ON SOME HYPOTHETICAL TRACES OF PRE-CHRISTIAN BALTIC ANTHROPONYMS IN LATVIAN SURNAMES

RENĀTE SILIŅA-PIŅĶE, SANDA RAPA

There are only few sources giving information on the pre-Christian names of inhabitants of Latvia – the 1. Balts and the Livonians. Those few ancient names of Baltic origin (ca. 20–25) have been mentioned in sev- 7. Proprial stem Geid- eral reviews and have been analysed in anthroponymic studies (e.g. Augstkalns 1935, Siliņa-Piņķe 2014, etc.). Spread of names and surnames with Geid-/Ģeid- ...and place names with Geid-/Ģeid- Dorno Dote Lammekinus Drivinalde Lokerus Maneginte Utilie Meluke Paike Rameke (Rameko) Gayle Russinus Made Talibaldus (Thalibaldus) Viesthardus Wardeke (Vesthardus, Vestardus; Waribule, Waridote, Warigribbe, Warigerbe Vesters) Veko Geida, Geide, Ģeida, Geide, Geidāns, Nameise Geidāns, Ģeidāns Geiduks Schabe Wissewalde (Wiscewalde, Wissewaldus, Wyssewaldus; Wiscewolodus) Utile Oikonyms (registered in 1638): Names (registered in 14th-16th centuries): Geide (2x), Geidan (2), Geiden (1) (VAR IV 98, 99) Kurzeme: 1341 Gayde [?], Gaydvne [?] Ģeidān-/Ģeidēn-/Geidān- Baltic Tribes (ca. 1200) and given names registered in the 13th century. (Bauer 1933, 147, 150, 151), 1582 Gayde [?] Pedow, Ģeidaiš-/Ģeidak-/Ģeiden- Gaydune [?] Prexlow, Berthold Gaydune [?]; Ģeid-/Geid- Source of the map: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_Prussians#/media/File:Baltic_Tribes_c_1200.svg Vidzeme: 1454 Gayde [?], Ghayde [?] (Blese 1929, 285). Nowadays, surnames with Beit- are spread in all parts of Latvia: Geida/Ģeida, Geidans/Ģeidāns, Geidāns, Geide, Geidels, Geidemans, Geidens, Geidmanis, Geidonis, Gei- In Latvian neighbouring countries, the studies of pre-Christian names are wider and cover broader time- dons/Ģeidons, Geiduks, Kalnageidāns/Kalnaģeidāns (sur­- names in white letters – registered forms of specific re- frame (not only the sources of 9th-13th centuries) and larger number of registered ancient names (e.g. gions in written sources) 2.Zinkevičius 2008, Литвина, Успенский 2006, etc.). These studies address also the fate of anthroponyms during the implementation of Christianity – they explore whether pre-Christian names could transfer to the informal Similarities status during Christianization, or they could become the formal anthroponyms beside the Christian name, or Old Lithuanian dual-stemmed names Geĩdbutas, Geĩdvilas with the first component Geĩd- < Lt. geĩsti ‘to wish, they could flow into surnames. For example, there are many pre-Christian given names found in Lithuanian – to desire’, geĩdė ‘longing, ardent’, and their shortened or one-stemmed forms Geidỹs, Geidė/nas, Geidùkas etc. both ancient dual-stemmed, shortened and derived names: Buivydas, Daugėla, Daumantas, Gedas, Gintas, (Zinkevičius 2008, 90, 204, 282). Cf. place name Geidučiai. Kybartas, Vaidas, Vismantaitis etc. (Zinkevičius 2008, 34–35).­ Old Prussian dual-stemmed names with element -geid-: Geydebuth, Mylegeyde, Wissegeyde, and short forms Geidel, Geydil, Geidute, and place name Geydowe (Trautmann 1974, 31, 138). Latvian onomasticians have not yet carried out such studies. This is partly due to insufficient research of 3.Latvian surnames as well as due to the assumption that Latvian surnames have a short history (from 19th Previous explanations of origin century) – this assumption had been dominating in the Latvian science for years. Nowadays the situation starts Mežs 2017, 118–119, KZS uzv. 2019: surnames in Latgale and Selonia (south-eastern part of Latvia) Geidāns to change – some onomasticians have been searching, for example, for the beginnings of Latgalian surnames could be attributed to Lithuanian gaidys ‘rooster’, also ‘quick-tempered man’. Cf. Polish gajda ‘bagpipes’ and their reflections in place names (e.g. Kovaļevska 2017). Endzelīns 1956, 345 [origin of place names with Ģeid-]: Latvian ģeida ‘ein ausgelassenes, mutwilliges Mädchen (spoiled, reckless girl)’ [ME I 695] Blese 1929, 105 [origin of names with stem Gayd-]: cf. Lithuanian gaidỹs ‘rooster’, Old Prussian gaydis ‘wheat’ or Latvian gaidīt ‘to wait’. E. Blese also notes potencial link to Old Prussian (and Lithuanian) personal names with stem *geid- ‘to desire, to long for’

