide the disguise ethnic origin in order to alleviate key to understanding several issues that go far and smooth out the life difficulties that Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 110 beyond its periphery. It should be emphasised adaptive abilities of the ethnic group. On the that Latvian surnames represent one of the other hand, high variability leads to the erosion newest layers of the Latvian name system and of ethnic identity and loss of self-identification the process of its formation is still historically guidelines (Shenkao, 2002). “Changes in the visible. The Latvians appeared in the territory of naming system may not be recorded in the mass Bashkortostan in the 70s of the 19th Century. consciousness, remaining within the framework Most of the settlers were rural immigrants from of natural scientific anthropological and the Governorates of Courland and Livonia. By ethnographic data, but they are the first 1887, there were 385 Latvian farms with 3,875 symptoms of changes in the mythosymbolic residents in Ufa Governorate. The next stage of system of the given culture in new patterns of the resettlement of Latvians to Bashkiria is cultural and linguistic communication. Each associated with the Stolypin agrarian reform. By community, whose members are alive in the 1920, their number in Bashkiria reached the cultural sense and have a chance for cultural maximum level – 8,128 people, in 1928 there development, always perform the function of were 25 Latvian colonies. The largest of them transforming the existing anthroponymic system were on the territory of Ufa Canton: Austrum, ... ” (Tarasov, 2007: 101). Each new name Ozolyi, Baltiya, Balozhi and Arkhangelskoe reduces the number of old ones; new villages. Since the mid-20th Century, Latvians anthroponymy is not stable, nominative units began to return to Latvia, mainly the younger with a unique reference tend to quickly fall out generation, striving to preserve the national of the naming system if the linguistic and cultural language, traditions and culture. community loses interest in the referent. At the Latvian surnames did not arise "naturally" (due same time, one should not forget that the to the long-term name growth into surnames) identification of words of foreign origin in the but somewhat artificially as the one-time vocabulary of any literary language poses a implementation of the legal decree. It happened significant difficulty associated with the factors of theoretical, historical, etymological and at the beginning of the 20th Century. Until that time Latvian peasants, as a rule, were called by methodological nature. Indeed, the name name and the name of the farm or village. On system of any nation is an open, developing this basis, it can be assumed that Latvian system. Most of the “Russian” names came from peasants already had surnames on arrival in Hebrew, Greek, Latin. Bashkiria. Among Latvians living in the Republic Oral surveys showed that mixed names are of Bashkortostan such names as Verner Yuriy common not only in mixed marriages, where Zhanovich, Ena Lyudmila, Zvere Robert Yanovich, they stand as a compromise to preserve both Zil'berg Ayna, Lisman, Yan, Miller Yemma, Pappe paternal and maternal lines, cf.: Ul’yana Mariya Yernestovna, Rinkman Robert, Rudzit Fandilova, Galina Ramilevna, Greta Nikolaevna, Valeriy, Rudzit Al'fon, Tyille Anatoliy, Treze Raushan Borisovich. When the bearer of such a Andrey, Tsirul' Vilis Yanovich, Yuppe Gennadiy, name changes her/his surname, for example, in Yegit Yan, Balod, Yan, Brandt Yemma, Gibet marriage, from the Turkic to another or vice Nadezhda, Carklin Zhan, Pets Ol'ga, Rozit, versa, the name characteristics such as Yunder Yan, Freyman Neliya, Beyzbol Tamara, “ethnicity”, “religious identity” will become even Vasserman, Gaylis, Zvaygzne Yemma, Tsirul' vaguer. This begs the question about the place Irina, Bets Ol'ga, Vol'berg Yelmar, Knoyes Vera, of name-giving process in the structure of self- Zvaygzne Neliya, Miskaktina Svetlana, Bozhe identification; in this case, of the nominator’s Yan, Olin Dzhon, Roste Zedon, Zalkind Anna, identity: a person gives a name to another, Miller Milda, Miskaktin Yan Yur'evich, Absen which the latter bears all his life and on which, to Eduard, Zvirbul Arvid, Zarin' Aleks are common. some extent, the names of descendants will According to G.H. Shenkao (2002), openness to depend. innovations contributes to the improvement of Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 111

Quantitative analysis shows the highest foreign language borrowings, fantasy names and internalisation of masculine given names variants of existing names fall into the category Ruslan, Vadim, and Artur, Albert, Marat, Robert, of the “new” vocabulary, that is, the plane of Eduard and feminine given names Yulia, expression is considered in the first place. Svetlana, Irina, which match neither non-Russian In this regard an interesting feature is the nor Russian patronymic names, cf.: Vadim – generation of etymological alternatives-onyms Gafurovich, Fasikhovich, Il’mirovich, Al’firovich, that came from the same source, but received Venerovich, Alexandrovich, Valer’evich, their own pronunciation and spelling in different Vladislavovich, Arturovich; Svetlana – languages in accordance with the phonetic and Ramilevna, Ildusovna, Airatovna, Vladimirovna, graphic traditions: Αλέξανδρος (Ancient Greek Ivanovna, Borisovna. These names can be ἀλέξω “protect”, ἀνήρ (Genitive case ἀνδρός) considered as assimilated: they have been used “man”), Aleksandr (Russian), Iskandar (Bashkir), with high frequency for decades and recorded in Alehandro (Spanish), Alexander (German) and so the dictionaries of Bashkir and Tatar given on. Cognitive behaviour is typical of a human; names. The frequent use in patronymic names that is, he is interested in what his/ her first confirms their longstanding popularity, cf.: name means. As it is common for a dictionary to Aynur Al’bertovich, Eleonora Al’bertovna, Ilya specify the origin of a name, it must be recorded Maratovich, Rusalina Maratovna, Amir in full, cf.: the dictionary compiled by R. A. Eduardovich, Gennadiy Robertovich, Gul’fiya Suleymanova considers the neologism Yuris as Robertovna. The names are found in different derived from the word ‘jurist’ (Suleymanova, graphic forms, which are rightfully independent 2013). We cannot deny this possibility (of the full names, cf.: Vener / Viner, Ferdinand / people’s creative onomastic potential in the Ferdinant, Al’fred / Al’fret / Al’frit / Ol’fred. In the Republic of Bashkortostan, ref.: (Timirkhanov, regions where several ethnic groups live, 2006)), still, there is a good reason to point to scholars reveal the dichotomy of ancestral another possible source of the name – from the names and their substitutes in an environment Latvian language (derived from jứre – “sea”). An with a dominant state language. In the argument to support this view is a great number multiethnic space, people of small ethnic groups of people bearing this name and Latvian use “their” own names different from the official settlements found in Bashkortostan. Although ones in communication (Aceto, 2002). The the masculine name Vildan is transparent in its presence of numerous friendly ethnic groups in etymology: it traces its origin to the Arabic Bashkortostan living together for centuries could “child, son; servant in paradise”, the not but lead to a similar phenomenon, cf.: Gul’fia transliterated onomastic variant Vil’dan is, > Galya, Fidan > Fedya. The replacement is probably, associated with the practice to common in daily life; however, the statistical transliterate quasi – phoneme ( * ), denoted by analysis indicates an increase in shorter forms of [ь] or [ъ] in the Russian language, which does not names given at birth: Lena, Alik, Vladik, Rita, possess any graphic character in Turkic Alyena. languages (similarly to the common Bashkir and In the modern dictionary of Bashkir given names Tatar female name Гɵлнара (Gulnara) derived and surnames (Suleymanova, 2013) the name from the Persian гɵл (Gul) “flower”, and Rudol’f meaning “wolf of glory” in German has transliterated into Russian as Gul’nara). no mark of “neologism”. This raises the question However, phonetically and in spelling, the name of what the anthroponymic neologism stands coincides with a neulogism, translated literally for. The question is relevant as neulogical from the Bashkir language as “Glory to Vladimir anthroponyms are studied randomly, mainly Ilyich Lenin!” formed by the fusion of the within the framework of the idiostyle of an abbreviation of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin and the individual writer or a term system; today there is word dan meaning “glory” in the Bashkir neither definition of this concept, nor language. However, the name Vil’dan may be a construction of “anthroponym-neologism”. Both transliteration variant of Bashkir male name Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 112

Uyildan (from the river Uyiil). The hiatuses yo, Bashkortostan (Kurultai) voiced the concern first uii, ay typical of the Bashkir language are expressed by members of Tatarstan’s parliament unusual and difficult to pronounce for Russian about the names that fall under the prohibition. native speakers, so they are usually The case was about the names of Amir / Emir the Prince”, meaning the title of a“ – ام ير transliterated with the graphemes of the Russian (Arabic language, corresponding to yotized vowels: ruler and generally the person that bears this Йомабикə (Yomabike) – Yumabika (Arabic title in a number of Muslim countries of the East Yoma “Friday” + Arabic Bika “hostess”). The and Africa (the name Amir is among the most feminine name Gaukhar (Persian “the pearl”) popular names for boys in the Republic of has two graphics versions in Russian: Gaukhar Bashkortostan for 2015, 2016, 