Conclusions Geid- probably is stem of Baltic origin, but it has come into Latvian as Lithuanianism. Arguments: • there are many similarities in Lithuanian (and Old Prussian); Law on the granting of surnames in Vidzeme Law on the granting of surnames in Kurzeme • in Latvian, Lithuanian palatalized g is replaced by ģ in borrowings (Endzelīns 1951, 164): Geid- > Ģeid-; (central part of Latvia). 12.08.1822. (western part of Latvia). 29.10.1834. • the etymology of I. Mežs is not convincing because ai is replaced by ei afterk , g only in small territory of Lat- Befehl seiner kaiserlichen Majestät des Selbstherrschers aller Reussen, Befehl seiner kaiserlichen Majestät des Selbstherrschers aller Reussen, etc. etc. etc. aus der livländischen Gouver-nements-Regierung, etc. etc. etc. aus der livländischen Gouver-nements-Regierung, gale – in the most northerly part (Rūķe-Draviņa 1939, [189]). Etymology by J. Endzelīns is doubtful from view- zur jedermänniglichen Nachricht (Nr. 3877). (Upelnieks 1936, 300) zur Jedermanns Wissenschaft. 29.10.1834. (Upelnieks 1936, 309) point of semantics (cf. assumption that ģeida has originated from obsolete verb*geist/*ģeist that is basis of Latvian gaidīt ‘to wait’) (Karulis 1992 I 278, 329); The poster deals with some Latvian surnames of unclear origin mostly with patronymic suffix -ān-/-ēn-. • nowadays surnames and place names with Geid-/Ģeid- are localized mostly in South Latvia, along the border Latvian anthropomistician Velta Staltmane referred to such surnames as “mostly semantically obscure” of Lithuania. 4.(Сталтмане 1981, 50) that means: there are not clear motivating appellatives of surnames. We raise the hypothesis that Latvian surnames Beitāns/Beitēns, Geidāns, Tīlāns have the origin of pre-Christian Baltic names. The hypothesis is based on the material of Lithuanian anthroponyms, Latvian toponyms and their geographical 8.Proprial stem Til-/Tīl- spread, without ignoring the other sources of origin. Spread of names and surnames with Til-/Tīl- ...and place names with Til-/Tīl-