2017) and Sultan – šulṭānā שולטנא sulṭān, Aramaic سلطان and Gavgar – however, euphonically the first (Arabic version is preferable. On the other hand, why “power”) meaning the title of a ruler in the have the transliterated into Russian onyms Islamic States) which are taken as names, not as Uayld (Oscar Fingal O'flahertie Wills Wilde), Uolt titles in everyday perception. Apostrophes and (Walter Elias Disney who had Germans among stress characters are also prohibited. The his ancestors and the version Valter would be question of how to deal with surnames such as rightful), Uillis (Walter Bruce Willis) retained O'nil, Semenov, Osintsev, Kovalev is becoming hiatus in writing, and the name Valter Skott rather relevant. (Walter Scott) has not? The lack of uniformity in The full passport name of the citizen of the spelling can be explained by the contradiction Russian Federation consists of a surname, a first between the foreign phonetic and spelling name and a patronymic. This may lead to the characteristics of a word and its Russian question of how to avoid embarrassment in the phonetic and graphic adaptation. Originally, the situation of speech etiquette because there is draft law signed on 01 May 2017 by the particular energy inherent in the anthroponymic President of the Russian Federation V. V. Putin sequence “Surname – First name – Patronymic”. “on amendments to article 58 of the Family code Moreover, the use of patronymic may not be of the Russian Federation and article 18 of the considered absurd and unnecessary: to hear Federal law “on acts of civil status” according to Vladimir is one thing and quite another – which no figures, alphanumeric characters, Vladimir Volfovich – on hearing it the image of numerals, symbols and non-letter signs except the politician comes instantly into view, without for the hyphen sign, or any combinations of the mentioning his surname. The Russian legislation characters or swear words, references to ranks, will undoubtedly change in the context of positions, titles are allowed, contained naming (the issue of putting the letter ë in prohibition on the names representing toponyms (place names) has been resolved abbreviations. But according to the Tatarstan positively). The last amendment was made Directorate for Registry Offices, the name of because of the adverse reaction of the absolute Damir (Daesh' mirovuyu revolyutsiyu meaning majority of the Russian language society to the the slogan ‘The world revolution now!’) has been “strange” names: Tsar’ or Korol’ meaning “King”, given to 1857 children in the republic of Lyubimitsa-Krasavitsa-Umnitsa meaning Tatarstan for 10 years. First names denoting “Darling-Beauty-Smartie”. abbreviations Vil (Vladimir Ilyich Lenin), Vilen (Vladimir Ilyich Lenin) came into common use The reference to the surname derived from the after the Russian October revolution in the first name brings us back to the question of the 1920s, and names Vilena, Lenara (Lenin's army) description of the onym in the anthroponymic which are quite frequent at present are hardly dictionary. Can a name be considered a associated with revolutionary sentiments, and neologism if it was the basis for a surname? Cf.: are taken as national Tatar and Bashkir first a masculine first name Fayruz as a neologism of names (Arguments and Facts, 2017). Members the Persian origin and the last name Fayruzov of the State Assembly of the Republic of (Suleymanova, 2013). Novikova et al. Space and Culture, India 2019, 7:1 Page | 113

Table 1: Determinants of ethno-lingual distribution of anthroponyms in the Republic of Bashkortostan The pursuit of keeping the ethnic identity in endogamous marriages through ethnically identified first names, for instance: . Russians feminine: Miroslava, Lyudmila masculine: Yaroslav, Vladislav . Greeks feminine: Ellada, Afina masculine: Andrianik, Dionis . Tadjiks feminine: Zebo, Dil’noza masculine: Sherali . Vietnamese feminine: Mi masculine: Tkhi, Van . Gypsies feminine: Zita masculine: Budulay . Germans feminine: Gertruda masculine: Arnol’d . Georgians feminine: Nana masculine: Mamuka . Kurds feminine: Yasmin masculine: Zhamel’ . Azerbaijani feminine: Gyunay masculine: Goshgar . Avars feminine: Aminat masculine: Gadgi The trend toward giving old-fashioned first names (not frequent) as opposed to frequently used surnames (Abdullin, Ivanov) . Bashkirs, Tatars masculine: Yulay, Ural, Aytugan feminine: Syumbel’, Gul’banu . Russians feminine: Serafima, Varvara masculine: Tikhon, Arkhip, Savva, Ermak 1. Compromise first names given in exogamous marriages borrowed from/ through Russian and causing no dissonance (assimilated) . Bashkirs and Russians feminine: Liliya, Svetlana, Viktoriya, Karina, Elizaveta . Tatars and Russians masculine: Timur, Artur, Robert, Maksim, Roman, Dmitriy Originality (exclusiveness) . Double first names (not feminine: Alexandra-Emiliya, Alexandra-Amaliya frequent). masculine: Ali-Zhan, Abdul-Kerim, Ruslan-Amal’. Mukhammad-Yazid Mark-Yamach, Ernest-Tekin . Unassimilated first names of feminine: Dominik, Nikol’, Dzheyn, Ameli, Elizabet, Alize western origin featuring consonant or masculine: Nikolas vocal endings not typical of the Russian language . Different stress in first names as feminine: Fatimà / Fatìma/ Fàtima; an effort to get rid of the name’s “village Aminà / Amìna nature” Variability: graphic and phonetic doublet character of onyms . allographs feminine: Lyasan / Leysan /Lehysan . allophones masculine: Rustam / Rustem / Rustehm Short first name forms taken as official personal first names reflecting the global tendency toward language economy . dimunitives feminine: Lena, Rita, Lina, Aleksa masculine: Alik, Zhora . acronyms masculine: Vil’; Kim (unisex)) Sampled From the most unusual to the rarest: what names parents choose for their babies in Bashkiria 2018

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How significant is the time factor in the process parents. Today, in the period of globalisation and of a neologism turning into one’s “own” first significant impact of mass culture on people’s name? At the point of the making, the new name daily lives, every member of society faces the is motivated and considered as the person’s question: to accept or reject (and to what name by its nominator only; for society, it is extent) the proposed phenomena, facts, values. “alien” and has to undergo socialisation – the World processes lead to cultural homogeneity stages of recognising it as a name, and its and change of social guidelines that force cognitive consolidation as a name. Theoretical everyone to correct the system of values, comprehension of the particular questions identifying what is typical for them and what is should be linked with logic, psychology, not at a given life stage. Thus, to respond to philosophy (Muryasov, 2006) and must current challenges, onomastics has to study contribute to the development of the theory of processes that affect the basis of human the meaning of the proper name (anthroponym) existence in the modern world, among which in the light of the latest semantic theories. identification and identity issues are significant. The Republic of Bashkortostan is a multilingual The obtained data confirm that there is no region of the Russian Federation with historically robust and direct connection between the ethnic developed tolerance to the ethnic groups characteristics of the first name and the concentrated on its territory for a long time, and nominator’s ethnic identity. Naming as an to the ethnic groups, which entered the region element of ethnic identity is recognised only in as a result of migration inflows. The ambivalence some cultural environment with familiar about the current anthroponymic situation in characteristics; in another cultural environment the region lies in the eclectic coexistence of an anthroponym may not be recognised as a archaic and innovative, individual and global, significant feature, but remains a component of rational and irrational, dogmatic and pluralistic individual identity. The person learns new attitudes. grounds for his identity through new names and Anthroponyms inexplicably combine names enrich the developed worldview. voluntaristic and bureaucratic features: a References Moscow resident, for instance, received an Aceto, M. (2002). Ethnic personal names and international passport issued by the World civil multiple identities in Anglophone Caribbean society organisation without a Russian birth speech communities in Latin America. Language certificate and Russian citizenship because of the in Society, 31, 577–608. registry office’s refusal to register the name BOCh rVF 260602. In terms of the integration Aznabaeva, A.F. (2006). Comparative space globalisation that unites humanity into a onomastics: naming contemporary in single whole, there is a need for conceptually Bashkortostan and in Germany (pp. 122). Ufa. new approaches to anthroponymic studies. Bailey, B., & Lie S. (2017). The power of names Conclusion in a Chinese Indonesian family’s negotiations of politics, culture, and identities. Journal of The underlying property of the scope of first International and Intercultural Communication, names is neology, which comes out in 10(1). simultaneously existing groups of anthroponyms of different neologization degrees. Deutscher, G. (2010). Through the language glass: Why the world looks different in other The heterogeneous character of the languages (pp. 304). New York: Metropolitan contemporary scope of first names both for men Books/Henry Holt & Company. and women should be highlighted. Heterogeneity expresses the nominator’s From the most unusual to the rarest: what identity, who, in many cases, is willing to break names are chosen by the kids parents in from the tradition to name the child after his Bashkortostan. Available at: http://voshod-

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