Surnames with suffix -ān-/-ēn- that is supposed to be patronymic suffix (Blese 1929, 10, Сталтмане 1981, 18) are common in Latvia (approximately 5 % surnames have ending -āns/-ēns). Most of them are derived 5. Tilāns, Tīle, Tīlēns, Tils, from Christian names, e.g.Abramāns < Ābrams, Jāzepēns, Jezupāns < Jāzeps, Jonāns < Jānis. This pattern could Tilemanis, Tilmanis have existed earlier and could be used in derivations of names of Baltic origin. Tīls, Tīle, Tils, Tīlis 6. Proprial stem Beit- Teilāns Spread of names and surnames with Beit- ...and place names with Beit- Names (registered in 13th-17th centuries): Oikonyms (registered in 1638): Kurzeme: 13th century Utilie (AH 5761-5812), Butilie [?] (Bauer 1933, 151), 1341 Stentilie (2), Bartilie (2), Tilike (Bauer 1933, Tilan (-y-, -e-) (4x), Tyle (-i-) (3), Tileke (1), 148, 149, 151), 1582 Thomas Butillie, Tilen (-ij-) (2), Tiles (1), Tilling (1), Tilcke (1), Butillie Stentile, Herman Butillie, Herman Datill, Datil Rimune, Milicke Jatill, Meld- Tilcken (1), Tilman (1) (VAR IV 135–136) icke Jatilly, Reme Jatillie, Jane Mantillie, Rimate Mantillie, Andree Ratilly, Man­ Tīlan-/Tīlān-/Tīlen-/Tīlēn tillie Rimege, Mantillie Toyadt (Blese 1929, 282, 283, 288, 297, 305, 306, 316); Tīlaiš-/Tīlīt-, Tīlik- -/ - Vidzeme: 1504 Hanns Tylen, Anneke Tyle un Anna Tylen, 1507 Jansz Tylen, 1508 Tīl Tīļ Beita, Beitāns, Beitiks Hans Tylen, 1519 Anna Tyle gazpesz (Blese 1929, 267); Zemgale, Kurzeme: 1566 Tille Giser (Blese 1929, 286), Merten Tile, Tillen Mick- len, Nicla Tillen, Tillyt, 1582 Tille, Hansz Tille (Blese 1929, 315, 316). Nowadays, surnames with Til-/Tīl- are spread in all parts of Latvia: Tils, Tilāns, Tiliņš, Tīlans, Tīlāns, Tīle, Tīlens, Tīlēns, Tīliks, Tīlis, Tīlišķis, Tīlītis, Tīls, Tīlups, Tillis, Teile, Teilans, Teilāns (surnames in white letters – registered forms of spe- Beitāns, Beita, Beits cific regions in written sources). Beitiņš Beitāns Names (registered in the 16th century): Oikonyms (registered in 1638): Vidzeme (central part of Latvia): Beith (-e, -te, -y-) (6x), Beitan (-tt-) (5), Similarities 1544 Simon Beytenn (gen.), Bocken Beidt (akk.), Beiting (-y) (2), Beitz (1), Beitzkan (1) (VAR IV 92) 1599 Hermenn Beytan, Beyt Ducen, Beytt Thupissan, Beitān-/Beitēn- Old Lithuanian dual-stemmed names Tìlmanas, Tìlmantas etc. with the first componentTìl - (< Lt. tìlti‘to fall si- Beyth Zemithen, Beyth Zwogieran, Beyth Zylan Beitiņ- (Blese 1929, 161, 163, 326, 327, 337, 338); Beit- lent’), and their short or one-stemmed forms Tìlius, Tilū́nas, Tìlutis etc., as well as nicknames Tỹlas, Tỹlus, Tylà, Kurzeme (western part of Latvia): 1582 Beite Backap (Blese 1929, 279); Zemgale (southern part of Latvia): 1566 Kelcke Beyte (Blese 1929, 290). Tylùnas, Tylẽni(u)s (< Lt. tylėtí ‘to be quiet’) (Zinkevičius 2008, 150, 252, 299). Nowadays, surnames with Beit- are spread in all parts of Latvia: Beitans, Bei­ tāns, Beite, Beitelis, Beiteris, Bei­tiks, Beitiņš, Beitis, Beitleris, Beitlings, Beit- Old Prussian dual-stemmed names with element -til: Wintils, Gintil, Util, as well as short form Tyle (Trautmann manis, Beitneks, Beits, Lielbeitiņš (surnames in white letters – registered forms of specific regions in written sources) 1974, 105, 153), surname Tylen (Gerullis 1922, 185). German names in sources of 14th-17th centuries: T(h)ile, Thiele, Tyle, Tilen, Tylen, Tyllen, Tileke, Tilemann etc. Similarities (Seibicke 2003, 246-247), surnames with Tiel- un Til-: Thielo, Thiele, Thielen, Thiel(e)mann, Thill, Tilo, Tile(mann), Old dual-stemmed Lithuanian names with the first component Bei- ‘also’: Beĩtelas, Beitẽlis; Beĩtinas, Beitìnis, Till, Tille, Tillmann etc. (Gottschald 2006, 154, 492). as well as their shortened forms: Beĩtas, Beĩtis (Zinkevičius 2008, 78, 195, 307). Livonian oikonym Tiļļizt kōrand in the 19th century, Estonian place names Tiilimaa, Tiilige, Tiilika etc. Probably, Old Prussian names Beydil, Beytam, Beytaw and place name Beytelyn (Trautmann 1974, 18). Previous explanations of origin Previous explanations of origin Mežs 2017, 277 [origin of surname Teilāns in Latgale which is registered as Tylans in 1765 revision]: cf. Lithua- Siliņš 1990, 79: 1) cf. Old High German bītan ‘to endure’, bittan ‘to wish, to ask’ [Gottschald 1942, 168, 174] (?); nian surname Tyla < tylus ‘calm, taciturn’ 2) < English name form Bartolomejs [Rybakin 1973, 69] (?) KZS uzv. 2019 [origin of surnames in Kurzeme in the 20th century]: cf. German surnames Thiel(e), Till, Tille, de- Laumane 2017, 126 [origin of oikonym Beiti in western part of Latvia]: cf. surname Beits in the Curonian Spit rived from different German personal names, e.g. Dietrich in Lithuania; Lithuanian surname Beĩtis in Klaipėda (Lithuania), Beĩtas in Šilalė, Vainutas (Lithuania) [LPŽ I 159, Siliņš 1990, 306 [origin of Latvian name Tile]: origin is obscure, cf. Old Prussian name Tyle [Trautmann 1974, 221], Old Prussian name Beyta [Gerullis 1922, 18], German surname Beit [Gottschald 1954, 195] 105], Tils < Dītrihs [Paul 1967, 96] Endzelīns 1956, 96 [origin of place names with Beit-]: cf. Old Prussian name Beyta and place name Beytelyn Gottschald 2006, 154, 492; Seibicke 2003, 246-247 [origin of German given names and surnames]: contracted [Gerullis 1922, 18], and Lithuanian village name Beičiaĩ forms of German dual-stemmed names with Diet- (mostly Dietrich)

Conclusions Conclusions Beit- probably is stem of Baltic given name. Arguments: Three sources of origin - Baltic, German, and Finno-Ugric - are possible. Arguments: • it is spread in all parts of Latvia, both in surnames and place names; • Baltic languages. There are similarities in Lithuanian and Old Prussian: < Lt. tylėtí ‘to be quiet’; • there are similarities in other Baltic languages: Lithuanian bei< ‘also’ + tinas, telas (Zinkevičius 2008, 78), Old • German. There are similarities in German: Thiel(e)mann, Tile(mann), Tillmann that could be basis of Latvian Prussian given name Beyta (Gerullis 1922, 18); Tilmanis, Tīlemanis, Tīlmanis; • the origin given by K. Siliņš is obsolete and doubtful. In Gottschald (2006, 108, 116), there is only entry Bit. • Finno-ugric languages. There are place names Tīļi of Livonian origin in North Western Latvia and oikonyms Tīlikas, Tīligas only in North Eastern Latvia.

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